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Celsus on the Wandering Apocalyptic Preachers

7/27/2013

29 Comments

 
The other day I discussed evangelical pastor and journalist John S. Dickerson’s ad hominem attack against Reza Aslan, the author of a new book about Jesus. Aslan appeared last night on Real Time with Bill Maher, which in turn prompted me to crack open his book Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth, which raised so much ire from Dickerson. The very first thing I noted is that Dickerson is dishonest. Dickerson complained that the media and Aslan were in a conspiracy to hide the fact that Aslan is a “devout Muslim.” But the very first passage of Aslan’s book is a discussion of his own complex spirituality, which began in a family of indifferent Muslims, progressed through atheism to evangelical Christianity, and eventually settled into what he describes as a profound and deep respect for the teachings of the historical Jesus. This is not what Dickerson described.

Aslan’s book opens with an interesting anecdote drawn from Celsus, without citation (at least in my eBook version), which describes what Aslan identifies as a “common sight in Jesus’ time,” wandering prophets prophesying doom. I quote here from a standard translation, and the boldface words are those used by Aslan:

There are many who, although of no name, with the greatest facility and on the slightest occasion, whether within or without temples, assume the motions and gestures of inspired persons; while others do it in cities or among armies, for the purpose of attracting attention and exciting surprise. These are accustomed to say, each for himself, ‘I am God; I am the Son of God; or, I am the Divine Spirit; I have come because the world is perishing, and you, O men, are perishing for your iniquities. But I wish to save you, and you shall see me returning again with heavenly power. Blessed is he who now does me homage. On all the rest I will send down eternal fire, both on cities and on countries. And those who know not the punishments which await them shall repent and grieve in vain; while those who are faithful to me I will preserve eternally.’ … To these promises are added strange, fanatical, and quite unintelligible words, of which no rational person can find the meaning: for so dark are they, as to have no meaning at all; but they give occasion to every fool or impostor to apply them to suit his own purposes. (Origen, Contra Celsum 7.9)

Aslan describes this passage as “farcical” and says that it describes a “Jewish holy man roaming the Galilean countryside, shouting to no one in particular,” with the implication (later contradicted in his text) that Jesus was part of the same group and culture.

I’m a bit confused, though, because Aslan left a lot out. As you can see, Celsus was speaking in the present tense, and as the immediately preceding discussion by Origen (who is our sole source for Celsus’ lost work) makes clear, this was meant to be the time of writing: “Celsus promises to give an account of the manner in which prophecies are delivered in Phoenicia and Palestine, speaking as though it were a matter with which he had a full and personal acquaintance” (7.8).  This would have been around 177 CE, when Celsus wrote, almost 150 years after Jesus.

Origen makes another important point:

He adds, with the view of casting a slight upon the ancient [Jewish] prophets, that “they prophesied in the same way as we find them still doing among the inhabitants of Phoenicia and Palestine.” But he does not tell us whether he refers to persons who are of different principles from those of the Jews and Christians, or to persons whose prophecies are of the same character as those of the Jewish prophets. (7.8)

In other words, it wasn’t clear to Origen whether Celsus was attributing the prophets and doom-sayers of Phoenicia and Palestine to the Jews or to various pagan sects.

Therefore, Aslan’s statement is technically wrong on essentially every count: Celsus was not referring to Galilee specifically but rather the entire eastern Mediterranean coast; he was speaking of the second century and not the first; the prophets in question may or may not have been Jewish; and said holy men were not wandering hither and yon alone but rather were preaching in temples, in cities, and in the military. The cute anecdote about the Greek guy reporting a wave of babbling prophets marching around in the time of Jesus isn’t what the original text actually says.  

Now, don’t get me wrong: There were plenty of people claiming divine status in the era of Jesus. Simon of Peraea, Athronges, Menahem ben Judah, Simon Magus, and Dositheos the Samaritan all claimed to be the Messiah in the century or so around Christ, for example. Further, the Roman Empire was lousy with itinerant preachers and teachers, some of whom would have preached the Jewish doctrine of the End of Days, such as that given in Malachi 4:1: “‘Surely the day is coming; it will burn like a furnace. All the arrogant and every evildoer will be stubble, and the day that is coming will set them on fire,’ says the Lord Almighty.” Among the pagans, the same type of figure prevailed, including the famous Apollonius of Tyana, and other wandering philosophers and wonder-workers.

So, Aslan’s broader point is right, if incomplete, though the text he uses to support it isn’t quite what he made it seem. The good news is that he goes on to clarify and correct most of the issues in the succeeding paragraphs, though so far as I have read, he doesn’t get back to Celsus.

