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The Library
Comparison of Antediluvian Histories

Leonard W. King
1918


NOTE
Scholars have long recognized the similarities between various versions of the Near Eastern Flood Myth. In a 1918 book on the relationship of the Hebrew scriptures to Near Eastern texts, Leonard W. King provided the following handy chart of the similarities among (from left to right) the Atrahasis Epic, the Enuma Elish, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the fragments of Berossus, and the two primeval histories included in the Book of Genesis, conventionally referred to as the Yahwehist (J) and Priestly (P) sources. In the table below, some original Greek text has been transliterated and is given in italics.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SUMERIAN, SEMITIC-BABYLONIAN, HELLENISTIC, AND HEBREW VERSIONS OF CREATION, ANTEDILUVIAN HISTORY, AND THE DELUGE

​N.B.--Parallels with the new Sumerian Version are in heavy type.
SUMERIAN VERSION
SEVEN TABLETS
GILGAMESH EPIC, XI
BEROSSUS
EARLIER HEBREW (J)
LATER HEBREW (P)

[No heaven or earth

​First Creation from primaeval water without conflict; cf. Later Sum. Ver.]
​No heaven or earth

Primaeval water- gods: Apsû-Tiamat, Mummu

​Generation of: Lakhmu-Lakhamu Anshar-Kishar
​Darkness and water

[Primaeval water- gods: 'Apason-Tauthe, Moumis

​Generation of: Lakhos-Lakhe 'Assoros-Kissare]
​Creation of earth and heaven

No plant or herb

Ground watered by mist (or flood)

[cf. Sumerian irrigation myth of Creation]
Earth without form and void; darkness on face of tehôm, the primaeval water

​Divine spirit moving (hovering, brooding) upon face of waters

​The great gods: Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninkharsagga, creating deities
Birth of great gods: Anu, Nudimmud (= ​Ea)

​Apsû and Tiamat revolt

Conquest of Tiamat by Marduk as Sun- god

​Creation of covering for heaven from half of Tiamat's body, to keep her waters in place

Creation of luminaries

​[Creation of vegetation]
Birth of great gods: 'Anos, 'Illinos, 'Aos, 'Aois-Lauke, Belos]

Conquest of 'Omorka, or Thamte, by Belos

​Creation of heaven and earth from two halves of body of Thamte

​Creation of luminaries (probable order)
Creation of light

Creation of firmament, or heaven, to divide waters; followed by emergence of land

Creation of vegetation

Creation of luminaries

​Creation of animals

Reason for man's creation: worship of gods

​Creation of man

​Creation of animals
Reason for man's creation: worship of gods

Creation of man from Creator's blood and from bone

[Creation of animals]

​Hymn on Seventh Tablet
Creation of man from Creator's blood and from earth

​Creation of animals able to bear the air
Creation of man from dust and Creator's breath of life

​Creation of vegetation animals, and woman
Creation of man in image of Creator, to have dominion

​Rest on Seventh Day

Creation of kingdom

5
antediluvian cities: Eridu, Bad.., LARAK, SIPPAR, SHURUPPAK
​Antediluvian city: Shuruppak 
10 Antediluvian kings

​3 antediluvian cities: Babylon, Sippar, Larankha
​The line of Cain

The Nephilim

[cf. Sumerian Dynastic List]
Antediluvian patriarchs

​[cf. Sumerian Dynastic List]

​Gods decree mankind's destruction by flood, Nintu protesting
​Gods decree flood, goddess Ishtar protesting
​Destruction of man decreed, because of his wickedness
​Destruction of all flesh decreed, because of its corruption

Ziusudu, hero of Deluge, king and priest

​​Ziusudu's piety
Ut-napishtim, hero of Deluge
Xisouthros (=Khasisatra), hero of Deluge, king
Noah, hero of Deluge

Noah's favour
Noah, hero of Deluge

Noah's righteousness

Warning of Ziusudu by Enki in dream

​​Ziusudu's vessel a huge ship
Warning ​of Ut-napishtim by Ea in dream

Ship: 120 x 120 x 120 cubits; 7 stories; 9 divisions

​All kinds of animals
Warning ​of Xisuthros by Kronos in dream

Size of ship: 5 x 2 stadia

​All kinds of animals
​Instructions to enter ark 7(x2) clean, 2 unclean
Warning ​of Noah, and instructions for ark

Size of ark: 300 x 50 x 30 cubits; 3 stories

​2 of all animals

Flood and storm for 7 days
​Flood from heavy rain and storm for 6 days
Flood ​
Flood ​from rain for 40 days
​Flood ; founts. of deep and rain, 150 days

Sacrifice to Sun-god in ship

​Anu and Enlil appeased [by "Heaven and Earth"]
Ship on Mt. Nisir

Abatement of waters tested by birds

Sacrifice with sweet savour on mountain

​Ea's protest to Enlil
Abatement of waters tested by birds

Sacrifice to gods, after landing and paying adoration to earth
Abatement of waters tested by birds

Sacrifice with sweet savour after landing
Ark on Ararat

Abatement of waters through drying wind

​Landing from ark [after year (+10 days)]

​Immortality of Ziusudu
​Immortality ​of Ut-napishtim and his wife
​Apotheosis of X., wife, daughter, and pilot
​Divine promise to Noah not again to curse the ground
​Divine covenant not again to destroy earth by flood; bow as sign

Back
Source: Leonard W. King, Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition (London: British Academy, 1918), 142-143.
Picture
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        • Egyptian Texts >
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          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
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          • Inventory Stela
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        • Hermetica >
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          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
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        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Akhbar al-zaman
        • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
        • Medieval Pyramid Lore
        • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
        • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • Fragments of Abenephius
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
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        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
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        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
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