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The Library
Picture

Francois Lenormant
c. 1882

trans. Jason Colavito
2017


​NOTE
The French archaeologist FRANCOIS LENORMANT (1837-1883) focused his research primarily on Assyria, but in revisions to a lengthy 1869 book on ancient history, he covered a wide range of cultures. His section on ancient Egypt drew primarily on references to claims made by the eminent Egyptologist Gaston Maspero in 1875 that the Great Sphinx and the Valley Temple predated dynastic Egypt and were the remnants of an ancient Empire founded by the Followers of Horus (Shemsu Hor) in the primordial past. Lenormant's version, more condensed and clearer than the diffuse discussion of Maspero, influenced Theosophists, who incorporated elements of its argument into Theosophical speculations about antediluvian civilizations. The references to the the Fourth Dynasty inscription refer in reality to the Inventory Stela, a Ptolemaic forgery. The text below is translated from the 1887 ninth edition, from text that first appeared around 1882. The standard English translation of 1870, based on the 1869 edition, lacks these passages.

The Origins and Formation of the Egyptian People

...  The Nile valley, on the arrival of the Hamitic settlers, as we have already said, presented a very different aspect from the richness and prosperity than the work of man knew how to bestow upon it. “The river, left to its own devices, was constantly changing its bed. It never reached, in its inundations, certain parts of the valley, which remained unproductive; elsewhere, on the contrary, it flooded so persistently that it changed the soil into pestilential quagmires. The Delta, half-drowned by the waters of the river, half-lost under the waves of the Mediterranean, was an immense marsh, strewn with some sandy islands, covered with papyrus, lotus, and enormous reeds, through which the branches of the Nile lazily fought a course without ceasing to move. On both banks, the desert invaded all of the soil that was not covered every year by the flood: there was no transition from the disorderly vegetation of the tropical marshes to absolute aridity. Little by little the newcomers learned to regulate the course of the river, to contain it, through irrigation canals to carry fertility to the most remote corners of the valley. Egypt emerged from the waters and became in the hands of man one of the most suitable countries for the peaceful development of a great civilization.” [Maspero, Histoire ancienne, 1875, p. 18]
 
It is impossible to estimate the number of centuries which it took to absorb this formative period of culture, manners, religion, nation, and the soil itself; but it is obvious that it required a considerable period of time. With the instinctive tendency of all ancient peoples to seek perfection in the past, the Egyptians of the historical period had come to consider the first centuries of the residence of their race on the banks of the Nile as a kind of golden age, and their ancestors, still half-barbarous, were seen as archetypes of piety and virtue, which they called the Shemsu-Hor, that is to say, “the attendants of Horus,” the national god par excellence, and the special shepherd of the Egyptian people. Half-deified, as first ancestors always are, the Shemsu-Hor, admitted to the bliss of the other life, had become, it was said, the boatmen who conducted the sun’s bark in its celestial navigation, and the cultivators of the Fields Blessed in the other life. Hence the strange manner in which the fragments of Manetho designate their epoch as the reign of the Manes.
 
"It is upon these generations without history that we visit honor of having constituted Egypt, as we know it from the beginning of the historical period. At first divided into a great number of tribes, they began by establishing small independent states simultaneously in different places, each of which had its own laws and its own worship. In the course of time these states merged into one another: there remained only two great principalities, Lower Egypt (To-mera) or the northern country (To-meh‘), in the Delta, Upper Egypt or the southern country (To-res) from the point of Delta to the first cataract. Their meeting under the same scepter formed the patrimony of the Pharaohs, or countries of Kemi-t, but this did not obliterate the primitive division: the small states became provinces and were the origin of the administrative districts which the Greeks called nomes.” [Maspero, Histoire ancienne, 1875, pp. 18-19]
 
The foundations of the principal cities of Egypt were attributed to the Shemsu-Hor, as well as the establishment of several of the most important sanctuaries. It was alleged that some religious writings dated back to them. The inscriptions of the temple of Dendera, the ancient Tantarer, speak of a plan of the primitive temple, traced on gazelle skin in the time of the Shemsu-Hor, which had been found many centuries later. And that which gives serious value to all these references to documents from the same epoch that are encountered in Egyptian texts from fully historical times is that these documents are always referred to as being written on skins and not on papyrus; this is a peculiarity which differs from the usage of later times. It is evidently during this prehistoric period, the time of the “Attendants of Horus,” that the Egyptian nation took possession of its hieroglyphic writing, which was invented on the banks of the Nile, and which borrowed from the nature of that country the great part of the figures constituting its graphic elements.
 
