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Alternative Historians Unite to Claim Wadi-al-Jarf Papyri Do Not Prove Khufu Built the Great Pyramid

10/8/2016

48 Comments

 
Last week, marijuana enthusiast Preston Peet, formerly of High Times magazine and the editor of the Disinformation Guide to Ancient Aliens, etc., published an article on Graham Hancock’s website attempting to discredit the recent announcement that a cache of texts found in Egypt documented construction work on the Great Pyramid during the reign of Khufu. Peet sits in an uncomfortable position where he wishes to discredit archaeological evidence in favor of medieval Arabic pyramid myths—but only the portions of which that support Graham Hancock’s lost civilization hypothesis.
In 2013, archaeologists uncovered a cache of papyri at Wadi-al-Jarf which document the quarrying and transport of stones for the “Horizon of Khufu,” the ancient name for Giza, in the last year of Khufu’s reign, under the supervision of Khufu’s half-brother Ankh-Haf. Archaeologists Pierre Tallet and Gregory Marouard, who led the team that discovered these documents, concluded that these papyri represented a description of some of the Great Pyramid’s casing stones being quarried and transported.
 
Peet, however, does not want to believe this to be the case because it undermines the idea that the Pyramids are remnants of a pre-Flood civilization. He tries to split the difference between the undeniable connection of the texts with Giza and his favored historical fantasy by arguing that “key thinkers” (read: Graham Hancock) claim that the superstructure of the pyramids was built atop “much older foundations” dating back to the Ice Age. But he immediately undercuts this argument by falling back on the Zecharia Sitchin and Scott Creighton hypothesis—repeatedly denied by Graham Hancock himself—that the cartouche of Khufu found within the pyramid’s so-called relieving chambers is a fake:
There are no other contemporaneous inscriptions that link the building of the Great Pyramid to Khufu or any pharaoh for that matter, other than a single questionable cartouche of Khufu’s name in red ocher paint on a stone, out of sight, in a relieving chamber, above the King’s Chamber, deep inside the Great Pyramid, where dynamite was needed to find it in the first place. Certainly nothing like a proclamation to the world or statement of possession by Khufu or anyone. So these ancient, torn papyri are extremely special and rare if they do conclusively link the building of the Great Pyramid to Khufu.
 
To a layman, it might seem strange that anyone megalomaniacal enough to spend the kind of money and manpower it must have required to build such an ostentatious structure as the Great Pyramid would not have made more of an effort to document the construction thereof. Scraps of a logbook. A single painted cartouche. Khufu was a singular man among pharaohs then, to leave for posterity no more declarative statement saying, “This is Mine!” than these.
Peet took his claim to Graham Hancock and John Anthony West, and the two “alternative” writers both agreed that Khufu merely “renovated” or enlarged a pre-existing pyramid. “These records sound like they are documenting that renovation and completion project—the facing stones—rather than the building of entire pyramids,” Hancock told Peet. West concurred but said that his reasons for believing it were “too complicated” to explain to Peet via email. (Side note—if unlimited space doesn’t allow for an explanation, pray tell, what does?)
 
Rosicrucian occult writer Stephen Mehler (yes, the Rosicrucians again!), a crystal skull enthusiast and writing partner of David Childress (who is also his publisher), alleged that the documents were an “absolute fraud or complete mistranslation,” but offered no evidence to support his claim.
 
The trouble, though, is that the alternative hypotheses that Peet would prefer, those involving a pre-existing, more ancient pyramid, are ultimately based on medieval Arabic pyramid legends that are themselves based, in all likelihood, on Khufu! I’ve gone through this argument too many times to count, but the basic reasoning is that Manetho identified “Suphis” (Khufu) as the builder of the Great Pyramid and the author of a book of sacred wisdom. Over time, this became conflated with Judeo-Christian and Hermetic lore, and Suphis became corrupted in the Middle Ages into the antediluvian King Surid, builder of the Pyramid and preserver of sacred wisdom. The timeline is also fairly clear: With Jewish, Christian, and Islamic sources putting the date of creation somewhere between 4004 and 3760 BCE, the putative date of the Great Flood fell in the right period for the pyramid to have been built by Khufu three centuries before it. (The Flood, by one measure, occurred in 2345 BCE, and Khufu died in 2566 BCE.) This fact is obscured by modern fringe writers’ rejection of Young Earth Creationism in favor of a longer timeline that identifies Noah’s Flood with the rising sea levels at the end of the last Ice Age. This, in turn, has a basis in the timeline laid out by Plato for the fall of Atlantis in 9600 BCE, on account of Ignatius Donnelly’s identification of the sinking of Atlantis with both Noah’s Flood and the end of the Glacial Age.
 
