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The Orphic Argonautica | EXCERPT |

Orphic Argonautica
Opening lines:

O powerful lord of Pytho, far-thrower, also a seer, whose place is high atop the Parnassus rock, of your power I sing: In turn, may your gift furnish me with glory and send your true voice into my mind so that, by the imposition of the Muse, I may disperse a fine song to the numberless races of men with the help of my well-made cithara. For now to you, O worker of the lyre, singer of pleasing songs, my spirit rouses me to tell of things of which I have never before spoken, when driven by the goad of Bacchus and lord Apollo, I described their terrible shafts, and likewise I disclosed the cure for feeble mortal bodies and the Great Rites to initiates. Truly, above all I disclosed the stern inevitability of ancient Chaos, and Time, who in his boundless coils, produced Aether, and the twofold, beautiful, and noble Eros, whom the younger men call Phanes, celebrated parent of eternal Night, because he himself first manifested.


from the Introduction


The Orphic Argonautica (OA) tells the familiar story of Jason’s quest for the Golden Fleece from the unusual perspective of Orpheus, the Greek mythological figure best known for tra-veling into the bowels of Hades in search of his dead wife, Eurydice. The first-person account given in the OA rehearses the familiar events of the Argonauts’ quest—from the building of the great ship Argo to the famous incidents on Lemnos and Cyzicus to the romance of Jason and Medea. In so doing, Orpheus repeatedly boasts of his own prowess and exaggerates his role in events, making himself the most important figure in the poem, an indispensible aid without whom the Fleece could never have been won. The poem also differs from earlier tradition in taking the Argonauts home by a wild and unclear route often interpreted as passing into the Arctic and along Britain and Ireland, which may well appear in the poem under the name of Ierne (see Appendix D).

The OA has inspired wildly differing opinions from those who have encountered it. For much of the eighteenth and early nineteenth cen-turies, the poem was celebrated as among the oldest in existence, behind only the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and thus an important source of information about pre-Classical Greece and even Archaic Greek know-ledge of Ireland. By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, scholarly analysis had made obvious that the poem’s actual origins were much later, perhaps the fourth or fifth century CE. With the re-dating of the Orphic poem from the Archaic Period to Late Antiquity, the OA fell from scholarly favor. One Victorian scholar scoffed that the OA was an outright fraud in which “Orpheus himself seriously informs us that he soon expects to reach the coast of Ireland, probably landing at Queenstown on his way to Liverpool!”

Given the hostility Victorian scholars felt for the poem it is perhaps unsurprising that there has been no complete, professional English trans-lation of the OA despite modern critical editions appearing in French (1987) and Italian (1994), as well as an older translation into Latin (1764). The longest section available in English has long been the three hundred or so final lines of the poem translated by William Preston in 1803 in the third volume of his poorly-received English edition of Apollonius’ Argonautica (reproduced in Appendix A). Since then, only fragments have been translated into English with three undistinguished exceptions. In 1885, Mrs. Angus W. Hall translated an 1820s German handbook of mythology by schoolmaster Friedrich Nösselt. Nösselt be-lieved the OA to be the oldest form of the Argonaut myth, and he drew heavily from it in his description of the Argonauts’ voyage. In translating the text, Mrs. Hall accidentally created one of the only reasonably close paraphrases of the OA available in English for more than a century. Another was Charles Kingsley’s 1856 children’s book Heroes, which used the OA as the foundation for its telling of the Argonaut myth, even borrowing some of the exact language of the poem. An eccentric, self-published 2005 English rendering of the entire poem by Siegfried Petrides received criticism for its difficulties with the English language and the translator’s choice to organize verses in a new order to “prove” that (a) the ancient Greeks under Jason had visited South America around 2200 BCE and that (b) all other versions of the Argonauts’ story were corruptions of this original, ancient voyage. Unfortunately, Petrides was only one in a long line of investigators to make fanciful claims about the supposedly astonishing revelations contained in the Orphic text, which has been closed to the lay reader without knowledge of ancient Greek except, conveniently, through the work of such spinners of wild theories.

