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Alexander the Great and the Secret of the Gods

3/4/2015

60 Comments

 
I’m sure many of you remember the flap that emerged in 2013 when researchers claimed to have found Ciudad Blanca, a legendary lost city in Honduras known only from modern myths of twentieth century vintage. I wrote about the long and convoluted process that led to the development of the legend of Ciudad Blanca back in 2013. Well, the story is back again, and many popular archaeology and science publications, particularly National Geographic’s online news service, have proclaimed that the legendary city has been found. The Geographic article, by New Yorker archaeology correspondent Douglas Preston declined to note that the legend of Ciudad Blanca is of modern vintage and has little do with the genuine ancient history of Honduras. However, Rosemary Joyce has a terrific piece over on the UC Berkeley Blog in which she deconstructs the hype over the latest Ciudad Blanca claims. It’s well worth a read.

You might also be interested in the latest crazy claim, this time that the childhood home of Jesus has been uncovered in Nazareth. The evidence, presented by archaeologist Ken Dark, is that the house resembles one described in a seventh-century travelogue. This, logically, ought not to prove that it was the actual home of Jesus; at best, it proves that it was considered to be such in the 600s CE, which counts for pretty much nothing.
I’d like to discuss some interesting bit of euhemerism I came across in researching ancient astronaut claims. One of the themes I’ve noted over time is that ancient astronaut authors don’t seem to know the material they try to discuss, and the same goes for other writers of fringe history. Regular readers will remember that Alexander the Great is sometimes credited with unearthing the body of Hermes Trismegistus and finding his emerald tablet of wisdom, as Albertus Magnus wrote in De secretic chemicis: “Alexander the Great discovered the sepulchre of Hermes, in one of his journeys, full of all treasures, not metallic, but golden, written on a table of zatadi, which others call emerald” (trans. Thomas Thomson). Now, while this is a medieval legend, much corrupt (originally told of Apollonius of Tyana, also called Balinus), I was fascinated to discover that there was a genuine ancient tradition that Alexander had special access to ancient wisdom—and had learned the greatest secret of the pagan priests, that the gods were mere mortals. 

[Update: The following discussion grows out of a tradition recorded by Plutarch in the first century CE in his Life of Alexander 27.3 that "Alexander himself, in a letter to his mother, says that he received certain secret responses, which he would tell to her, and to her alone, on his return" (trans. Bernadotte Perrin). The contents of this letter, almost certainly a forgery, were apparently well known.]

Here is Cyprian describing it in Treatise VI, “On the Vanity of Idols,” sec. 3 (247 CE):
… Alexander the Great writes in the remarkable volume addressed to his mother, that through fear of his power the doctrine of the gods being men, which was kept secret, had been disclosed to him by a priest, that it was the memory of ancestors and kings that was (really) kept up, and that from this the rites of worship and sacrifice have grown up. (trans. Ernest Wallis)
Somewhere around the same time, perhaps between 150 and 270 CE, Marcus Minucius Felix, another Christian apologist, wrote of the same book in Octavius 21:
Alexander the Great, the celebrated Macedonian, wrote in a remarkable document addressed to his mother, that under fear of his power there had been betrayed to him by the priest the secret of the gods having been men: to her he makes Vulcan the original of all, then the race of Jupiter. (trans. Ernest Wallis)
Even earlier, we find a reference to the same account in the work of the Christian apologist Athenagoras, writing in the Embassy for the Christians 28 around 176 or 177 CE:
Herodotus, then, and Alexander the son of Philip, in his letter to his mother (and each of them is said to have conversed with the priests at Heliopolis, and Memphis, and Thebes), affirm that they learned from them that the gods had been men. […] But as Alexander and Hermes surnamed Trismegistus, who shares with them (the gods) in the attribute of eternity, and innumerable others, not to name them individually, [declare the same], no room is left even for doubt that they, being kings, were esteemed gods. (trans. B. P. Pratten)
However, the longest surviving account of Alexander’s letter occurs in scattered passages in Augustine’s City of God, several centuries later:
28.5 …And, to treat Numa with all honor, let us mention as belonging to the same rank as these writings that which Alexander of Macedon wrote to his mother as communicated to him by Leo, an Egyptian high priest. In this letter not only Picus and Faunus, and Æneas and Romulus or even Hercules, and Æsculapius and Liber, born of Semele, and the twin sons of Tyndareus, or any other mortals who have been deified, but even the principal gods themselves,  to whom Cicero, in his Tusculan questions,  alludes without mentioning their names, Jupiter, Juno, Saturn, Vulcan, Vesta, and many others whom Varro attempts to identify with the parts or the elements of the world, are shown to have been men. There is, as we have said, a similarity between this case  and that of Numa; for the priest being afraid because he had revealed a mystery, earnestly begged of Alexander to command his mother to burn the letter which conveyed these communications to her.