That alternative theories have their grounding in this Arabic myth is beyond question. Erich von Däniken and Graham Hancock both cite the story explicitly as part of their reasoning for an earlier date for the pyramid, while others like Robert Schoch use the myth in support of the same. (Hancock called it “crystal clear” evidence of a lost civilization in Fingerprints of the Gods.) If this isn’t proof enough, the Victorian sources they base their claims upon derive explicitly from these Arabic legends, notably in the paraphrased and semi-translated form given by Col. Vyse in the second volume of his Operations in 1842 (from which von Däniken got it) or from John Greaves (from whom Hancock got it).
 
I bring this up because the Arabic legends, following ancient precedent, report something at odds with the fringe claims, namely that the now-missing casing stones of the Great Pyramid were covered with inscriptions. While there is no evidence of these inscriptions on any surviving casing stones, nearly every ancient and medieval observer reported their existence. It is illogical to argue that the pyramid is anonymous and uninscribed and therefore not the work of Khufu but that we can use myths which claim that the pyramid was not anonymous and uninscribed and was the work of Khufu to support that claim.
48 Comments
Time Machine
10/8/2016 11:28:16 am

>>marijuana enthusiast

Is this the same marijuana that helped create civilization?

Reply
Time Machine
10/8/2016 11:43:07 am

>> the Rosicrucians again!<<

Co-creator of The Rosicrucian Manifestoes Johannes Valentinus Andreae dismissed his earlier activities surrounding those documents as a juvenile prank.

But again, the genie was out of the bottle, where even the creator of a nutty claim could not stop what was unleashed.

The earliest Rosicrucian Manifesto was dated 1614 and the accretions began appearing during the same year.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
10/9/2016 10:52:16 am

Hi Time Machine -

As I pointed out in my piece on Richard Kieninger:

http://www.danieljglenn.com/the_podcasts/Stelle/Documentation/He%20Walked%20Among%20Us%20Part%201.pdf

The key to this whole mess is Augustus and Alice LePlongeon and their salon.

Reply
Tom
10/8/2016 12:27:53 pm

Besides the GP there are well over 100 pyramids of all sizes, doesn't the construction of these prove that the Kings were prepared to devote time and treasure to their pet projects over many years. So how is it that the fringers blanche at the idea that a single King would have spent a fortune on securing his place in the afterworld by building the Great Pyramid?
Those fringers looking for signs of a lost civilisation should look no further, the Kings of the Nile are gone, only that written for them and their monuments remain and these are worth the effort of studying.

Reply
Irna link
10/8/2016 01:02:26 pm

In his article Preston Peet has got the location of Wadi El-Jarf wrong, as he places it inside the Sinai peninsula (strange for a sea port!) rather than on the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea!

Reply
Murgatroyd
10/8/2016 01:21:50 pm

I wonder if he has it confused with Wadi Maghara, which is located in Sinai, some way inland?

Cartouches of Khufu were found there in the early 19th century - although carved on the rocks, not on papyri - and recorded by de Laborde and Linant de Bellefonds.

Reply
Martin Stower
10/8/2016 09:11:24 pm

One may fairly blame Google Maps. The image shows that this is the source. Checking, I find that it does place Wādī al Jarf there.

It would not be the first time the Google Maps has done something like this, e.g. the phantom station it placed near where I live, miles from where it really is.

But then Peet should have checked. It’s not as if the publications have no maps in them.