29 Comments
Kenneth Conklin
7/27/2013 07:37:11 am

The gist I got from Dickerson's article was that Aslan was not explicitly describing himself (or perhaps being described) as a Muslim *on the programs listed*...which perhaps makes sense. In a book, you've got many pages to tell your story and describe your spiritual journey. A radio or TV show has 30, maybe 60 minutes, if that? Additionally, if a progressive religious scholar is on a progressive radio or TV program, it's going to be less intellectual honesty/dishonesty, as much as political bias (i.e., in agreement). It might not get mentioned (or even forgotten by the viewer). It's easy to see someone like Dickerson missing this, since 30 seconds spent on Aslan's Wikipedia page confirms his academic record. He's another progressive intellectual drinking from the pool of historical critical scholarship on the Bible. Not the first, won't be the last.
(Now, if there's folks out there doing historical critical research on the Koran, apart from some Catholics, I'd be interested in hearing from them...)

Reply
Scott Hamilton
7/27/2013 04:36:30 pm

Dickerson is just a liar. Of the programs Dickerson listed that allegedly didn't mention Aslan's religion, the VERY FIRST ONE spent half the interview talking about that very subject. On Twitter he claimed he knew that, through he didn't explain why he included it in a list of interviews that were hiding Aslan's personal belief. The only reasonable conclusion is that Dickerson knew it was a lie, but was counting on his audience being too lazy to actually check the link.

Reply
The Other J.
7/27/2013 08:13:49 am

So, if I'm reading this correctly, evangelical Christian John S. Dickerson accuses lapsed evangelical Christian Reza Aslan of being a Muslim because he is not properly evangelically Christian enough?

In other words, if Aslan had remained an evangelic Christian and wrote the same book, what would be Dickerson's complaint?

Reply
kennethos
7/27/2013 08:33:28 am

I guess you *would* have to read the book...never got the impression that Aslan was a "laped evangelical", as much as a moderate, possibly non-practicing Muslim.
It's likely Dickerson would have had less complaint if Aslan were simply another progressive religious scholar talking about Jesus. Bringing in the "he didn't say he was Muslim!" angle gives a bit more tender for the fire, for some folks.

Reply
Kenneth Conklin
7/27/2013 08:33:42 am

I guess you *would* have to read the book...never got the impression that Aslan was a "laped evangelical", as much as a moderate, possibly non-practicing Muslim.
It's likely Dickerson would have had less complaint if Aslan were simply another progressive religious scholar talking about Jesus. Bringing in the "he didn't say he was Muslim!" angle gives a bit more tender for the fire, for some folks.

Reply
E. Harding link
7/27/2013 10:28:11 am

<blockquote>There were plenty of people claiming divine status in the era of Jesus. Simon of Peraea, Athronges, Menahem ben Judah, Simon Magus, and Dositheos the Samaritan all claimed to be the Messiah in the century or so around Christ, for example.</blockquote>
-I'm not sure if this is true for all those that you list. See http://vridar.org/2011/07/21/did-the-jews-before-christ-expect-a-national-messiah/

Reply
Jason Colavito link
7/27/2013 11:47:39 am

Good point. Many scholars conventionally list them as "messiah" figures, though I guess it would be better to say that they claimed to be divinely-inspired leaders rather than the loaded term "messiah."

Reply
Christopher Randolph
7/27/2013 12:32:03 pm

It's impossible for me to read this and not get stuck on Monty Python's Life of Brian imagery.

Reply
spookyparadigm
7/27/2013 01:11:30 pm

A number of evangelicals see Muslim in racial terms. See how theyve described Obama in this way. I doubt Dickerson sees a contradiction here

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/27/2013 06:11:52 pm

There is an underlying hypocrisy at the center of this Yeshua -Īsā debate.Although Muslims do not accept the divine nature of Christ,in Islam Jesus is considered a prophet, therefore he is revered and respected,so is the Virgin Mary.In the Qu`ran Jesus is mentioned by name twenty-five times,while Muhammad is mentioned 5 times.

In Judaism,Jesus is rejected & depicted as a blasphemer,a false messiah,a magician,an heretic,& his birth is described as the product of an union from a Roman legionnaire & a prostitute.The Talmud describes his punishment in the afterlife as boiling in excrement.I wont even mention the anti Christian "delicacies" that can be found throughout Talmudic & Rabbinic literature (I am not talking about fake or fabricated Talmudic quotations,often by used by antisemitics,but about non unexpurgated copies of the Talmud).Jews are not even monotheists because they disallow their females to worship the same Jehovah as them,& went so far as to create "Asherah" for the females to worship. Although Christians rely & use the Old testament as theological historiography, I don't even understand how we came to use the "Judeo Christian" terminology since Judaism is, at its core the antithesis of Christianity. Can we expect these hypocritical Evangelical Protestants (not even real Christians by Catholic & Traditionalist standards) to do their Mea Culpa?.

