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A Medieval Italian Chronicle Might Offer Insight into the Zeno Hoax

10/10/2021

13 Comments

 
​Over the summer, Paolo Chiesa published an article in Terrae Incognitae describing a passage in a medieval Italian chronicle briefly mentioning the land west of Greenland which the Norse had named Markland, and it made the rounds of online news sources a couple of weeks ago. Chiesa said that this passage, from around 1340 CE, is the oldest mention of North America known from the Mediterranean region. On its own, this is not earth-shattering news since the northern European peoples had been speaking of these lands since Adam of Bremen described Vinland around 1035 CE. But it does have interesting implications for the notorious Zeno Narrative and its role in fringe history’s elaborate narrative about Henry Sinclair learning of and visiting North America.
​According to Chiesa’s article, the text in question comes from an unpublished chronicle by Galvaneus Flamma, a Milanese friar who lived before 1345. His unfinished Cronica universalis is believed to be his last work, written around 1340 and known from a copy made in the late 1300s. Part of Book 3 discusses what seems to be North America, apparently from a Norse source. After describing Iceland and Greenland, Galvaneus moves on to Markland, the Norse name for Labrador:
Inde versus occidens est terra quedam que dicitur Marckalada, ubi gigantes habitant et sunt hedifitia habentia lapides saxeos tam grandes quod nullus homo posset in hedifitio collocare nisi essent gygantes maximi. Ibi sunt arbores virides et animalia et aves multe nimis. Nec umquam fuit aliquis marinarius qui de ista terra nec de eius condictionibus aliquid scire potuerit pro certo.
 
Turning west from there is a land which is called Markalada, where giants live and where there are buildings having slabs of stone so large that no man would be able to build with them if they were not the largest giants. There are green trees, animals, and exceedingly many birds. At no time was any sailor able to know anything for certain about this land nor its conditions. (my trans.)
​Prior to the discovery of this source, the name Markland wasn’t known outside of the areas of Norse influence in the north, mostly centered on Iceland. As Chiesa points out, Galvaneus’s descriptions of various northern lands are mixed up, with elements of Norse accounts of Greenland, Iceland, and Markland traded between and among them. According to Galvaneus, his source was “sailors” who were familiar with “the seas of Denmark and Norway” and a “Brother Symon” who had spent five years in the north. Chiesa concludes from other references to Genoese material in the chronicle that Galvaneus gleaned his information secondhand from Genoa.
 
By itself, this is interesting but not precisely world-changing. However, it does have implications for the long-simmering controversy over whether the so-called Zeno Narrative is a genuine medieval text from c. 1400 or a Renaissance hoax from 1558. The Zeno Narrative tells the story of the brothers Antonio Zeno and Nicolò Zeno the Elder of Venice, who supposedly sailed across the northern islands in the 1390s, met a prince named Zichmni, and heard from fishermen of a land beyond Greenland called Drogio, part of a landmass whose residents ranged from cannibals in the north to city-dwellers in the south. Speculators from Richard Henry Major to Frederick J. Pohl to Scott Wolter have alleged that this story actually tells the story of Henry I Sinclair, 1st Earl of Orkney making an expedition to North America in 1398, an event unattested in any uncontested medieval source.
 
Since the publication of the Zeno Narrative in 1558, advocates have argued that the narrative and its accompanying map of the northern Atlantic were either a genuine medieval text or a hoax perpetrated by Nicolò Zeno the Younger, the editor of the text. The younger Zeno admitted that he had destroyed the original manuscript and said that the original map was full of holes and tears. The versions he published were, he said, recreations from his memory. Seeking out what legitimately lies beneath the published version is, in many ways, a fool’s errand.
 
In my mind, the arguments for hoaxing are very strong, not least because so many details in the text are obviously drawn from books that the younger Zeno had access to in 1558, as Fred W. Lucas demonstrated in the 1890s. Oh, and the Narrative claims that one of the Zeno brothers was traveling the Atlantic at a time when he was on trial back in Europe, and it asserts that he died in the North when in reality he lived on for many years after. The fictitious land of Drogio (identified by Mercator in 1587 with Cape Breton Island off Nova Scotia) and other made-up islands in the story don’t match the Norse descriptions from either Norse texts or the Italian one very well.
 