Reply
V
10/9/2016 10:01:16 pm

It's actually because it's finding the local government in charge of the area, rather than the actual location; I've gone in and used the "report a problem" feature to tell them it needs to be moved. It's not so much "Google Maps screwing up" as it is "Google Maps having insufficient information." I gave them the actual coordinates I found on Wikipedia, which I double-checked go to the right place.

Which, you're right, Peet should have checked!

Peter Robertson
10/8/2016 01:26:17 pm

Jason says: "But he immediately undercuts this argument by falling back on the Zecharia Sitchin and Scott Creighton hypothesis—repeatedly denied by Graham Hancock himself—that the cartouche of Khufu found within the pyramid’s so-called relieving chambers is a fake"

Once again, Jason, you misinform your readers by not presenting them with the full facts:

"In Fingerprints I supported the Vyse forgery theory. Later when I got into the relieving chambers myself and saw that some quarry marks disappear far back into the gaps between the blocks I felt that I must be wrong to support the forgery theory -- because no one could have got a brush into those gaps to carry out the forgery. Therefore the quarry marks must be genuine and must have been put on the blocks before they were put into place in the chamber. Accordingly I retracted the position I had taken in Fingerprints.

It's possible I threw the baby out with the bathwater with that retraction. Unlike the unforgeable quarry marks positioned between the blocks, the Khufu cartouche is in plain view and could easily have been forged by Vyse.

I do not insist it was, I just accept that it could have been, and that some interesting doubts have been raised over its authenticity. I await further evidence one way or the other." - Graham Hancock (http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,301606,301961#msg-301961)

You really need to do much better research than this, Jason. I can only suppose that it must help you in some way to keep your readers so badly misinformed?

Oh, and wasn't there something in the Inventory Stele about Khufu making repairs to a number of structures at Giza? Wouldn't he need stone from quarries for such work?

Reply
Jason Colavito link
10/8/2016 02:08:27 pm

Forgive me for taking his published "position" paper as indicative of his views: "The only reasonable conclusion is the one which orthodox Egyptologists have already long held - namely that the hieroglyphs are genuine Old Kingdom graffiti and that they were daubed on the blocks before construction began." I was not aware that he waffles so wildly on his message board and reversed himself on the importance of evidence vs. speculation. Apparently Hancock and you are now in favor of unreasonable positions, having run out of reasonable arguments for your views.

Reply
Peter Robertson
10/8/2016 03:41:00 pm

Jason - it doesn't matter where Hancock makes a position satement. The fact is it is there in black and white for anyone who know how to use Google to read it. The fact is you did not do your research properly (quelle surprise). The fact is you were wrong.

You might better approach your obvious gaff with a bit of humility instead of digging a deeper hole for yourself.

Kathleen
10/8/2016 05:01:47 pm

OK, I probably shouldn't step into this mess but what the hell!

Has Mr. Hancock printed his retraction in any of his subsequent publications? I tried Google and couldn't come up with it, and I knew what I was looking for. I can't imagine Jane Q. Public searching for a reversal of position when a follow up book had been published last year. Outrage over not finding the 5 year old reference on an obscure forum seems excessive.

Just the opinion of an interested everywoman

Jason Colavito link
10/8/2016 05:11:28 pm

You are correct, Kathleen, that Hancock has not made mention of this in "Magicians of the Gods" or any book between 1998 and 2016. Indeed, his forum comments don't sound all that definitive either and read like him being polite to the large and angry contingent of readers who support the forgery claim. Either way, his offhand comments buried in a message board thread were never publicized, but there is, I guess, a hint of it in "Magicians" when he refers to the Great Pyramid as only "attributed" to Khufu.

Amun Marduk
10/25/2016 11:36:55 pm

Jason Jason at it again with moronic un-researched crap. Heiser is calling for a knob rubbing if you need him.

Martin Stower
10/8/2016 07:14:45 pm

“Peter Robertson” is not alone in having noticed this (equivocal) retraction of a retraction.

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,304470,304806#msg-304806&v=t

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,333086,333344#msg-333344&v=t

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,334576,335137#msg-335137&v=t

M.

