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An Interesting Essay on Fabricating Evidence for Medieval Islamic Science

9/12/2018

17 Comments

 
As many of you know, I have been researching the survival of Hellenistic and Late Antique myths and legends in medieval Islamic literature, particularly how this literature preserved and extrapolated on Late Antique Christian myths about antediluvian times. To that end, I’ve been working on reading King Alfonso X of Castile’s sections in his General Estoria about Hermes Trismegistus and the Giants that survived the Great Flood (2.34-39). It’s a bizarre and very interesting story that seems to incorporate Arabic material alongside narratives paralleling those of Late Antiquity—Pseudo-Eupolemus and Pseudo-Sibyl among them—but I am having a bit of difficulty with the material because (a) it has never been translated into English, nor to the best of my knowledge any other modern language (except for a few paragraphs in modern Spanish) and (b) I have not mastered medieval Castilian. I can read it clearly enough to get the sense, but the exact wording escapes me in places. I am plugging my way through translating it, but I am somewhat annoyed that in almost 800 years nobody seems to have thought that maybe it would be helpful to make this material available in more modern languages.
​It doesn’t help that the one of the only modern writers to have discussed the material, albeit only in summary, Charles F. Fraker, came right out and said that the passage was “difficult” to understand. Nor does it help that Alfonso (actually, the writers working for him) were extremely long-winded and repetitive, wasting a lot of space before getting to the point. Nevertheless, there are strange gems in there, such as references to the giants conquering Atlantis, which Alfonso suggests was also the Garden of Eden. That’s a claim I hadn’t expected to find.
 
But on a related note, I saw a compelling essay yesterday at Aeon that investigated a set of unusual fakes, miniatures in the style of medieval or early modern Islamic art depicting Muslim scientists at work. Many of the fakes are full of anachronisms—one showed a telescope and globe before they were used in the Islamic world, and when such items were not depicted in Islamic art. They were the product of Istanbul’s tourist trade, according to Nir Shafir, an expert on the Ottoman Empire:
From Istanbul’s tourist shops, these works have ventured far afield. They have found their way into conference posters, education websites, and museum and library collections. The problem goes beyond gullible tourists and the occasional academic being duped: many of those who study and publicly present the history of Islamic science have committed themselves to a similar sort of fakery. There now exist entire museums filled with reimagined objects, fashioned in the past 20 years but intended to represent the venerable scientific traditions of the Islamic world. 
​What is fascinating about this isn’t just that Westerners are happy to be taken in and to feel righteous about celebrating a perceived Islamic scientific greatness, but that the path from fakery to canonization in textbooks and in the media follows the same line that virtually every other fringe claim takes. Consider, for example, how Shafir describes this path and compare it to the muddy road that ancient astronaut hoaxes and lost civilization claims take from YouTube to the History Channel:
Stock photo services in particular play a key role in disseminating these images, making them readily available to use in presentations and articles in blogs and magazines. From there, the pictures move on to the main platforms of our vernacularised visual culture: Instagram, Facebook, Pinterest, Google. In this digital environment, even experts on the Islamic world can mistake these images for the authentic and antique.
Incurious stock photo services play the role of the History Channel here, gobbling up dubious content in pursuit of cash, and then legitimizing that content for the broader media world and its audience.

​But Shafir uses this problem to make a broader point, that the West’s progressives have an impulse to find ways to liken Islamic culture to the West. But this impulse tends to be self-reflective and sometimes ethnocentric:
However, there is a dark side to this progressive impulse. It is an offshoot of a creeping, and paternalistic, tendency to reject the real pieces of Islamic heritage for its reimagined counterparts. Something is lost when we reduce the Islamic history of science to a few recognisably modern objects, and go so far as to summon up images from thin air. We lose sight of important traditions of learning that were not visually depicted, whether artisanal or scholastic. We also leave out those domains later deemed irrational or unmodern, such as alchemy and astrology. 
​In my own experiences, I have found it enlightening to read the work of the medieval Islamic historians like al-Mas‘udi, al-Maqrizi, and the anonymous author of the Akhbar al-zaman. It’s hard to read their works, full of curiosity and humanism and the spirit of inquiry, and to come away thinking that they are anything but equal members in the human project of understanding. It’s a shame, really, that so much of the ancient and medieval material from so many different cultures—and this includes Alfonso’s work and many European titles besides—is locked away because of the lack of translation.
 