But the real Nicolò Zeno the Elder did indeed travel to England, and Galvaneus’s chronicle provides that first hint that Italians did have some knowledge of Norse discoveries in North America, meaning that there is at least some possibility that the younger Zeno fabricated his story from a description or chronicle of what the elder Zeno reported hearing in England or had learned from travelers either at home or on his travels. In other words, it is not impossible that both sides were a little right—that the extant text is a hoax but that it was built on a medieval account, hopelessly garbled across time. William H. Babcock even suggested in 1913 that the name “Drogio” might have been a corruption of the Italian word derogare, or dispensation, perhaps due to Italians and non-Italians mangling half-understood translations.
 
I don’t think there’s much chance the whole text is medieval in scope or in detail, but there is, of course, a logical problem for those that want to use the Zeno Narrative to argue that Zichmni was Henry Sinclair and that he visited the Americas in the 1390s. Galvaneus’s account is from 1340, fifty years before the Zeno Brothers and Zichmni supposedly learned of the lands beyond Greenland. If sailors in the north were familiar with such stories in the 1340s, then the “discovery” narrative in the Zeno account rings a little hollow.
13 Comments
LeifFraNorden
10/16/2021 11:30:33 am

Interesting connection between Zeno and the 'Cronica universalis' passage– even if there are some 200 years between the two. It would be surprising if Zeno did not weave some sailor's yarns into his tale.

This reminds us of the Gospel of Thomas, an apocryphal book which some scholars believe contains a few unique sayings of Jesus. Unfortunately, there is no good way to separate the wheat from the chaff.

Reply
Tom A. Hawk
10/17/2021 12:58:54 am

"Marckalada"

How did this turn into Markland?

Mar Ka lada

Would it help if I added an A?

A Mar Ka lada

Reply
CHARLES L VERRASTRO link
10/17/2021 01:39:35 pm

I was most struck by the passage "buildings having slabs of stone so large that no man would be able to build with them if they were not the largest giants." followed by the subtly disingenuous 'At no time was any sailor able to know anything for certain about this land nor its conditions.'
It sounds very much like the chronicler was using a hodgepodge of hints and rumors with the iconic "giants had to build Cyclopean structures" that goes back to dim antiquity and is still the darling hypothesis of the AA 'theorists'.
As late as the 1600s Dr. John Dee was assembling such tidbits from his vast reading to show King Arthur had visited and claimed vast realms to the extreme east and west of Britain to claim them for the Virgin Queen.

Reply
Scott Du Suger
10/21/2021 01:45:06 pm

What's that? Did someone mention a land claim?

Reply
CHARLES VERRASTRO VERRASTRO link
10/22/2021 03:16:58 pm

Unless you are high on the list of succession to the current (soon to be late judging by today's news) Queen Elizabeth I wouldn't get my hopes up you will be inheriting large swaths of North America even if Great Britain was successful in belatedly establishing the claim. Not likely given the agreed terms of the outcome of the American Revolution. Anyway the Brits would probably vote for a Brexit when they see Trump running again.

Jim Z. Rekshun
10/24/2021 09:21:33 am

@SCOTT DU SUGER

Stop teasing!

CHARLES L VERRASTRO VERRASTRO VERRASTRO
10/24/2021 11:59:47 pm

When I hear about "land claims" I generally think "poop" and of course the well-known quote "How many divisions has the Pope?" The idea that a land claim would be buried halfway across the continent beggars belief (if I'm using that correctly).

Here's the racist Scott Wolter math: Only whites get to make land claims, not the Indians who've lived here forever.

scottie dutraskalle
10/28/2021 01:09:53 pm

The st louis arch has a hooked x spray painted X on it. WOrlds biggest land claim marker hidden in plain sight.