Reply
Mr. Pyramid
10/11/2016 03:02:40 am

The Inventory Stele was inscribed 1900 years after Khufu's time and claims he repaired a temple to the goddess Isis that stood at Giza. That temple existed when the Inventory Stele was inscribed, but it was built only 400 years earlier than the stele, long after Khufu's time. The stele's story about Khufu is a pious fiction, much like the Famine Stele or the Egyptian magical spells that claim to have been written by Imhotep or to have miraculously materialized during Khufu's reign.

Reply
Martin Stower
10/11/2016 11:52:11 am

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1033609/pg3#pid18467096

“. . . the Inventory Stele tells us Khufu repaired a number of structures at Giza.”

Invoking the “Inventory Stele” takes us right back to Sitchin—and curious how our student of the minute detail of Creighton’s pronouncements (including his wording: “a number of structures at Giza”) is so vague on the detail of the inscription on the stele.

Some of us will know that the inscription includes this:

“Live the Horus: Medjedu, King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Khufu, who is given life. He found the house of Isis, Mistress of the Pyramid, beside the house of the Sphinx of [Hor-em-akhet] on the north-west of the House of Osiris, Lord of Rostau. He built his pyramid beside the temple of this goddess, and he built a pyramid for the king's-daughter Henutsen beside this temple. [following Breasted, ‘Ancient Records of Egypt’]”

Martin Stower
10/11/2016 01:17:24 pm

Also here:

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1033609/pg2#pid18458170

“. . . we know that Khufu apparently repaired a number of structures at Giza.”

So, the Inventory Stele is invoked to get around the radiocarbon evidence and the Inventory Stele is invoked to get around the Wadi al Jarf evidence. It’s like a “get out of jail free” card.

Martin Stower
10/11/2016 02:20:55 pm

Even more remarkable:

https://www.google.co.uk/#q=%22inventory+stele%22+%22scott+creighton%22+%22khufu+built+a+pyramid%22

Peter Robertson
10/8/2016 05:53:46 pm

Google search: "graham hancock" "Khufu Cartouche" Vyse Fingerprints [enter]

Hanck's (qualified) retraction is right there. And it's not exactly an obscure keyword search you need to find it. Like I said - Jason should do his research properly before misinforming his readers.

Reply
Kathleen
10/8/2016 06:06:49 pm

I performed my searches as an everyday person with a casual interest in this topic. For me to come up with those particular search terms I would have to already know the answer.

Reply
Peter Robertson
10/8/2016 06:24:01 pm

That's fair enough because you are not Jason. He SHOULD have been able to enter such a contextualy relevant search since he has been studying this material for years.

He goofed and he simply wasn't big enough to simply say "Mea culpa". It's not exactly a hanging offense so he should simply have acknowledged his error when it was first pointed out to him and moved on. That he sought not to do so and to take the deflection route instead, well - well that speaks volumes about his character.

IMHO.

Kathleen
10/8/2016 06:32:11 pm

Thanks

Jason Colavito link
10/8/2016 06:44:40 pm

I'm sorry, but it is not a lapse to review the author's published works, including his most recent book (five years newer than the post you reference). This single discussion board posting was never publicized, was not included in his articles or books, and is, by his own admission, conditional. You're looking for reasons to criticize me because you desperately want to imagine a fanciful history for the pyramids. You are welcome to your fantasy.

But if you want to be pedantic, I said that Hancock "repeatedly denied" the Vyse forgery claim, and that is true. He did so in his position statement and in interviews and discussion board postings afterward, until his waffle in 2011. Given that he makes no mention of the forgery claim in his newest book, despite the fact that he would have benefited from doing so, can we even be sure what he actually thinks today?

Martin Stower
10/8/2016 07:50:12 pm

This is a better search:

https://www.google.co.uk/#q=%22graham+hancock%22+%22khufu+cartouche%22+baby+bathwater

—but to formulate it, I had to know that the retraction is out there and some of the specific words in it.

M.

Reply
Weatherwax
10/8/2016 08:42:41 pm

Still doesn't answer the question as to why his newly published books still have the old opinion. If his opinion has truly changed, why doesn't he address that in his published work?

