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Andrew Lawler Responds to My Review of "The Secret Token"

9/28/2018

40 Comments

 
​Six months ago, I reviewed science writer Andrew Lawler’s new book on the lost colony of Roanoke, The Secret Token, and I expressed some concerns about the content of the book. Lawler, who is fresh from a book tour promoting the volume, read the review, and wanted a chance to respond. Today, I present Andrew Lawler’s response to my review. After his comments I will add a few thoughts.
​Jason Colavito’s comprehensive review of The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke (Doubleday, 2018) makes several claims that require correction.
 
First, Mr. Colavito dismisses the possibility that Sir Francis Drake left behind large numbers of Africans and South Americans when he departed North Carolina’s Outer Banks in 1586. Thanks to historian David Quinn, we know from Spanish sources that hundreds of these refugees were on board the fleet. We know from English sources that few arrived in England, and the only known stop in between was Roanoke.
 
Mr. Colavito criticizes use of a quotation from Quinn as coming from 1952, when it actually is from 1974, and is cited in the notes as such. He mentions Quinn’s 1985 popular book, Set Fair For Roanoke, in which the historian notes it “not unlikely that a few of them” reached shore. Quinn adds that the slaves may have drowned or been set ashore elsewhere. These last two claims were not based on new evidence, they were simply new speculations.
 
According to Mr. Colavito, “colonial leaders agreed to accept only a few skilled slaves.” Neither Ralph Lane, the leader of the Roanoke colony, nor Drake made mention of the slaves.  In any case, Lane decided to evacuate the colony, which negated any need for slaves altogether. The idea that Drake abandoned many of these passengers on the Outer Banks to accommodate more than one hundred settlers for the return voyage to England is eminently plausible, given there was not much of a market for slaves in London.
 
Mr. Colavito contends, however, that “the majority” of historians “side with David B. Quinn that no evidence exists to support the claim” that hundreds of these refugees were left behind. Yet no other historian appears to have seriously challenged the idea. As Mr. Colavito notes, “documents suggest it was Drake’s plan” to leave these people on Roanoke. And one of the most distinguished living Roanoke historians, and a Quinn protégé, New York University’s Karen Kupperman, argues that large numbers, if not the vast majority of these people, were likely dumped on the Outer Banks.
 
As both Kupperman and historian Edmund Morgan note, Europeans did not consider the fate of these people worthy of mention. I will leave it to the reader to decide whether a discussion of the primary sources and scholarly views on this largely overlooked event is simply an attempt to avoid charges of being interested only in “’white’ history,” as Mr. Colavito maintains.
 
Second, the reviewer argues that Harvard historian George Bancroft did not turn the Roanoke story into a “compelling gothic drama” as claimed in the book. He is accurate to a point. Bancroft gave the story a romantic spin, in which “disasters thickened” and Indians showed “implacable jealousy.” It was women writers, quoted in detail, who quickly spun this into a tale of dark woods and evil shamans that was truly gothic in nature. And Bancroft certainly resurrected the obscure Virginia Dare, turning her from a brief mention in John White’s account into “the first offspring of English parents on the soil of the United States” and an object of intense romantic and gothic tragedy. The historian’s work may not have matched Poe’s prose, but it spurred creation of the popular mystery we know today. 
 
In short, Mr. Colavito’s claim that The Secret Token’s recounting of Roanoke history is “riddled with obvious errors” is not supported by evidence; at worst it insufficiently parses a nineteenth century literary term. Nor is it easy to make sense of his claim that the book betrays an “overreliance on secondary sources.” The vast majority of the primary sources are contained in Hakluyt’s work and the Roanoke Voyages of Quinn, which are mentioned in the text and cited in the bibliography. In fact, both men are characters in the book.
 