The Question of Age

There is no original manuscript of the OA surviving from Antiquity; the poem is known through copies brought from Constantinople to Italy in the fifteenth century—three before 1450, and six more later. There-fore, the poem can be dated only through contextual clues. The author of the OA claims to be the demigod Orpheus himself, who composed its 1,376 hexameters sometime prior to his death. Thus, the poem asserts that it is a genuine pre-Homeric survival. Of course, nobody bought that. The tenth century CE Byzantine encyclopedia called the Suda (s.v. “Orpheus”) claims that the poem is the work of Orpheus of Croton, who was said to have lived in the time of the tyrant Pisistratus (sixth century BCE; tyrant of Athens from 546-527 BCE). Later, a school of thought attributed the poem to Onomacritus, a forger of the oracles of Musaeus in the time of Pisistratus (Herodotus Histories 7.6.3-5). According to the second century CE Christian writer Tatian, “Orpheus lived at the same time as Hercules; moreover, it is said that all the works attributed to him were composed by Onomacritus the Athenian, who lived during the reign of the Pisistratids, about the fiftieth Olympiad” (Address to the Greeks 41). On Tatian’s authority, a spurious antiquity was attributed to the Orphic poem. Other accused authors of the Or-phic poem have included the fourth- or fifth-century CE poet Nonnus, the author of the eccentric forty-eight book epic poem, Dionysiaca, and Cecrops, a Pythagorean philosopher of early date.

A whiff of fraud, or at least something less than the noblest of ideals, clings to the OA for many reasons. First, the poem is manifestly fictitious in that it purports, impossibly, to be the work of Orpheus himself. Second, parts of the poem are something less than the original work of the Orphic poet. As André Hurst and M. L. West have shown, a passage in the OA describing the mysterious island of Demeter (lines 1199-1202, pp. 47-48 of this edition) borrows (plagiarizes) without significant alte-ration lines originally used in the lost sections of the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus to describe that god’s birthplace on Mt. Nysa. Of course, such minor literary borrowings pale in comparison to the debt the Orphic poet owes to his two predecessors, Apollonius of Rhodes and Valerius Flaccus, whose twin Argonautica poems were used as the OA’s sources, primarily and especially Apollonius.

Literary analysis of the Orphic poem demonstrates clearly that it belongs to the last throes of Antiquity (see Appendix B). While the poem is intentionally archaic in places, mimicking the language and style of Homer, its Greek is clearly archaizing rather than genuinely old, mis-using or misapplying older words and phrases to seem like a product of great age. For example, the Orphic poet uses πίσυνος (“trust in”) to mean “obedient to” and the Homeric άλυσκάζω (“to escape”) where the Hellenistic word for loitering is called for. The wording is muddled; the grammar is challenging and confusing, sometimes using incorrect tenses and loose language. In terms of content, the poem’s closest relations are epics from the first few centuries CE. Like the roughly contem-porary Dionysiaca of Nonnus, the OA has a greatly reduced speaking role for the gods when compared with its Homeric counterparts, and unlike the Homeric poems, the Orphic poet gave a speaking part to an inanimate object, the wooden beam of Dodona embedded in the Argo, something Apollonius, following Homeric precedent, omitted.



Introduction and translation copyright © 2011 Jason Colavito. All rights reserved.

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  • The Library
    • Ancient Mysteries >
      • Ancient Texts >
        • Mesopotamian Texts >
          • Atrahasis Epic
          • Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Kutha Creation Legend
          • Babylonian Creation Myth
          • Descent of Ishtar
          • Berossus
          • Comparison of Antediluvian Histories
        • Egyptian Texts >
          • The Shipwrecked Sailor
          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
          • The Papyrus of Ani
          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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