Shafir’s article is fascinating and thought-provoking, and I recommend you give it a read.
17 Comments
Machala
9/12/2018 11:50:41 am

You reminded me about a story about an astrolabe that was wrongfully attributed to Al-Nayrizi ( 865 - 922 ). Had it have been real, it would have been priceless. However, it proved to be a very clever fake.
Instead of being a 9th Century astrolabe, it turned out to be a early 15th Century Arab counterfeit.

I always thought it was amusing that artisans of the middle ages would go to so much trouble, to painstakingly reproduce spurious instruments to gull the gullible. Obviously, times haven't changed !

The astrolabe in question passed hands many times, before it was discovered to be a fraud....However, as a 15th copy of a 9th century "scientific" instrument, it is, in itself, extremely valuable and the current owner will not reveal the price he paid for it.

Reply
Pops
9/12/2018 12:05:19 pm

I understand your frustration Jason. The lack of modern translations of historical works is often much to scarce. What you’re doing is on Islamic and Spanish studies; two subjects that are better off than others. For example I work in a field of regional Asian history where even some of the most important works are only partially translated or if not then prepare to learn a medieval language and script just to read it. I believe this neglect shows a deeper problem though. History which is part of the Humanities, is a scholarly pursuit that’s dwindling in regards to new students and degrees. It’s something that is being de-emphasised by teachers, advocacy educators, and more. While I’m glad that STEM fields are being advocated for I find myself disappointed that the conversation ignores the Humanities and Social Sciences. Even skeptics are not immune to this indifference. Yes science illiteracy is a problem but also is historical illiteracy. It doesn’t make it any better than some people see little to no value for history and other related fields. The rather small paycheck isn’t comforting either. I hope you read this Jason as your maddening quest for quality scholarship also reveals a more vast problem. I hope you speak more about this issue in regards to the Humanities and Social Sciences. While it’s amusing mocking the ancient alien believers and other fringe history followers I also want to make sure new generations of students, children and adults are better educated so this bullshit pseudohistorical nonsense can fade away. We’re doing it for the hard Sciences so why not the Humanities?

Reply
Machala
9/12/2018 01:50:07 pm

POPS,
Both you and Jason have alluded to the underlying problem of scholarship in the 21st Century. What languages courses that manage to find their way into a school budget are geared for conversation proficiency rather than foreign language history and literature. "Modern" languages are emphasized over the "dead" languages of Greek and Latin in the secondary schools - particularly in the U.S.
It is hard enough to do historic research when one has a working knowledge and understanding of the language, but when one is forced to rely on dubious translations of others - or worse, translations of a translated translation...the frustration becomes enormous.
Impecunious pay aside, it is very hard to attract young people to a career is the Social Sciences when the have no real educational grounding in language or history, and think research consists of cut and pasting from Google !

Reply
Jason Colavito link
9/12/2018 02:16:44 pm

As a native Spanish speaker, Machala, I imagine you can read these lines much more easily than I can. I can't quite figure out what they are saying:

"Et por end dize la palabra del sabio que fuerça non auarga Et quere esto del auarga dezir que non a cosa que al fuert sea fuert nin se le defienda Pero a las uezes uençe el flaco al fuerte. mas esto contesce. o por sabeduria. o por uentura Et fazien a todas las otras generationes de los omnes aquellos Gigantes dond yo uengo: que se les omillassen. Et andauan cada uno destos grant tierra pora auer el sennorio & las fortalezas de los logares. Et ganauan lo todo. ca non fallauan quien se les emparassem. tan grant era la su fuerça. Et el poder destos non ouo par en so tiempo"