28.27 … For let those who will and can read the letter of Alexander to his mother Olympias, in which he tells the things which were revealed to him by the priest Leon, and let those who have read it recall to memory what it contains, that they may see what great abominations have been handed down to memory, not by poets, but by the mystic writings of the Egyptians, concerning the goddess Isis, the wife of Osiris, and the parents of both, all of whom, according to these writings, were royal personages. Isis, when sacrificing to her parents, is said to have discovered a crop of barley, of which she brought some ears to the king her husband, and his councillor Mercurius, and hence they identify her with Ceres. Those who read the letter may there see what was the character of those people to whom when dead sacred rites were instituted as to gods, and what those deeds of theirs were which furnished the occasion for these rites.

(trans. Marcus Dods)
Whether or not the original of all these summaries was a genuine missive of Alexander or one of the countless forgeries that passed under his name isn’t really relevant. Alexander lived after Euhemerus, the great rationalizer. The contents of his letter seem to quite clearly reflect what we know of Euhemerus’s Sacred History, which “revealed” that the Olympians were simply human kings who had been deified through the great respect afforded their names (Diodorus, Library 5.41-67; Plutarch, Moralia 5.26.23; Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods 1.42; etc.).

But if you’re an ancient astronaut theorist looking for proof that the “gods” were flesh and blood creatures, you’d think you’d do more with these kind of passages, especially when you have a celebrity like Alexander the Great endorsing your idea and finding alien “secrets” in Hermes’ tomb!
60 Comments
Colin
3/4/2015 08:14:39 am

The news concerning excavations at Nazareth seems very strange - Ken Dark is by no means some sort of fringe figure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Dark) and seems too young to have “gone emeritus” :) I would tend to reserve judgment until reading the his original article. However sadly, this does not seem to be freely available on the internet at the moment.

Reply
Peter Wulf
3/4/2015 08:37:11 am

http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/first-century-house-found-nazareth-did-jesus-live-there-n315871

Whether Jesus actually lived in the house in real life is unknown, but Dark says that it is possible

Reply
Peter Wulf
3/4/2015 09:01:52 am

Ken Dark
Has Jesus’ Nazareth House Been Found?
Biblical Archaeology Review
March/April 2015

http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/bar-issues/march-april-2015/

http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=41&Issue=2&ArticleID=7

EP
3/4/2015 10:08:55 am

The situation is actually a bit more complicated. From what I can tell, the recent reports are actually just sensationalizing Ken Dark's published work from a couple years ago:

K. R. Dark, ‘The Sisters of Nazareth site and the archaeology of Early Roman period Nazareth’ The Antiquaries Journal 92, 2012, 1-28.

K. R. Dark, ‘The Byzantine and Crusader Church of the Nutrition in Nazareth rediscovered’ Palestine Exploration Quarterly 144, 2012, 164-184.