Finally, it is worth addressing Mr. Colavito’s dismay that the book could be seen as defending “myth-mongers and fantasists” at the expense of credible historians. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Lost Colony’s very popularity with the American public has, sadly, has turned off academics whom otherwise might have given this important piece of history its due. That’s a problem that academics, not the public, must tackle. The Secret Token is a call for researchers to give Roanoke its due.
​I of course must defer to Lawler’s expertise in having read many more of Quinn’s books and articles than I have, but I must admit to being confused by the fact that the claims from Quinn’s earlier books do not match what he wrote in Set Fair for Roanoke. There, Quinn states of 300 South American Indians that Drake “is likely to have left them at St. Helena Sound.” He then says that the hurricane drowned “a good many of his intended reinforcements,” meaning the African and Turkish slaves, while “it is not unlikely that […] a few of them saved their lives” by swimming ashore, but “we cannot say” whether this is the case. In a somewhat earlier piece, from 1982, “Turks, Blacks, and Others” he again says nothing about a large colony of slaves put ashore at Roanoke: “In the sunken vessels may well have perished many of his black and Indian passengers. Though some may have survived, this may explain why we hear nothing further about blacks and Indians. […] Somehow the facts about what actually happened at Roanoke went unrecorded, and hence the exact fate of the many people Drake ‘rescued’ in the course of his voyage from Spain to San Agustin may now never be known.”
 
This argument is by no means new; Irene Aloha Wright concluded that the slaves were intended for Roanoke in a 1916 book. Most recently, last year Mary Frear Keeler, writing in Sir Francis Drake's West Indian Voyage, 1585-86, was much less certain, and wrote that they might have been meant either for Roanoke or Florida. While it is certainly a possibility that hundreds of captured slaves were put ashore on the outer banks, as Quinn sometimes notes, there is no record of them joining the Roanoke colony, and while it makes no difference to me one way or the other whether they did or did not go to Roanoke versus any other place along the coast, or died, a suggestion and an interpretation are different than facts, and in the absence of evidence, it can only be speculation, to be settled when and if the remains of these slaves or their belongings come to light.
 
Regarding George Bancroft’s account of Roanoke, as someone who has read dozens of nineteenth century textbooks in researching my mound builder book, I feel that it is, by nineteenth century standards, plainspoken, unadorned, and factual. The closest analog in the Gothic is probably Poe’s “Gold-Bug” (1843), and that is notable because that story was one of his least Gothic, with rather plain prose and a straightforward tale of ratiocination. Indeed, Bancroft’s account is not substantively different from other accounts of its era: Frederick Butler’s Sketches of Universal History gives substantively the same account a few years earlier, but William Stith’s History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia from 1777 is perhaps the one account that does make the story explicitly into a morality tale, with reference to mystery and elements of “savage Indian” motif, at much greater length than Bancroft, though it is a few years too early to have influence from the Gothic. Bancroft is less Gothic (which is concerned with encountering the sublime through terror and awe) than possessed of Romantic inclinations, which overlap with the Gothic but are not wholly synonymous with them. (Romanticism, of course, also was connected to the sublime, but more readily through greatness than terror.) Bancroft is suffused with the spirit of Romanticism, including its interest in sensation, history, and the romance of adventure and misadventure. But his account doesn’t have the elements of the Gothic that relate mystery and horror to an encounter with the Burkean sublime, nor attempt to induce terror and sensation to achieve it.
 
My dismay was not that Lawler is giving aid and comfort to fantasists—indeed, I praise him for decrying the he racist interpretations of Roanoke. Instead, my dismay was in finding that even a writer who was honestly and fairly examining a historical event from an inquisitive and science-based perspective found himself on the wrong side of the divide between academic and popular history. And make no mistake, I fault the academic historians for too frequently treating race, class, and gender as the holy trinity of history and remaining stubbornly narrow in subjects considered worthy. A topic that is popular is not automatically unworthy, and it is treatment like Lawler received—eye-rolling and dismissal—that creates the vacuum into which fringe historians and fantasists expand to fill the void. I’ve experienced it myself more than once when a historian or academic has scoffed at some subject of my interest or gruffly dismissed a query as unworthy of notice. It’s annoying, and problematic.
40 Comments
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/28/2018 08:47:23 am

Given that England only abolished slavery in 1808, and slaves were valuable, having brought them to the New World, why did Drake essentially throw them overboard rather than bring them home where they could be sold on?

The obvious answer is maybe he couldn't feed them on the trip.