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/12/2018 02:30:27 pm

Machala, Don't know where you're getting your information but the word anecdotal comes to mind. The following languages were taught at the University of Indiana this summer:

Arabic BCS Chinese Estonian
Georgian Haitian Creole Hungarian Indonesian
Japanese Korean Kurdish Latvian
Lithuanian Mongolian Pashto (online) Persian
Russian Swahili Turkish Ukrainian

Catholic University offered the following:

SEM 533 Basic Syriac (3 credits) MWF 4:30pm-7:00pm (Mullen 036)
The fundamentals of literary Syriac phonology, morphology, and syntax, offered in an intensive format in the summer session.

SEM 684 Readings in Coptic (2 credits) MW 10:00am-12:30pm (Mullen 031)
Reading of selected Coptic texts in various dialects and types of literature. Prerequisites: SEM 681, SEM 683, or equivalent.

Summer Session 16: May 14-June 23, 2018 (6 weeks)
SEM 683 Basic Coptic (3 credits) T&Th 10:00am-1:20pm (Mullen 031)
The fundamentals of Sahidic Coptic phonology, morphology, and syntax, offered in an intensive format during summer school. Prerequisite: Basic Greek.

SEM 803 Introd. to Classical Armenian I (3 credits) TTH 4:00pm-7:10pm (Mullen 036)
The fundamentals of Classical Armenian phonology, morphology, and syntax, offered in an intensive format during summer school.

Summer Session 25: June 25-July 28, 2018 (5 weeks)
SEM 631 Syriac Literature (3 credits) MWF 5:00pm-7:30pm (Mullen 036)
Reading of selected texts in the several scripts and genres of Syriac literature, with a view to consolidating the student's mastery of the written language. Prerequisite: SEM 533 or equivalent.

Summer Session 26: June 25-August 4, 2018 (6 weeks)
SEM 804 Introd. to Classical Armenian II (3 credits) TTh 4:00 pm-7:10pm (Mullen 036)
Reading and analysis of classical Armenian literature. This course builds upon SEM 803's introduction to the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Classical Armenian.

I note that they did not offer Ge'ez ግዕዝ this summer. It seems unlikely that they would have dropped it entirely.

A scholar can and should do a certain amount of self-teaching. Easy for me to say, because it's Jason who has to do the work.

Doc Rock
9/12/2018 03:02:48 pm

Indiana University has a popular Summer language program because they offer a wide range of courses in languages that are not offered (or rarely offered) at many schools. As such the program attracts summer students from other colleges and universities throughout the country. That's because at smaller schools (including many good sized state schools) there are often limited course offerings in languages apart from the biggies due to factors such as enrollment, budget, and "vision" of the administration.

This disparity is apparent if, for example, if one compares the language course offerings of Indiana University, during fall, winter, and summer, to Indiana State University.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/12/2018 03:48:29 pm

Of course, as Captain Drinkypoo points out I cherry-picked the data. The fact that there is another school that is not as good in this specific area is probabative of my black ass and nothing else. Here are the languages IU offers year round:

Akan
American Sign Language
Arabic
Azerbaijani
Bamana
Bengali
Bosnian
Chinese–Mandarin
Croatian
Czech
Dutch
Egyptian–Middle (Hieroglyphic)
Estonian
Finnish
French
German
Greek (Classical and Modern)
Haitian Creole
Hebrew (Biblical and Modern)
Hindi
Hungarian
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Kazakh
Korean
Lakota (Sioux)
Latin–Classical
Mongolian
Norwegian
Pashto
Persian
Polish
Portuguese
Quechua
Romanian
Russian
Sanskrit
Serbian
Spanish
Swahili
Tajik
Tamil
Tibetan
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uyghur
Uzbek
Wolof
Yiddish
Yoruba
Yucatec Maya
Zulu

Doc Rock
9/12/2018 04:34:43 pm

Oh well, at least you got the name of the school right this time.



Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/12/2018 04:53:05 pm

Oh well, at least you got a lame jibe in. Weak as water, Captain Peacock! Let us now discuss The Ohio State University.