He claims to have located what he believes to be a pilgrimage site within a Byzantine nunnery, built over an authentic 1st century dwelling. In other words, he believes that he has located the Byzantine place of worship, built over what they believed to be the childhood dwelling of Jesus. Everything beyond that sounds like a combination of self-promotion on Ken Dark's part and the kind of yellow journalism that is typical of Biblical archaeology.

Reply
Clete
3/4/2015 09:10:24 am

I'm not sure Alexander was so great. I mean, did he ever have his picture on a baseball card. How could he be great if he never was on a baseball card?

Reply
Callisthenes
3/4/2015 09:24:18 am

Taliban targets descendants of Alexander the Great

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/6214794/Taliban-targets-descendants-of-Alexander-the-Great.html

Reply
Alexander's reincarnation
2/20/2017 05:45:13 pm

it is very possible

Alaric
3/4/2015 11:15:42 am

More importantly, when he died, did the world stink of his corpse?

(And does anyone have a good reference for the quote I'm paraphrasing? None of the online mentions I can find fill me with confidence, exactly.)

Reply
Bibliophile
3/4/2015 11:35:08 am

Plutarch quoting the Athenian orator Demades in Parallel Lives; Phocion 22.3

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html

Alaric
3/5/2015 12:53:07 am

Thank you!

nayland
3/8/2015 01:59:23 pm

the book is Death in Babylon - I don't remember the author
when informed of alexander's death someone reportedly said
impossible, the whole world would stink of his corpse

Alexander's reincarnation
2/20/2017 05:48:51 pm

more than likely Silver Sands repair his mistakes

Paolo
3/4/2015 09:35:52 am

Well, writers of fringe history that actually know history is a contradiction in terms; I mean, why should they really study all those tiny details about some ancient writers ? They don't speak of Atlantis, do they ?

Reply
EP
3/4/2015 10:33:57 am

Some of them do know history surprisingly well. Those are the really crazy ones.

See Leo Wiener and Anatoly Fomenko, for example.

Reply
Paolo
3/4/2015 09:42:37 pm

Thanks, I knew about Fomenko, not Wiener.

Shane Sullivan
3/4/2015 09:48:40 am

"...I was fascinated to discover that there was a genuine ancient tradition that Alexander had special access to ancient wisdom—and had learned the greatest secret of the pagan priests, that the gods were mere mortals."

Get outta town! Were they at least beautiful?

http://33.media.tumblr.com/e587b740fc5929321fbf22e5a0501f97/tumblr_nfnjdcBdxC1qkiyi1o1_500.gif

Reply
Only Me
3/4/2015 11:39:29 am

Is cute acceptable? :)

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Cute+Cthulhu&FORM=IRTRRL&=0

Reply
EP
3/4/2015 11:57:37 am

No, only sexy:

http://fc06.deviantart.net/fs71/i/2010/236/6/a/Just_for_fun__Hot_Cthulhu_by_advs14u2nv.jpg

Also, you use Bing? What the hell is wrong with you, man? :P

Shane Sullivan
3/4/2015 12:13:37 pm

I notice a few crochet Cthulhus in there; my sister used to have a pattern for Cthulhu, but never got around to making one. Her son had a Cthulhu plush toy, though.

Also, EP, I did a Sexy Cthulhu search too, and found that same picture. Of course, in the interest of symmetrical nightmare induction, we have to show this one as well:

http://imagevat.com/uploads/1262009/223802402.jpg.jpg

Only Me
3/4/2015 12:30:16 pm

I prefer badass gods:

http://www.imdb.com/media/rm3168570368/tt0800320?ref_=ttmi_mi_all_sf_31

Because, really, who can make a god more badass than Liam Neeson?

Hypatia
3/4/2015 11:57:01 am

Interesting that Alexander is quoted -- by Augustine nonetheless -- as wanting his letter burned. Perhaps he did not want to end up like Socrates for questioning the existence of the gods.
But it's really funny that Christian apologists were all out to debunk pagan gods as mere humans, never looking at their own belly buttons, and that Ancient Alienists quote the quoted quote from a Greek priest to Alexander as evidence of the existence of ancient aliens masquerading as gods.
Thank you Jason.