Reply
Martin Stower
10/8/2016 08:55:29 pm

Which old opinion?

What counts as the old opinion is relative to whatever the new one is.

Time Machine
10/8/2016 06:34:13 pm

Gee, if Graham Hancock omitted certain stuff then it's obvious why.

Reply
Peter Robertson
10/8/2016 06:59:42 pm

"This single discussion board posting was never publicized, was not included in his articles or books, and is, by his own admission, conditional."

This posting is publicly available (via his site and a good search engine) and would have been infinitely easier to find than having to spend days reading his many books to find such a comment.

"You're looking for reasons to criticize me because you desperately want to imagine a fanciful history for the pyramids. You are welcome to your fantasy."

Do give up with the deflection Jason. YOU GAVE me the reason to critcise your writing. You goofed. Simple as that. We know what you said and what you meant. But it's no big deal. Just accept you said what you said as a result of sloppy research on your behalf and move along.

But if you don't accept you goofed - well, I don't know. I suppose we should just treat everything you write henceforth with a big dose of skeptism.

Maybe not a bad thing.

Reply
Martin Stower
10/8/2016 08:17:20 pm

It’s easy to find if you already know that it’s there and especially if you know some of the less predictable words used (for which see above).

It is not obvious that Jason (or anyone else) has a duty to suppose or suspect that Hancock might go back on his Position Statement.

Again you nitpick at a triviality which is plainly peripheral to the argument.

Reply
Peter Robertson
10/9/2016 03:07:47 pm

Hah - well having now spent most of today reading an online review copy of Creighton's latest book--the very same one Jason reviewed just a couple of weeks ago--what do we find? Yes--we find Hancock's retraction of his retraction right there in Creighton's new book (pg.97 Jason).

Jason has no excuse.

Jason Colavito link
10/9/2016 04:16:41 pm

As presented in the book, Creighton calls it a "qualified" retraction, and Hancock's words read as uncertain and conditional. It didn't seem like a reversal to me because Hancock said that he "does not insist" on forgery, and he did not repudiate his position statement, either on the forum or in his "private email" (as opposed to public email?) to Creighton. I'm sorry that I did not consider his conditional forum post to be as important as it seems to Creighton, but all of this is secondary, of course, to the point of my blog post, which has little to do with the forgery argument for the quarry marks.

Martin Stower
10/9/2016 05:15:49 pm

So, you spent most of today reading the book—and found nothing else in it more worthy of comment than this?

Not exactly an advertisement, is it?

Of all the things you could have said, you carry on harping on an triviality. All that we may properly infer from the episode is that Hancock’s thoughts on the question are too unformed to rely on.

I wonder what piece of Google-fu found you it?

Kathleen
10/8/2016 08:28:05 pm

You're right, Jason's wrong. Got it

Reply
Kathleen
10/8/2016 07:04:47 pm

<<<Khufu’s name in red ocher paint on a stone, out of sight, in a relieving chamber, above the King’s Chamber, deep inside the Great Pyramid, where dynamite was needed to find it in the first place. >>>

Peet likes commas even more than I do

Reply
Kal
10/8/2016 09:01:35 pm

Troll people on this blog, it is not a newspaper editorial, but a citizen blog. It doesn't need to be reporter accurate, so if you have an issue with accuracy, go complain to an actual news source. This is merely a editorial critical blog, and it doesn't matter what the date of Hancock's last paper was. The point is the pyramid myth stories were false, not that the blog has some mistakes. It doesn't discredit the obvious opinions herein, or some that are not so obvious.

All of the papyri is probably fake. After so many thousands of years, it would have turned to dust, so there were no leftover logs. Everyone is wrong, the works of Hancock and the works of the Peet.

It is likely that Peet is inspired through the use of recreational materials, ahem. So much of his opinions are probably a little fuzzy.

Really is anyone's reputation really on the line here? This is just an interesting opinion page, not a peer review, or a big newspaper.

Reply
Mark L
10/9/2016 08:54:28 am

Papyrus can last at least 3000 years, so...