There still remains in Egypt at least one monument dating back to the time when the civilization on the banks of the Nile marshaled its first forces and began to live. It is the temple located next to the great Sphinx and cleared some thirty years ago by A. Mariette at the expense of the Duke of Luynes. Constructed of enormous blocks of Aswan granite and eastern alabaster, supported by square monolithic pillars, this temple is prodigious, even beside the Pyramids. It offers neither a molding, nor an ornament, nor a hieroglyph; it is the transition between megalithic monuments and architecture proper. In an inscription from the time of King Khufu (4th Dynasty), it is spoken of as an edifice whose origin was lost in the night of time, which had been fortuitously found during the reign of this prince, buried by the sands of the desert, under which it had been forgotten for many generations. Such indications of antiquity are calculated to frighten the imagination. Egypt, to say nothing of the rest of the world, possesses not a single monument built by the hand of man, and truly worthy of the name, that can be compared to it as an antiquity.
 
But the Sphinx itself is perhaps only slightly less ancient. According to the inscription to which I have just made reference, it would antedate by several centuries the great Pyramids, of which he appears to be their mysterious guardian, and in the time of Khufu he would have already been in need of repairs. We know that it is a natural rock that has been carved more or less roughly into the shape of a lion, and to which has been added a human head, constructed from courses of enormous stones. The Sphinx of Giza was the image of the god Hor-em-akhet, the setting sun, the infernal sun shining in the dwelling of the dead. The whole plateau above which it rises, became, under the protection of this gigantic simulacrum, like a vast sanctuary consecrated to funerary gods. The inhabitants of the locality developed the habit of depositing their dead there to shelter them from the inundation. The rich built sumptuous tombs, and the kings built their proud pyramids and various temples, now destroyed, all built here and there amidst this field of burials, to which, under the kings of the Old Kingdom, they came anew to add to the holiness of the place.
 
This was, moreover, near to the place where Memphis was soon to be built, but higher on the course of the river, in the middle part of Upper Egypt, a place which seems to have been, towards the end of the Shemsu-Hor period, the main focus of Egyptian civilization, the center of the religious and political life of the country. Here are Tjenu (Thinis), the birthplace of the founder of the royal line; Abdju (Abydos), the main center of the cult of Osiris, whose tomb was the only common worship of all Egypt; Iunet or Tentyra (Tentyris, Dendera), the favorite place of the goddess Hathor; Deb (Apollonopolis Magna, Edfu), where Hor-em-akhet, with his son Har-hud, passed in assembling the army with which they fought Set or Typhon—all places to which later tradition particularly connected the memory of the Attendants of Horus. It was the country of the great prehistoric sanctuaries, the seats of priestly domination, which played a preponderant part in the origins of civilization.
 
For all the ancient testimonies agree that, in the primitive period of Egypt, the priesthood, already powerfully constituted, the depository of the principal knowledge, and the initiator of the rest of the people to civilized life, had gradually secured absolute dominion over a nation which had not yet realized its unity. But the day came when this theocratic power, impatiently supported by the warrior class, was broken by it; when a bold man, rising from the ranks of this class and putting himself at its head, united the whole country under one scepter, created a hereditary and purely political power, marked by a strong military imprint, and founded the monarchy on the ruins of the power of the priests.
Picture
Source: Francois Lenormant, ​Histoire ancienne de l'Orient jusqu'aux guerres médiques, vol. 2 (9th ed.) (Paris: A. Levy), 51-57.
Picture
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      • Atlantis, Mu, and the Maya
      • Easter Island Exposed
      • Who Built the Sphinx?
      • Who Built the Great Pyramid?
      • Archaeological Cover Up?
    • Collection: The Lovecraft Legacy >
      • Pauwels, Bergier, and Lovecraft
      • Lovecraft in Bergier
      • Lovecraft and Scientology
    • Collection: UFOs >
      • Alien Abduction at the Outer Limits
      • Aliens and Anal Probes
      • Ultra-Terrestrials and UFOs
      • Rebels, Queers, and Aliens
    • Scholomance: The Devil's School
    • Prehistory of Chupacabra
    • The Templars, the Holy Grail, & Henry Sinclair
    • Magicians of the Gods Review
    • The Curse of the Pharaohs
    • The Antediluvian Pyramid Myth
    • Whitewashing American Prehistory
    • James Dean's Cursed Porsche
  • The Library
    • Ancient Mysteries >
      • Ancient Texts >
        • Mesopotamian Texts >
          • Atrahasis Epic
          • Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Kutha Creation Legend
          • Babylonian Creation Myth
          • Descent of Ishtar
          • Berossus
          • Comparison of Antediluvian Histories
        • Egyptian Texts >
          • The Shipwrecked Sailor
          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
          • The Papyrus of Ani
          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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