Reply
KoZm0kNoT
3/6/2015 05:48:00 am

Yes - funny that...everyone else is always wrong - but my own beliefs are of course different and special...kinda like the way people lose their minds when they fall in love.

Reply
Alexander's reincarnation
2/20/2017 05:55:11 pm

May explain the current situation when you alienate me

Reply
Hypatia
3/4/2015 08:03:07 pm

After pondering on it I think Alexander believed in the existence of the gods, but wanted to convince himself and his mother that gods start out by being human before becoming divine, that he heard it from a priestly authority, so that he Alexander could certainly become a god.
His mother not only did not burn the letter as requested, but did not think his point was good enough. She went on to claim that Alexander's father was not Philip at all, but Zeus.

Reply
Claude J
3/5/2015 12:14:16 am

We know nothing about Alexander the Great, still we believe something about him

Reply
Hypatia
3/5/2015 05:30:33 am

We know a bit from ancient pagan writers about Alexander's religious behavior. He sacrificed to the gods, went to temples and consulted oracles all his life. If he did not believe himself the son of Ammon/Zeus, he certainly encouraged that belief in everyone else, and became pretty nasty when people did not want to prostrate (Arrian.)
At the end of Alexander's life, Plutarch says: "When once Alexander had given way to fears of supernatural influence, his mind grew so disturbed and so easily alarmed, that if the least unusual or extraordinary thing happened, he thought it a prodigy or a presage, and his court was thronged with diviners and priests whose business was to sacrifice and purify and foretell the future."

Claude J
3/5/2015 05:32:38 am

As mentioned in Plutarch
But ancient sources are unreliable

Claude J
3/5/2015 05:34:41 am

At least secondary ancient sources are unreliable
Authors like Plutarch embellished accounts tainted with their own preferred beliefs

Hypatia
3/5/2015 08:53:21 am

Plutarch surely repeated every gossip he could find and gave his opinions. But I don't think he invented any tall story. Strabo seems to be one of the few who tried to separate fact from fiction for his geography.

EP
3/5/2015 12:17:37 am

Alexander almost certainly didn't write this "letter", so it provides no evidence one way ir another concerning his religious beliefs.

Reply
Claiude J
3/5/2015 12:39:04 am

Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 27: 8

EP
3/5/2015 04:12:02 am

What is your point? I don't get it.

Hypatia
3/5/2015 05:33:37 am

Agreed. That letter appears to be fake. Plutarch mentions he wrote her a letter after consulting the oracle at Siwa, in which he "tells her there were some secret answers, which at his return he would communicate to her only."

Titus Pullo
3/5/2015 12:45:03 am

Jason,

Caught the "unexplained files" last night, new shows on NASA's secret files. I thought "oh no" but it did a decent job explaining some of Bill Bernie and friends favorite "Astronaut UFO sittings". All in all not a bad show.

Reply
Hypatia
3/6/2015 01:28:33 pm

I just found the letter on scanned google manuscripts:

Mommie Dearest,
Tell me, how fares our loving mother?
We have some secrets to confer about.

As how I came into that desert place -
Some dark deep desert seated from the way
And in the temple of great Jupiter
As we would hear an oracle.

And the ear-deaf'ning voice o'th' oracle,
Thus spake:
"Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Most serpentlike, upon her very heart.
Some stern untutored churl, and noble stock
Was graft with crab-tree slith, whose fruit thou art,
And never of the Macedons' noble race."

Now, by God's mother, priest, I'll shave your crown for this!
O that I were a god, to shoot forth thunder!
Then, good my mother, let me know my father;
Some proper man, I hope. Who was it, mother?
[Throws down a glove.]
There is no truth at all i'th' oracle;
--jack-dog priest! By gar, me vill cut his ears.