Reply
kennethos
7/27/2013 06:30:08 pm

I'm not sure I understand exactly what you're saying...could you expand on the "hypocritical" nature of evangelical Protestants (as you see it) and the "Mea Culpa" expected of them? Just wondering... it sounds like there's some energy behind your words.

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/27/2013 07:41:44 pm

Evangelical Protestants often rely on specific Quranic Surahs to chastise & demonize Muslims,yet they are unwilling to even engage in a critical process that would examine the very nature of Talmudism & Judaism, & its blatant opposition to the Christian doctrine.Not content of being apologetic,some Evangelical Protestants go as far as allying themselves with Jewish fundamentalists,the same individuals who embrace theological precepts that repudiate & defile the very nature of Christianity.As an atheist I don't really care,but I if I were a Christian I would consider it extremely problematic.

The Other J.
7/28/2013 10:01:03 am

Tara, it's not just evangelical Protestants who pick and choose Quranic Surahs to attack; I taught at a Catholic university for a while where a Jesuit monk became notorious for doing the same thing, then holding talks where he could spend an hour attacking Muslims in public and swatting away questions. It wasn't a good look for Catholics.

As far as Jews rejecting Jesus as a blasphemer, I think that depends on the sect of Judaism you're talking about. Much of what Jesus taught was previously taught by Hillel, and there are some Reform Jews who see Jesus as simply a rabbi who was mythologized into a propaganda tool -- not a prophet, and certainly not the messiah or any deity's son.

Tara gives some very good resources to start exploring the roots of Christian antisemitism. If you're exploring those roots, a few specific things to consider might be how early Christians weren't allowed to be money-changers and/or charge interest, and how the Holy Roman Empire carved out a social space for Jews to be those money-changers. Jews were also barred from participating in other more popular trades, so one way they could make a living was off the limited interest they were legally allowed to charge. Moves like that automatically separated and ostracized Jews, and you can see where the stereotypes begin.

Similarly, Jews followed (follow) fairly strict culinary codes and -- at least back in the day -- ritual bathing. Because of this, and their being ready-made social outcasts, they weren't subject to many of the diseases that Christians picked up through their food or at communal wells. Which just led to more suspicion of the Jews for not getting sick while others did.

It's an interesting and sad history, and you can find points where those early separatist moves that resulted in stereotypes pop up in literary texts, like Marlowe's The Jew of Malta and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice.

Only Me
7/27/2013 08:37:52 pm

Thank you, thank you, thank you, Tara. I've been trying to get to the bottom of why Jews have been vilified throughout history for far too long. Your criticism has provided an answer. THIS is why I hang around this place; I learn something new every time.

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/27/2013 11:21:18 pm

This is a complex issue & there are many factors behind the ressentiment & persecution towards Jews,but contemporary antisemitism has its roots in Christian anti-Judaism.I should have said "antisemitisms" because there are different types of antisemitism.Please read Israel Shahak :"Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years".It is a decent introduction to what is mostly unknown by the general public.

Tara Jordan
7/28/2013 01:32:50 am

Probably one of the best books on the subject.
Bernard Lazare :"Anti-Semitism, Its History and Its Causes"
http://tinyurl.com/kh44u8l

kennethos
7/28/2013 07:31:34 am

Thank you for some food for thought, Tara. It's obvious that you do care about this, and even think it problematic. That's not my reaction, but I'm interested in learning more.
In your estimation, have the Koranic texts, as well as the Talmudic texts, been subjected to the same historical critical method, as have the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures? Jason's comments sheds light on some weaknesses of Aslan's research (not too surprising, since every researcher will inevitable run into gaps in understanding and learning), spawned by gaps in what we know of ancient history. It sounds as if you have some thoughts on that as well.
I appreciate you enlightening me.

Dave Lewis
7/28/2013 05:50:16 pm

Tara Jordan said, "Jews are not even monotheists because they disallow their females to worship the same Jehovah as them,& went so far as to create "Asherah" for the females to worship."

That is simply ridiculous! Asherah was the mother goddess, the consort of El in the Cananite religion that preceded Yahwehism. According to William Dever, Asherah was worshipped along side Yahweh until the reforms by Hezekiah in the 8th century BCE as mentioned in 2 Kings 18:1-4.