Charles Verrastridiot link
10/26/2021 09:30:23 pm

King Arthur

famously did not have a Virgin Queen

would have claimed territory for himself

good luck claiming territory from France to Rus. The inhabitants and their kings might have something to say about that

land claim in one hand and spit in the other, see which one fills up first

talking about imaginary land claims is left as an exercise for the student

Reply
Anthony G.
3/21/2022 04:22:52 am

https://www.academia.edu/74124430/c_1558_Zeno_Atlas_Atlas_nautique_manuscrit_GEEE_5610_RES_BnF_Part_1_of_2_Cartographic_Evidence_of_the_Pre_Columbian_Newport_Tower


https://www.academia.edu/74124655/c_1558_Zeno_Atlas_Atlas_nautique_manuscrit_GEEE_5610_RES_BnF_Part_2_of_2_Cartographic_Evidence_of_the_Pre_Columbian_Newport_Tower

Not a hoax after all. I won't speak to any alleged identities of Zichmni. This is all about the remnants of the relic church we call the "Newport Tower".

Reply
CHARLES L VERRASTRO link
3/22/2022 11:25:35 am

I have been approached by the authors of those articles in Academia numerous times for a review. I feel the very fact they have looked at nearly every cartographic production at the time and claimed to see the Newport Tower is the best criticism of the method employed: wishful thinking.
There were no original maps made at this time. Cartographers copied older examples along with errors and updated features as they received reports of new finds from explorers. But the fact no cartographer identified that feature as a tower or cited any information speaks volumes in their silence. The simple fact is blank spaces in maps were traditionally filled in with features known to them. A single building could stand for an imagined town, city, or church to indicate an area that was probably inhabited. It was no more indicative of actual knowledge than sea monsters in the nearby waters or a stray deer or lion or palm tree peppered about artistically to indicate flora and fauna.

Reply
Anthony G.
3/27/2022 06:25:11 pm

Well...It's a good thing I wasn't asking for a review. Jason Colavito has kept me from talking out of my ass by providing me with updated information. I was attempting to return the favor.

"I feel the very fact they have looked at nearly every cartographic production at the time and claimed to see the Newport Tower is the best criticism of the method employed: wishful thinking."

Other than the friend you've mentioned, have you looked at any of the material? Over 200 cartographic works used to show a consistent pattern. BTW- You owe your friend an apology.

"There were no original maps made at this time."

That's outright BS.

"But the fact no cartographer identified that feature as a tower or cited any information speaks volumes in their silence."

BS again. They consistently identified the Newport Tower as a church. That is the one consistent thing throughout. Christianity. Christians come in all flavors, nationalities and ethnic groups.

The rest of your statement is wishful thinking on your part. I could explain it but that's not what I came here to do. The Zeno narrative is not a hoax. It's a combination of old and new information. I will say that Henry Sinclair had nothing to do with the construction of the Newport Tower. It was originally built over a hundred years before he was born. There is a connection to the Sacristy he inherited.

I'm glad the actual professionals in the field don't feel the same way as you, Charles Verrastro. Check it out or not. It makes no difference to me. I was just passing on to Jason new cutting edge information. If he gets tired of sitting through my numbingly dumb episodes of Ancient Aliens, he might want to check it out.

Anthony G.
4/7/2022 05:55:21 pm

There have been some revisions for anyone interested.

https://www.academia.edu/75752951/c_1558_Zeno_Atlas_Atlas_nautique_manuscrit_GEEE_5610_RES_BnF_Part_1_of_2_Rev_A_Cartographic_Evidence_of_the_Pre_Columbian_Newport_Tower

https://www.academia.edu/75753214/c_1558_Zeno_Atlas_Atlas_nautique_manuscrit_GEEE_5610_RES_BnF_Part_2_of_2_Rev_A_Cartographic_Evidence_of_the_Pre_Columbian_Newport_Tower

The Zeno Brothers and Henry Sinclair did NOT construct the Newport Tower. It was already there.

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