Reply
A Buddhist
9/28/2018 05:45:43 pm

"England only abolished slavery in 1808"
This statement is incorrect on two grounds.
1. Great Britain and Ireland and the United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, not 1808.
2. The ban applied only to the importation of slaves. Those in the British Empire who had slaves were permitted to keep their slaves until the final abolition of the slave trade in all parts of the British Empire (excepting Territories in the Possession of the East India Company", Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Saint Helena) by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

So I would edit your statement to say:
Given that England only abolished the slave trade in 1807, and slaves were valuable, having brought them to the New World, why did Drake essentially throw them overboard rather than bring them home where they could be sold on?

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/28/2018 06:31:10 pm

Thank you for that very helpful and important correction Mr. Helper.

Machala
9/28/2018 08:35:22 pm

Slaves were considered cargo and like any cargo, no matter how valuable, was, in times of danger to the ship, expendable.
If Drake was faced with a decision of saving his crew or making provision for additional English passengers, it would make practical sense to either jettison or maroon his slave cargo. Less mouths to feed and less chance of disease spreading.
I would speculate, judging by Drake's history, that there was a good reason why there is no record concerning the disposition of his cargo - it was probably illegal. Not illegal because slavery was illegal, but because Drake had a reputation of evading any onerous taxation by the Crown, and all cargo ( slaves included ) were subject to tax.
So, there was a certain clandestine aspect to his actions. Probably why, to the best of my knowledge, the ship's log is lacking in specific information of the subject,

Thanks
9/28/2018 11:57:04 pm

Especially if it's mumbo-jumbo

E.P. Grondine
9/28/2018 09:54:02 am

When I was passing through Halifax, North Carolina in 2006, I read an excellent book on Roanoke, which set the colony attempt in terms of the previous English gold hunting expeditions and the ensuing relationships with the local peoples.

The author also covered the Oconachee, digging out the earliest reports of them.

Altogether a great book, and I am pretty sure that neither Andrew nor Jason is aware of it, judging from their correspondence.

If I could provide either of them with a title I would, but my page copies are somewhere in my clip files in Illinois, and I am in Ohio, at least until this evening, when I will be in Pennsylvania.

Someday both of them may get around to the Andaste, and then to Shakespeare's use of this news from the New World.

Yes, there is nothing wrong with writing a popular book. There is also nothing wrong with trying to dig out mentions of "smaller" asteroid and comet fragment impacts from Native American histories. And there is nothing wrong with being waylayed by a stroke along the way.

There is noting wrong with trying to write a popular book.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/28/2018 05:46:52 pm

That's precisely my quarrel with the current Pope: he doesn't talk enough about the Andaste.

Reply
Denise
9/28/2018 10:03:42 am

Interesting, don't know about the slaves Drake was transporting. However We do know that before he burned St. Augustine to the ground, he took the time to remove the doors and windows from the buildings with the intent to give them to Roanoke. Its possible the slaves were intended as well....but obviously their fate is unknown....wow another Roanoke "mystery".

Reply
Zebra the Laughting Zebra
9/28/2018 10:46:36 am

I counted my strips the other day and discovered that one was missing. Has anyone seen it, it is probably one of my white ones. Reward offered.

Reply
Dan
9/28/2018 10:43:52 pm

Okay, gonna stick my neck out just to get my head cut off. I can’t resist. I’m good at it.

Be merciful. Everyone here is way smarter than me, but...

Melungeons.

With a side order of grits.

Those folks had to have come from somewhere.

Science may be in a debate over whether they even exist, but native intelligence noticed it thoroughly enough to give them a name.

Where’d they come from?

Alright then.

Ready for the axe.

😊

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/28/2018 11:16:37 pm

You raise a good point. Melungeons aren't news in the sense of "new". This writer has known about them for 30 years. Might want to look at this article https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/tracing-mysterious-turks-of-south-carolina-back-revolutionary-war-180970383/

Melungeons are predominantly non-Negroid in appearance and don't represent modern era Mulattos in appearance. Some people consider Elvis as well as Abraham Lincoln to be Melungeons. If you want to look at Injun-Negro interbreeding, look to the people who call themselves "Cherokee" by which I mean almost everyone in the world. The Cherokee LOVED owning their Negro slaves.

Of course with all the 7' 4" Injuns running around (that no one seems to be able to find) who knows?

"Everyone here is way smarter than me" - I stand ready to provide a list of counterexamples.

Reply
Dan
9/29/2018 09:04:44 pm

Hey, Bubba.