"Yet hear me Alexander! yet hear me speak:
O serpent heart, hid with a flow'ring face!
This gilded serpent, crowned with snakes, thy father,
Was none but the great thunder-darter of Olympus!
O Pai Dos! Thou art the son of Jove the king of gods!
And now I will unclasp a secret book.
There's nothing serious in mortality:
So mortal that, but dip a knife in it.
All by Jove begotten gods were mortal once.
And this man here, thou, Alexander,
Is now become a god."

My oracle, my prophet, my dear cousin,
May violets spring. I tell thee, churlish priest,
This oracle of comfort has so pleased me,
I'll pay you for your voices. 'Tis no matter.
Look you, I love you well; I'll give you gold,
And, being a winner, God give you good night.

Mother dear, methought you saw a serpent,
But Zeus, O heavens, was my true-begotten father!
That touch me near, wherein thou must be secret.
Madam, please you peruse this letter.
And burn it with thy tapers.

With one soft kiss a thousand furlongs ere,
Your loving almighty son,
ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Reply
Only Me
3/6/2015 04:09:52 pm

Okay, Jove (or Jupiter) equals Zeus. So, the line "All by Jove begotten gods were mortal once" sounds to me like -since the Greek myth of Hercules included him being granted godhood upon his death by Zeus- maybe that line is conflating that part of the Hercules myth with the origin of the other Olympian gods. I mean, if Zeus fathered Hercules and made him a full god, and Alexander is *also* the son of Zeus...

And, of course, along come the AATs with little to no understanding of the context or history of Alexander's letter, fake or not.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
3/6/2015 10:36:03 pm

Cute, but this is a collection of selected lines of Shakespeare recombined into something new, like the Virgil centos of old.

Reply
Hypatia
3/7/2015 04:14:21 am

Yes, that's why it's so amazing, because Google got this 'wow' letter from mining the SETI data, and it appears that apes with typewriters on some planet actually recreated those Shakespearean lines AND translated Alexander's letter in so few centuries!

EP
3/7/2015 05:19:58 am

I'm becomig more and more confused about what the joke is supposed to be...

Hypatia
3/8/2015 03:51:11 am

Sorry ED, my added comment was late night convoluted silliness. It was not a malevolent joke on SETI or Google mining. I was a very
early proud member of Carl Sagan's Planetary Society.
It was meant to claim that the letter was genuine, that it proved that Christian apologists were right and that von Daniken was right too, ancient aliens were here and still here when Alexander wrote his alien-intercepted letter, and that if you put enough monkeys on typewriters eventually they'll type up Shakespeare. But that the latter usually takes a much longer time.

EP
3/8/2015 10:16:33 am

It's EP ;)

EP
3/7/2015 01:03:11 am

LOL

Reply
Judas
3/8/2015 04:04:55 am

The discussion about Jesus is meaningless. He was not a real historical figure! This guy Jesus was no where to be found in 33 AD.

Christianity is a myth based on older myths in Egypt and Samaria. There is no historical evidence that the man Jesus Christ and his 12 disciples were real living people and that those events actually took place. No archaeological proof and no historians wrote of J.C., the disciples and those events during the first 60 years of the 1st Century.

It was not until the late 2nd Century that any Gospels appeared and that was myth making financially supported by the Roman ruling class in Rome who wanted to invent a new religion to replace Judaism and politically consolidate the Roman Empire with a common religion which took some 300 years to accomplish.

J.C. is a myth created by the Catholic Church, based on older myths that go back thousands of years BC. Tacitus 56-120 AD, Suetonius 69-122 AD, Pliny the Younger 62-113 AD, and Josephus 37-100 AD mention brief accounts of Jesus which are known frauds.

The problem here is that they were writing history from 80 to 120 AD. So we have no historian writing of J.C. from 30 to 80 AD. This is a major problem. God becomes a man and comes to earth and no one is reporting on this for 50 years. Very strange indeed.

