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The Library
Fossil Origins of the Cyclops

Othenio Abel
1914

trans. Jason Colavito
2012


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Widely cited but never translated, Othenio Abel's 1914 book Die Tiere der Vorwelt (The Animals of the Prehistoric World) contains inventive discussions of the origins of mythological monsters in fossils discovered by ancient humans. Some of these speculations go far beyond the facts, but the most frequently cited of Abel's fossil claims by later scholars is his identification of the skull of the dwarf elephant as the original of the cyclopes of mythology, arguing that the single eye was abstracted from the nasal opening of the elephant skull. Note that the Greek philosopher cited, Empedocles, did not actually investigate elephants; this claim is a modern myth invented, apparently, by Abel himself. The reference to Boccaccio is to Genealogy of the Gentile Gods 4.68, in which Boccaccio describes the discovery of the fossil remains of a skeleton some thought might have been Polyphemus.

On Polyphemus

The random finds of large Tertiary and Ice Age vertebrates have led to the most adventurous ideas since ancient times. Even in ancient times people devoted special attention to such discoveries and almost always connected them with their deeply rooted belief in the idea of ​​giant people. In several cases it is possible to determine the origin and development of some of these myths. Thus, it is easily possible to extract the purely mythological ingredients from the legend of the Cyclops Polyphemus in order to reveal its real core.

According to the ideas of the Homeric Greeks, huge people with a single large eye in the middle of the forehead lived in Sicily. Homer tells how Odysseus on his travels came to the land of the Cyclopes and took shelter in a cave, not knowing that he had entered the chamber of a Cyclops. He then tells how the enormous giant Polyphemus drove his flock of sheep into the cave in the evening and murdered and devoured six companions of Odysseus, but finally was made drunk by the cunning of Odysseus and was blinded. He tells also how the wily adventurer Odysseus finally fled with his companions. All the details are given in the ninth book of the Odyssey.

First, we notice that Sicily was considered as the particular land of one-eyed, cave-dwelling Cyclopes. Particularly remarkable, however, is the fable of the monocular vision of the Cyclops. Let us investigate what circumstances may have spurred the creation of this legend.

Situated close to the seashore caves in the area of ​​Messina and in many other parts of Sicily, such as Palermo and Trapani, one finds even today remains of dwarf elephants that lived during the Ice Age and have been described as a separate species. Repeatedly in classical antiquity one finds references to such bones in Sicily: Empedocles (492-432 BC) reported such discoveries and believed them to be remnants of an extinct giant race. Giovanni Boccaccio speaks in the fourth book of his Genealogy of the Gods of the discovery of the skeletal remains of Polyphemus in a cave near Trapani in the fourteenth century. Many years later, the learned Jesuit Athanasius Kircher visited this place and saw the remains. He writes in his Mundus subterraneus of 1664 that according to his estimate of the skeletal dimensions, the giant Polyphemus was more than thirty feet long and not three hundred, as Boccaccio had indicated.
If scholars of the seventeenth century could consider the fossils of elephants to be giants’ bones, so may we suggest that a similar conclusion from the Homeric Greeks is probably even less surprising. And consider the following--

The essential feature of the Cyclops Polyphemus was as ever the singular eye, placed in the middle of the forehead. To understand this we must look at the skull of a Sicilian dwarf elephant and try to look at it with the eyes of a layman. Immediately we see the huge, conspicuous hole in the middle of the forehead: it is the nostril, while the eye sockets are deep down on the sides of the high-arched skull. (Fig. 5)

The Homeric heroes, who had never known elephants, therefore would compare the fossil skull of an elephant with the forms of animal known to them to analogize a close relationship. The curved shape of the skull suggests that the most likely comparison would have been with a human skull. It was therefore necessary for the first discoverer of such a skull to reach for the idea of ​​giant monsters which harbored the human form but differed from normal people by having but a single, huge eye in the center of the forehead.

Sailors of Homeric or pre-Homeric times were probably the first to bring these giant customers into their homes. They were perhaps in a beach cave in Sicily and sought shelter from bad weather. In lighting a fire, they saw an elephant skull projecting from the clay. Everything else is a later addition from a time that was inclined to see encounters with all manner of gods and sons of gods and supernatural phenomena everywhere, thus finally forming from this first discovery of living giants the whole saga of the fight with and outwitting of the monster.
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Figure 5: Elephant skull, seen from the front without tusks, with the "eye" of Polyphemus, i.e. the nasal opening, in the center of the brow.
Discoveries of fossil bones, which continued to be made in the Middle Ages and in modern times and are still partly preserved, have been in every age the cause behind the formation of the legends of giants. Not only the Cyclops myth but probably also the legends of the Gigantes and the Titans are due to the finding of the bones of large mammals in the sands, gravels, and clay formations of the ancient civilized countries of the Mediterranean area.



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Source: Othenio Abel, Die Tier der Vorwelt (Leipzig: Drug und Derlag, 1914), 31-33.
​Translation © 2012 Jason Colavito. All rights reserved.
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          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Zoroastrian Fatal Winter
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Fragments of Artapanus
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Fragments of Bruttius
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Byzantine World Chronicle
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Chronicle to 724
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Pseudo-Diocles Fragmentum
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • Popol Vuh
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Atlantis as Biblical History
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Atlantis and Nimrod
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and Hanno's Periplus
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
          • Amazing New Light (Hoax)
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
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          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
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          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
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        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • History of Paleontology
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • Arabic Names of Egyptian Kings
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • America Known to the Ancients
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Remarkable Discoveries Within the Sphinx (Hoax)
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • The Shaver Mystery >
          • Lovecraft and the Deros
          • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • CIA Search for the Ark of the Covenant
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • The Fall of the Sky
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Poltergeist UFOs
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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