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The Library
Fossil Elephants

Georges Cuvier
1806


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Baron Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) was an influential French naturalist and zoologist who helped establish the field of paleontology. One of his most widely-cited essays, the lengthy, three-part “Memoir on Fossil and Living Elephants” (1806), was the one of the first works to propose that the discovery of fossilized elephant bones in Antiquity gave rise to the myth of gigantic humans. (Hans Sloane preceded him by nine decades.) The folklorist Adrienne Mayor cited this monograph as the foundational work for her own theory that fossils inspired the monsters of mythology, though Mayor tells readers that no translation exists.

The following translation appeared in 1806 in The Philosophical Magazine. The passages below are those that deal directly with the relationship between fossils and mythology; the entire monograph, including lengthy descriptions of fossils and their locations, can be read here.

Note: In the following, I have replaced a Latin quotation of Pliny with an English translation, corrected translator's errors (including missing text), and eliminated footnotes.


Memoir upon Living and Fossil Elephants

The fossil ossifications of elephants have excited not only the most lively interest in the minds of men of science, but also the curiosity of the vulgar in a high degree. Their enormous size has caused them to be collected and preserved wherever they were found; their frequency in every climate, and even in places where they could not subsist at present, has struck every one with astonishment, and has given rise to a number of hypotheses in order to account for them…

[…]

To describe every place where they have been discovered would be an endless task; suffice it to say, that every country, and every area, has furnished fossil bones.

Traces of them are discovered in the writings of the antients. Theophrastus speaks of them in a work no longer in existence, of which Pliny has given us his testimony:— “The author Theophrastus states that fossil ivory has been found of both white and black colors, that bones are produced spontaneously from the earth, and that osseous stones have been found” Lib. xxxvi. cap. 18.

It is probable that the bones of elephants have been often taken for human ones; and this may have given rise to the pretended discoveries of the tombs of giants spoken of in antiquity.

Of this number the bones discovered in digging a well at Tegea certainly were, although taken for the bones of Orestes and also those seen at Caprea, according to Suetonius, and regarded as the bones of heroes or giants.

As to the stories of bodies still larger, such as that of a skeleton 46 cubits in length thrown out of the ground during an earthquake at Crete, and regarded as that of Entellus or Otus; or that of another, of 60 cubits, dug up near Tingis in Mauritania, when Serlorius commanded there, and which was taken for the skeleton of Antaeus; these accounts are certainly exaggerated, or else they have for their origin the skeletons of whales. Strabo, who relates the latter story on the authority of Gabinius, does not hesitate to regard it as fabulous.

These erroneous ideas, which arise from a total ignorance of anatomy, lasted to the middle age: even at that period mention is made of giants, and the descriptions of their bones are sometimes so exaggerated that they make them ten times larger than those of the largest elephants if we give credence to the vague reports, often full of contradictions, which are given.

As more correct ideas have now dissipated these chimeras, one would think that the elephants whose bones were discovered had been buried by human beings. Thus, so far as these discoveries are confined to Italy, and those countries frequented by the Macedonians, the Carthaginians, and the Romans, they may be reasonably accounted for by reflecting on the prodigious number of elephants possessed by these people.

We know that the first Europeans who had elephants were Alexander and his Macedonians after the defeat of Porus…

[Hereafter Cuvier relates the history of living elephants in the Greco-Roman world in order to demonstrate that many of the elephant bones predated Alexander. In subsequent sections, he describes elephant fossils from Italy, North Africa, and other lands. His discussions of their relationship to myths of giant humans are given below.]

Abbe Nazari speaks of a skeleton at least 18 feet long, dug up in 1665 at Toriolo, in Upper Calabria. It is, indeed, said that it resembles that of a human being; but we know how little credit this comparison is now entitled to.

Sicily possesses these curiosities in abundance. Two skeletons were discovered in the 14th and 16th centuries at Trapani and Palermo, and are described by the writers of that age as being those of giants. The account of one of them is shamefully exaggerated; it is described as being 300 feet high: but Kircher, who visited the cavern out of which it was said to have been dug, positively asserts that it could not have been more than 30 feet high.

[…]

Suidas speaks of giants' bones found in great quantities under the church of Saint Mena, at Constantinople…

[…]

Without mentioning the giant's tooth seen by saint Augustine upon the shores of Utica, and which was as large as a hundred of the human teeth of the present day, the skeleton of the giant dug up by some Spanish slaves near Tunis, in 1559, must have been that of an elephant, more particularly as a second skeleton was dug up at the same place in 1630, which was certainly that of an elephant, as was ascertained by Peyresc.

[…]

That we may neglect no information on the subject, we have to mention the stories told us by the Spaniards of the giants' bones found in Mexico and Peru. We may find extracts of these fables, accompanied with new and detailed accounts, in the "Gigantologie Espagnole," by Torrubia the Franciscan.

What hinders us from applying all these details to the elephant is, that they may owe their origin to the bones of two mastodontes, which are much more common in America than those of the elephant; and no person who has transmitted these details has taken the trouble of giving drawings, or has said any thing that might lead us to distinguish the species. It is true, however, that their pretended giants are now completely extirpated.

This enumeration of the places where the fossil bones of elephants have been found, is the result of an investigation which our anatomical labours, properly so called, have not permitted us to render so complete as we could have desired. It is probable that our enumeration would have been much more voluminous if we could have spared time to go over more carefully the works of naturalists and travellers, or the philosophical journals. It is, however, already sufficient to give an idea of the prodigious quantity of these bones which the earth contains, and of what may be yet discovered if such researches are continued, and if they were oftener directed by men of science.


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Source: G. Cuvier, "Memoir upon Living and Fossil Elephants," The Philosophical Magazine 27 (1806). (Adapted.)
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    • The Templars, the Holy Grail, & Henry Sinclair
    • Magicians of the Gods Review
    • The Curse of the Pharaohs
    • The Antediluvian Pyramid Myth
    • Whitewashing American Prehistory
    • James Dean's Cursed Porsche
  • The Library
    • Ancient Mysteries >
      • Ancient Texts >
        • Mesopotamian Texts >
          • Eridu Genesis
          • Atrahasis Epic
          • Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Kutha Creation Legend
          • Babylonian Creation Myth
          • Descent of Ishtar
          • Resurrection of Marduk
          • Berossus
          • Comparison of Antediluvian Histories
        • Egyptian Texts >
          • The Shipwrecked Sailor
          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
          • The Papyrus of Ani
          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Zoroastrian Fatal Winter
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Fragments of Artapanus
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Fragments of Bruttius
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Byzantine World Chronicle
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Chronicle to 724
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Pseudo-Diocles Fragmentum
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • Popol Vuh
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Atlantis as Biblical History
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Atlantis and Nimrod
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and Hanno's Periplus
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
          • Amazing New Light (Hoax)
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • History of Paleontology
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • Arabic Names of Egyptian Kings
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • America Known to the Ancients
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Remarkable Discoveries Within the Sphinx (Hoax)
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • The Shaver Mystery >
          • Lovecraft and the Deros
          • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • CIA Search for the Ark of the Covenant
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • The Fall of the Sky
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Poltergeist UFOs
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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