Dave Lewis



Reply
Tara Jordan
7/28/2013 09:20:10 pm

First. I was referring to Canaanite polytheism & early Talmudic Judaism not modern Judaism.
Second.I think you need something more than a Wikipedia entry to make your case.Some scholars argue (based on the Book of Kings textual evidence) that the Asherah cult as an extension of Yahwism is untenable,Others believe otherwise.Excavation from the site of Ta’Anach may attest to Israelite veneration of the goddess Asherah in the early Israelite monarchy.There is evidence that in Israel early history,& within the SheBaal Peh,that Asherah may have been considered not only as the consort of El but also as the wife of the Israelite God Yahweh.Dever(2005) himself, writes "El" was recognized by the Canaanites as the supreme deity and by the Israelites as synonymous with Yahweh".If Yahweh was regarded as an extension or El & if Asherah was considered to be the wife of the Israelite God Yahweh,it makes a pretty strong case for
polytheism in Judaism.I don't have the time to provide all the references and links to post-exilic Israelite theology to make my case for Asherah worship as an "alternative" for Yahweh worshiping for women,but if you possess the most basic understanding of Talmudic Judaism,you`d understand that it is not a religion for women.

I respectfully suggest you to delve into the Encyclopaedia Judaica & read "The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess".By Judith M.Hadley.University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, vol. 57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Tara Jordan
7/29/2013 01:11:41 pm

Tara Jordan said, "Jews are not even monotheists because they disallow their females to worship the same Jehovah as them,& went so far as to create "Asherah" for the females to worship."

Of course you wont find the premise anywhere commanded by the Biblical law of God,it is a man-made Hahalcha (just like the disgusting Metzitzah b’peh),but many prominent Talmedei Chachomim hold the believe that women are too impure & lack the spirituality to worship Yahveh.Considering your expertise in finding quotations,I`ll ask you to find the author of the following declaration: "They (the women) are apikorus & dirty by nature, they should be confined to workship the feminine lesser manifestation of the divine.."

Tara Jordan
7/28/2013 12:38:42 pm

Kennethos. From an intellectual perspective I am curious as to know why the same critical work is not being done,but this issue doesn't affect me much since I already know the answer.It is about political correctness.There are many exegeses & critical studies of the Qur`an available to the general public, & contrary to the perception, some exegeses are in fact the products of Islamic scholars.Western scholars & researchers have easy access to Qur`anic texts,some specific Surahs & to a larger extent the whole Qur`an became subjects of controversy, precisely because it has been studied in deepth.We have a clear understanding of "what is in" the Qur`an. Although some editions may be slightly "redacted", most of the editions available to the public,are not censored.

This is not the case with the Talmud.
1)There is no uncensored Babylonian Talmud in English (not even the Schottenstein & the Soncino editions).
2)Most editions in Hebrew available to Scholars & Rabbi`s are expurgated copies.
3)The most controversial passages from the Talmud Bavli had been concealed from both public & academic attention.Occasionally you may find controversial Talmudic passages & excerpts on the Internet,but these are primarily bad translations or intentionally misleading interpretations,used by antisemitics or "anti Zionist" political activists.These are not trustworthy.

The Koren translation of Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz's Babylonian Talmud is actually in the process of being translated into English. This shall be the first uncensored Babylonian Talmud & Torah SheBeal Peh available in English.

Mike Heiser the scholar in the fields of biblical-Talmudic studies & ancient Near East,is a reader of this blog,I respectfully invite him to correct me if I am saying anything wrong

























Reply
kennethos
7/28/2013 04:22:50 pm

Tara:
You've got quite the depth of knowledge! It's interesting to hear this, as I wasn't aware of it. The PC qualities surprise me, but given the general biases of academia, maybe I shouldn't be so shocked.
As for lack of studies on the Talmud, not having a horse in that race, so to speak, it means just a little less to me, outside of intellectual curiosity. It would be good to have all of that, and to understand it, but I'll leave it to the scholars (like Mike Heiser, whose blog I follow also), to argue those details.
Thanks.

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/28/2013 01:07:11 pm

The Other J.Thanks for the feedback.
Of course,chronologically anti-Judaism has its roots in Catholicism (The Deicide).
Although the Vatican 2 reforms made a lot of effort to change the tide.
I only focused on Evangelical Protestants because it was the topic of the thread,& you made excellent points when addressing some of the socio-economical factors behind antisemitism.Interestingly enough,throughout history Jews have been accused,blamed & persecuted for refusing to "integrate" or "assimilate" into the local population & socio cultural environment they were interacting with.The same accusation is now being thrown at Muslims.