Reply
Doc Rock
9/12/2018 05:03:54 pm

You can feel free to discuss OSU as much as you want since you are the one who needs to be engaged in damage control. I'm off to you know where.

Reply
Doc Rock
9/12/2018 05:41:41 pm

And if someone can help Chomsky here out with why a school called Catholic U, etc. might be an outlier in terms of offering in-depth coursework in Syriac languages that would be great.

My ride is here (redhead today), gotta go.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/12/2018 06:15:19 pm

Having studied there, unlike Dr. Michael Heiser and Captain Drinkypoo, I understand the situation quite well.

You misunderstand my point like a drunkard. I was pointing out to Machala that the instruction is available (50 languages at IU). Of course someone with real gumption could go to SOAS, but wait it's an outlier! LIke hundreds of schools. Outliers all.

Does Sheriff Taylor know you're dating Opie? Hope he's on the Prep!

Machala
9/12/2018 09:26:15 pm

Disco & Doc,
I guess my post lacked clarity. I was bemoaning the dearth of classical language instruction in American High Schools.
There was a time when both Greek and Latin were taught in secondary schools, and at least 2 years of high school Latin was mandatory, as part of a college preparatory education.

Jason,
Oh boy ! I understand your problem. Trying to accurately comprehend that, is like trying to read Beowulf with no knowledge of Old English !
Castellano antiguo is a slog at best of times. In just attempting to comprehend the paragraph you posted, I was stymied - not just by some unfamiliar vocabulary - but by the grammar. When I get a second chance to really study it, I no doubt will be able to make more sense of it. But it is not easy !
My deepest respect for your scholarship.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/13/2018 12:33:56 am

Well, my point was that knowledge is out there and one size fits all is a fool's errand. And it's usually faster to self-teach than take a class.

And there was a time when Hebrew was a mandatory course at Harvard. From The Harvard Crimson:

"Ability to translate passage of the Bible from the Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic into Latin, and to expound biblical texts, were the main requisites for the Bachelor's degree. A scholastic digest of logic, ethics, physics, mathematics, etc., with ability to defend theses, superceded to the above-mentioned biblical training and approved piety secured to the candidates the degree of Master of Arts."

Ironically, Beowulf is often used as a beginning text in Olde English. Literally "trying to read Beowulf with no knowledge of
Old English."

Oh, look, another "outlier"! UT Austin:

Albanian
Armenian
Armenian - Romanized
Baltic
Old English
Old French
Gothic
Cl. Greek
N. T. Greek
Hittite
Old Iranian
Old Irish
Latin
Old Norse
Old Russian
Sanskrit
Old Slavonic
Tocharian

Doc Rock
9/13/2018 07:41:28 pm

Wow, a self admitted cherry picker says he wants to discuss Ohio State University but then switches gears and posts a much smaller list of language studies courses from Texas that just helps to make my point. And somewhat of a difference between "might be an outlier" and "is the outlier." Hopefully someone can help him out with that and the whole CUA and Syriac languages thingy as well.

And now that I am positive that you are one of the several members of the kiddie table that I have been ignoring, I can go back to ignoring you.

Sorry Noam, better luck next time.

Amaretto Sour time.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/13/2018 08:32:49 pm

I'm no Jew so stow the Chomsky nonsense Short-Eyes. Sorry if my list wasn't long enough for you, and since YOU are the stickler for getting university names right, it's STILL The Ohio State University.

Your own childishness only taints your reputation as The Guy Who Found the One University in the U.S. That Offers a Bachelor's Degree in "Pre-Law". The school that explicitly says their program includes teaching students how to write sentences. Stop the madness and go home to your dog and your peanut butter.

Reply
Salno
9/15/2018 10:20:12 am

Just about every Abrahamic religion is no friend to science. Science advanced in spite of them. Not thanks to them.

There's no solid grounds to recognize the findings gained with science and believe that there's a magical warlord in the sky who only speaks to special men. Especially when that warlord was cooked up by a horde of goat herders/barbarians.

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