Yet a bigger problem is that these are known frauds written by the Catholic Church in the 4th century by Eusebius 264-340 AD. We know that Eusebius wrote, “It is an act of virtue to deceive and lie, when by such means the interest of the church might be promoted.”

References:

The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold
Who Was Jesus? Fingerprints of the Christ
Suns of God: Krishna, Buddha and Christ Unveiled
Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection

Reply
EP
3/8/2015 04:54:53 am

666, is that you? :)

Reply
Judas
3/8/2015 05:41:09 am

Have no clue who 666 is. I believe some people think 666 is Satan, but of course we all know that Satan is fictional and does not exist. You don't believe Satan is real, do you?

EP
3/8/2015 10:20:06 am

Either way, what you said contains so many mistakes that I literally lost count. Of course, given your sources it's not surprising.

Judas
3/8/2015 10:58:01 am

Hiding behind generalizations proves nothing. The Devil is in the details. If there are mistakes, point them out and name your sources. Otherwise get off our Forum. Troll rating 3/10.

EP
3/8/2015 11:00:27 am

Aw, you're so cute when you try to act like the grown-ups :)

Only Me
3/8/2015 11:07:52 am

@EP
I'm just waiting for Truth, BKF and all the other "Leave Catholicism alone!" folks to arrive. This should be a hell of a troll fight!

Oh, and stop raining on Judas's "Mommy, mommy! Look, I'm so smart!" moment.

EP
3/8/2015 11:18:35 am

@Only Me

Free Gunn Sinclair! Also, paging Rev. Phil Gotsch to this thread. ;)

Judas
3/8/2015 11:21:40 am

EP and Only Me. You are both Idiots. No substance. You can not refute with references anything I said. Troll rating down to 2/10. Get off our Forum until you have something important to say with references!

Reply
EP
3/8/2015 11:27:09 am

666, can you pretend you've been banned again? And keep pretending permanently?

Reply
Only Me
3/8/2015 11:28:00 am

Your tits. Calm them.

I made a joke because you're taking yourself *way* too seriously.

Reply
Hypatia
3/9/2015 03:53:47 am

@Judas O, calm thee, gentle lord;

@EP Who's 666? I am '42,' That I am.

@Judas
For one thing, it seems odd that "the Roman ruling class in Rome wanted to invent a new religion" that claimed that 'the meek shall inherit the earth.' For another, you might consider that references about Jesus from that time period might have been not only added, but also stripped off the books by copying monks, or the whole books disappeared by the church because the contents did not fit the orthodox view.

Reply
Judas
3/9/2015 04:19:19 am

Hypatia, The Roman Ruling Elite wanted a new religion to control the masses and one that would over take and kill off Judaism. Read Caesar's Messiah by Joseph Atwill. Watch his film.

http://www.caesarsmessiah.com/

All organized religions were created to control the masses by the ruling power elite of the time. All of the 'Saviors" are fictitious characters.

EP
3/9/2015 07:25:23 am

Really? All of them? Even Mormonism?

Why don't you rather talk a bit more about how psychiatry is evil? You're more amusing when you do that.

Judas
3/9/2015 08:26:49 am

Especially Mormonism and Psychiatry! All are control processes for the few to control the many!

Reply
EP
3/9/2015 01:30:42 pm

In your case, psychiatry clearly isn't doing a good job.

Reply
Judas
3/9/2015 10:58:13 pm

Wrong again EP. You seem to have a track record of being wrong. I'm not a Psychiatrist and don't see one. Don't need to. And true to form, you add nothing of value to the conversation. No facts. No data. No information. No references. No sources. Just your opinions of people. Are you a lonely person with few friends? Is that why you are on this forum?

EP
3/10/2015 08:40:41 am

No, it's because Jason writes about cool topics and I like both serious discussion and beating down a fool. Like you, for example.

Now run along and let the grownups do the talking.


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