Reply
V
10/9/2016 10:13:21 pm

Yeah, no, we have definitive proof that even after thousands of years, organic materials can in fact still be intact. It has to do with the aridity of the environment that retards the bacterial growth that causes the decay of the material in question, and its exposure to erosive elements such as wind. Something that has been buried in the sand or placed in a dry underground environment will last for a very, very, very long time, while something left on the surface in a damp environment will decay very, very quickly. That's the exact principle behind salting and smoking of foodstuffs, and canning, and storing antique films in salt caves, and deliberate mummification of the dead.

As another very famous example of fragile material that has survived for thousands of years, take the woven-grass cloak of Otzi the Iceman, whose body was preserved in a very cold, arid environment for over five thousand years. I chose this example specifically because papyrus is made from reeds, which are a type of grass; of Otzi's cloak can last 5,000+ years, surely you can see how papyrii in an arid desert environment could last the relatively shorter length of time of 4500 years?

Reply
Mr. Pyramid
10/11/2016 02:32:54 am

There is in fact a large collection of papyri from Abusir that is only a couple of centuries more recent than that from Wadi al-Jarf. Two blank papyrus rolls date to the First Dynasty, nearly 500 years earlier than those from Wadi al-Jarf.

Mr. Pyramid
10/11/2016 03:18:10 am

Incidentally, the Abusir Papyri are administrative documents from the mortuary temples that were invariably attached to pyramids. These pyramids were smaller and later than those at Giza, but they are built with similar techniques and obviously part of the same tradition. The papyri leave no doubt about which kings built these pyramids and provide a great deal of information about the economic function of Old Kingdom temple cults.

Fringe authors who fixate on Giza alone ignore evidence like the Abusir papyri that shows us how the pyramids fit into Egyptian society and how they developed. Context alone would point to the Fourth Dynasty as the era of the Giza pyramids even if we did not have the marks from the relieving chambers or the Wadi al-Jarf papyri.

DPBROKAW
10/10/2016 06:23:47 pm

Jason's blog is indeed a pubic forum with the intent of bringing fringe/psuedo nonsense into the open. That being said, his writing is much better thought out, supported, and referenced. I have seen Jason except his mistakes in the past graciously. Even when the intent of the person making the complaint is to try and undermine Jason's over-all integrity as a writer. If nothing else, Jason is patient for the criticism he receives. When they can't flaw the point of his post, they go for whatever else they can find. Pete is just another case in point. If you can't criticize the subject matter, criticize the typos!

Reply
Martin Stower
10/9/2016 02:29:04 pm

Is this the 8 miles higher standard of proof?

Reply
Peter Robertson
10/9/2016 05:08:31 pm

Jason. Stop digging.

Reply
David Bradbury
10/9/2016 05:16:47 pm

Digging tends to be an effective way of finding things which have been buried.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
10/9/2016 06:19:30 pm

I'm not sure what exactly he wants. He seems to want to make Hancock look even more ridiculous than I gave him credit for by showing Hancock's willingness to latch on to whatever the last argument he heard happened to be. On that, I cannot fault him.

Martin Stower
10/9/2016 06:41:34 pm

Will you still be buying the book?

Reply
Matthew Anderson
6/20/2018 06:28:33 pm

But none of the papyri claim that those were construction work. They may also have been repairs or restorations, in fact we know that Egyptian monuments were often repaired and restored when they were eroded by sandy winds. If we look well, moreover, the great pyramid is not even mentioned in the papyrus, but since the's name is mentioned, scholars assume that the story refers to the great pyramid. Alessandro DiMonti sorry Jason you suck!

Reply
Martin Stower
6/20/2018 07:11:11 pm

“You suck!” being your chosen level, I dare say “you suck!” yourself.

None of the papyri claims that the stone was for repairs or restoration. You suck!

Each use of the name of the pyramid is a mention of the pyramid. The name 3ḫt Ḫwfw appears with the pyramid determinative. Don’t know what that is? You suck!

We “know that Egyptian monuments were often repaired and restored”? No example? You suck!

Reply

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        • Fragments on Giants
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