Reply
CFC
7/28/2013 05:27:58 pm

Really great information Tara. Thanks

Reply
Only Me
7/28/2013 07:44:15 pm

This is some great info. I honestly don't have much skill for research, especially when so many examples of historical records Jason's shown are less than neutral.

Not to stir up a hornet's nest, but according to all the reporting I've seen, read and heard, the accusation for Muslim refusal to assimilate stems from the insistence of establishing a separate court system to enforce Sharia law. This system would be unaccountable to the rule of law in the host country. Some in the U.S. have even said that the Supreme Court should accommodate Sharia in its search for legal precedent or recognize it in the same light as international law. I think most are afraid of two sets of laws, one for "us" and one for "them". If I'm wrong, I apologize.

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/28/2013 09:53:42 pm

Only Me.This is an excellent remark.Considering the percentage of Muslims in the US (less of 1%) I have serious doubt about the capacity of setting up Sharia Law courts in the US.But if you take a look,some Orthodox Jewish communities already have special tribunals (so called Beit Din or Rabbinical courts).

I have no intention on making philo-political statements or taking moral positions, but it strikes me as utterly hypocritical to denounce the "violent & depraved" nature of Islam,when the same critical thinkers are incapable of taking a critical approach to Talmudic Judaism.

Dave Lewis
7/29/2013 05:09:40 pm

Tara Jordan said

"Second.I think you need something more than a Wikipedia entry to make your case."

That is an ad hominem argument. No points for that little girl!

Dave Lewis

Reply
Tara Jordan
7/29/2013 06:14:00 pm

Wow!,quite an argument.The "little girl" & her "ridiculous" statement made an effort to prove otherwise, she (the little girl) was expecting something more consistent.There is no doubt,your argumentation expertise hits the limit of your intellectual exercise.

Reply
sujay
8/6/2013 05:24:40 am

the three most important people who brought hell on earth are Jesus, Mohammed and krishna ( No I am not atheist I just understand the true meaning of god and it pains me to see how entire world, generations after generations are taken for a ride by these people ) what did these three people actually do? they exploited the desire of man to live forever, desire for comforts and desire for happiness and they invented something called sin for which only they have the patents rights to cleanse and only they have the authority to issue passports and visa's to heaven..LOL .. they said you accept ME as messenger and I will give you an eternal life.. you accept ME as only prophet and I will book a seat for you in heaven.. you accept ME as god and I will make you a superior person in your next rebirth .. if there is really a physical entity as gods do you think they will get this cheap to make you approve of them??? No Never.. just like politicians asking for votes..why do gods has to this cheap? if they have all the superpowers with them? something is not matching here.. so actually who were these people then? they were just ordinary humans who understood the weakness of humans and devised a plan to become gods.. son of gods etc..and be worshiped directly or indirectly..if you read many religious books you notice that they tell you to die here in this life or be a slave to have better after life.. if nature has made us to die here in this life then why do we call it as life?? why not call it as an death and after life as life?? if all this is an made up stories by these people then who is really a god? very simple everything which is GOOD for survival of men is GOD.. the biggest lie these people told us was that there is a physical god.. A physical heaven.. A physical hell !! this is what has created all the problems on earth a delusion.. if you look at nature it runs very efficiently and believe me its not stupid to make a such huge investment in creating physical heaven and a hell just to know if you are good man or bad man.. !!!! neither its stupid to say one caste of people to be a slave for other for better rebirth .. everything is made with evil plan of one caste to dominate other caste in the name of rebirth.. or condition everybody in believing that only he is the certified prophet or a messenger .. we need to get out of this slavery and from cycle of death in the hope of something which is not real.. now coming to point about the Ancient Aliens theory is just an extension of these same propaganda and same evil plans of few ... why would such an advanced extraterrestrial make such a basic designs as pyramids???? ( pyramids copy mountains, natures most simple structures, humans in initial stage copied mountains since most were living in mountains caves) why will they point these buildings to the constellations which are visible from earth if they have come from other area of galaxy?? definitely they point their building to the constellations near to them not to us.. how can these building be power grid with nothing other then stones? why will such an advanced life spend time with such a basic materials of earth such as stones?? I am sure they would have had technology to produce some advanced materials when they were here.. honestly I know where this ancient aliens theory is heading.. first they will brainwash everyone in believing them .. next they will proclaim that this knowledge was given to them by aliens themselves and they are the modern messengers and if we believe in them we could get a visa to that exotic planet where 26 virgins will be waiting for man and handsome man,, angels for women..lol how so funny ..wish I could write more but.. I am writing a book on humans biggest blunders can contact me on : sujays86@yahoo.com

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