Thanks for your valuable feedback.

You make it fun to be here.

Have a good evening.

😊

Dan
9/29/2018 10:30:51 pm

Hey,

So, that drawing of a “Melungeon” that tops Wikipedia?

I look just like that, nose-and-all, when I’m at my high school wrestling weight, which I am now.

And yes, I smoke a pipe.

And half of my family has stories about being “Cherokee”.

Thanks again!

Researching now.

😊

E.P. Grondine
10/1/2018 05:40:26 pm

H Dan -

I'm not going to use the word "asshole", but instead use the word "idiot".

If you want to run into X mt DNA survivors, get thee to the Osage.
Also, the height gene occasionally expresses among Cherokee.

That would be easy enough. But then you are really not interested in doing anything than run your mouth, showing everyone how smart you are.

The problem comes when you find a 9 foot dis-articulated skeleton, and then you're suck for words, or will just file it away and ignore it. After all , there's no advantage in dealing with hard data when it interferes with your pre-conceived notions.

AmericqanCool"Disco"Dan
10/2/2018 06:22:23 pm

Nice job backdooring "asshole" Chief.

Name just ONE living 7 foot tall Injun. You CAN'T. THAT's hard data, old man.

"E.P. GRONDINE
5/15/2018 04:33:50 pm
Dear Dickwad -

Since you won't get up from your computer and go out and get laid, may I suggest that as an alternative you go fuck yourself.

AMERICANEGRO
5/15/2018 06:03:12 pm
Jason, this kind of speech, even from a doddering old white man, is far from polite. I particularly draw your attention to the words "Dickwad" and "fuck". "

Doc Rock
9/28/2018 11:26:49 pm

One of the better write-ups on the topic.

http://www.jogg.info/pages/72/files/Estes.htm

Reply
Doc Rock
9/29/2018 01:36:14 pm

Another article that focuses upon one of the more "ambitious" explanations of the origins of Melungeons.

https://armenianweekly.com/2012/07/25/sassounian-dna-study-busts-myth-that-one-million-appalachians-are-of-turkish-descent/

Americancool"Disco"Dan
9/29/2018 05:52:37 pm

I don't pretend to have read or to have an opinion on that article but I'm immediately skeptical of anything regarding Turks in a publication called "Armenianweekly" because of y'know, the unpleasantness.

Doc Rock
9/29/2018 11:22:16 pm

Or one could actually read the article and then consider its accuracy and relevance in regard to the specific topic of melungeons as well as the broader debate over the use of fringe research on melungeons to advance particular international political agendas.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/30/2018 01:48:41 am

I didn't say I WOULDN'T read it, just that I HADN'T read it, Go find some kiddies and take them to your kiddies' table in your windowless van full of Pina Coladas and candy, Captain Drinkypoo. At least you didn't go down the Jew-shaming avenue THIS time.

We were having such a nice chat and you ruined it. Oh, well.

"DOC ROCK
9/13/2018 07:41:28 pm
[...]
And now that I am positive that you are one of the several members of the kiddie table that I have been ignoring, I can go back to ignoring you.

Sorry Noam, better luck next time.

Amaretto Sour time."

Dan
9/30/2018 02:35:45 am

“Go find some kiddies and take them to your kiddies' table in your windowless van full of Pina Coladas and candy.”

Jaysus Fucking Crayst.

You’re like some kind of mindless Mongol!

You just can’t say that.

This platform is so OOD, it’s like the 1930s!

Behave yourself!

God!!

I even forgot why I’m posting this, I’m so shocked.

Doc Rock
9/30/2018 01:11:26 pm



Is it possible for Tourette's to be manifested via computer keyboard?

Dan
9/30/2018 10:19:08 pm

Only in the artistic sense of Tourette’s Syndrome.

There is an art to it.

And that’s probably why the internet is evil.

Thanks for taking me there.

Doc Rock
9/30/2018 10:55:00 pm

The internet isn't evil. It just seems that way sometimes when it serves as a forum for someone to show their ass in a big way while being too blissfully lacking in self-awareness to realize it. Obviously you are not the person I am referring to.


