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The Library
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Al-Marqrizi, Al-Khitat 2.3
c. 1400 CE

translated by Jason Colavito
2018



NOTE
The exact source of the material below is unclear. Although the text below does not appear in the Latin original of Paulus Orosius’ History Against the Pagans (written c. 400 CE), al-Maqrizi, writing around 1400, copies from the old Arabic translation composed under Al Hakam II (961-976 CE) and evidently improved with additional material reflecting the Islamic mythic history of Egypt that developed after the Muslim conquest. Al-Maqizi is the final medieval witness to the survival of Manetho’s king lists as a living tradition, albeit a corrupt version of Manetho’s king list, similar to but not derived from those of Africanus and Eusebius. The Arabic original was published in Egypt in the twentieth century, but is available only in Arabic, so I am unable to compare it to al-Maqrizi’s version. For his part, al-Maqrizi names Orosius as the source of the first part of his paragraph, but the source of the king list is unclear, cited only to the ambiguous "it is said," which could refer either to the Arabic Orosius or an unnamed source. The text below is translated from the French edition of the second volume of Maqrizi's Al-Khitat published by U. Bouriant in 1900.

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In the translation of the book of the Spaniard Orosius, entitled The Description of the Dynasties and Wars, it reads: 107 years after the Pharaoh of Moses was drowned, there was in Egypt a king named Nūcherdis who killed immigrants and foreigners, immolating them to his idols, to whom he presented their blood as offerings; 328 years after this same date there was in Egypt a king named Berūbah, whose reign was admirable and government powerful; he conquered by arms many provinces on the southern border, by land and by water. He was the first to deal with the people of Rūm, who later took the name of Goths. He had sent them a messenger to invite them to submit to him, threatening them with war. “It is unworthy of a powerful king,” replied they, “to wage war against a poor people; the fate of war is hazardous, and victory as well as defeat are always unforeseeable outcomes. Far from bowing to your insolence, we will stand up to your attack.” And they prepared to keep their word. When Pharaoh set out, they went out to meet him, routed him, seized his camp and the riches that were there and the treasures of Pharaoh. Then, continuing their journey, they sacked the country of Egypt, and they would have almost become masters of it if a great mass of mud had not barred their way. So they went to Syria, continued their wars, enslaved the Syrians, forced them to pay tribute to them; and they stayed like that for 15 years to fight against the one they had stood up to, pillaging and plundering; they would never have returned to their country if some of their wives had not come to tell them: “If you do not return to perform your conjugal duties, we will ask our neighbors for children.” Then they returned to their country, hands full of riches, bringing with them herds of cattle and innumerable parcels, leaving behind a dreadful memory. 

Five hundred years after the death of the Pharaoh of Moses in the waters and the reign of Dalūka, it is said the kings of Midian took possession of Egypt, whence they were driven out by the Prophet of God, Solomon, son of David. The empire then returned to the hands of the Copts, and Galūt (Goliath) ibn Balūt having been killed by David, his son Galut ibn Galūt went to Egypt where reigned the kings of Midian, who installed him in the country as king of the western region; he stayed there for a while, but in the end he left for the western countries. The Copts, it is said, reigned in Egypt after Dalūka and her son for 620 years; the number of their kings is 27: Diosqūlita, 78 years, or, according to others, 88 years; Samānadūs, 26 years; Sūmanas, 100 years; Mūfkaras, 4 years; Amānāqūnās, 9 years; Ashūris, 6 years; Fasinakhes, 9 years; Fasūsanes, 35 years; Sesūnakhūsis, 21 years; Asaliūn, 15 years; Ṭafalūnis, 13 years; Matafanastalas, 25 years; Asarathūn, 9 years; Fusameres, 10 years; Aūfaīnūas, 44 years, Sayaqūr, 12 years: Sakhis the Ethiopian, 12 years; Tarahush the Ethiopian, 2o years; Amras the Ethiopian, 12 years; Astatafinias, 7 years; Bakhfasūs, 6 years; Yakhū, 8 years; Fasamamalṭiqūsh, 44 years; Bahnūqa, 6 years; Fasamartas, 17 years; Ūafris, 25 years; Amaseles, 42 years.

After these kings, five kings reigned in Egypt of the kings of Babel: Amarṭiūsh, 6 years; Mafarṭas, 7 years; Aukhris, 12 years; Fasamūt, 2 years; Mutatūs, 7 years.

Then reigned three kings of Assūr; these were the Garmaqids who reigned in Mosul and Mesopotamia: Nafaṭanebūsh, 13 years; Tūs, 7 years; Nafaṭaninas, 18 years.

Then, from them the empire passed to Alexander, son of Philip the Greek. All these names are Rūmanian (Greek), and perhaps the kings who bore these names, or at least some of them, ruled after Dalūka. Between Bokhta Nasar (Nebuchadnezzar) and the Flood, there were 2,356 years and some months. This figure is consistent with what is said in Jewish law. Between the Flood and the ruin of Jerusalem by Bokhta Nasar, 2,684 years passed, which differs only a little from what we borrowed from al-Mas‘ūdī. And God knows it better than anyone!

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          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Byzantine World Chronicle
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Atlantis as Biblical History
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Atlantis and Nimrod
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and Hanno's Periplus
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
          • Amazing New Light (Hoax)
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
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        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • History of Paleontology
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • America Known to the Ancients
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Remarkable Discoveries Within the Sphinx (Hoax)
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • The Shaver Mystery >
          • Lovecraft and the Deros
          • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • CIA Search for the Ark of the Covenant
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • The Fall of the Sky
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Poltergeist UFOs
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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