If you look at some of the links that I posted it will give you some idea about the current discourse surrounding Melungeons. But they are just part of a broader historical discourse in the US when it comes to "mixed" groups that didn't readily fit into particular social categories. But the melungeons are obviously of particular interest in this thread given the whole alleged Turkish connection and interplay between fringe history and international politics. There are some other readings I can suggest if you are really interested in the topic.

Dan
9/30/2018 11:48:29 pm

Hey Doc Rock,

You truly do rock.

Oh Hrmmmmm, deep sigh.

Showing my ass is sort of my strategy for learning.

I know you didn’t mean me, I suppose.

I’m interested in all of those groups and their unique abilities to boot-strap themselves into a viable economic future:

The Gitanos (I’m one), the Armenians, Gypsies-of-all-sorts, Indo Europeans, Kurgans, Wierd-tabacco-smoking-mound-builders, Scythians, Sub-Saharan-Camel-Herders.

I love them all.

I’ll def read your post and I appreciate the update.

😊

Doc Rock
10/1/2018 11:58:32 am

Dan,

Something that might interest you in terms of gypsies with somewhat of a tie in with historical racial mixing in the deep South. Some research on gypsies deported from France to the Gulf Coast in the early 18th century.

https://historicpathways.com/download/Romani8Jan2016.pdf

Dan
9/29/2018 09:07:39 pm

Thanks for the response!

My head is still intact.

I’m not used to that.

See you all down the road.

Jason?

You rule.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
10/1/2018 05:31:03 pm

What you are looking for is here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180497/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9837837
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377656/pdf/9837837.pdf

In particular:
https://www.ancestry.com/boards/thread.aspx?o=10&m=713.2.1.1.1.1.1.2&p=topics.ethnic.melungeon.melungeon

These people survived along the upper headwaters of the Kanawha River.

Those are the hard hard facts.
Aren't you sorry you asked?

Having problems dealing with the hard hard data?
Well, someday we'll get beyond the comet impacts that killed the mammoth and mastodon, and move on to more recent Atlantic Ocean impact mega-tsunamis.

X mt DNA distribution "discussion" pales in comparison.

If any of you want to apologize now for your earlier idiot remarks, I'm not holding my breath.

I'm so glad Andrew wrote a nice book for beach going vacationers.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
10/1/2018 06:22:45 pm

If I TRIED I could not come across as such an incredible dick as you, seemingly effortlessly, and may I say, matchlessly.

"E.P. GRONDINE
5/15/2018 04:33:50 pm
Dear Dickwad -

Since you won't get up from your computer and go out and get laid, may I suggest that as an alternative you go fuck yourself."

"AMERICANEGRO
5/15/2018 06:03:12 pm
Jason, this kind of speech, even from a doddering old white man, is far from polite. I particularly draw your attention to the words "Dickwad" and "fuck"."

E.P. Grondine
10/2/2018 08:03:09 am

"Since you won't get up from your computer and go out and get laid, may I suggest that as an alternative, you go fuck yourself."

Thank you. I am glad that sunk in.

The X mt DNA data is what it is, and goes from Moorehead phase Canadian Maritime Archaic to the Kanawha River valley, and on to the Susquehanna River valley.

Comet impact killed off the mammoth and mastodon through a global climate collapse.

You can be as skeptical about that as you want to be.
I'll send you a jar of vaseline, as there is only so much stupidity and abuse I will put up with.

PS - Ouyang just announced China's CAPS program.
In the meantime, our usual Mars nuts have the floor here.

And Andrew wrote a nice book for beach going vacationers, while Jason continues to work through Arabic works and has a new book he is working on, on the colonists views of ancient Native Americans.

In the meantime, Gregg wrote "Russian Hoax", which is what he thinks is happening. Now that is where I am very very sceptical.

By the way, there was a seismic tsunami a few days ago.

Good morning.


AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
10/2/2018 09:21:27 am

"E.P. GRONDINE
5/15/2018 04:33:50 pm
Dear Dickwad -

Since you won't get up from your computer and go out and get laid, may I suggest that as an alternative you go fuck yourself."

"AMERICANEGRO
5/15/2018 06:03:12 pm
Jason, this kind of speech, even from a doddering old white man, is far from polite. I particularly draw your attention to the words "Dickwad" and "fuck"."

FAKE INDIAN says what?

Jockobadger
10/5/2018 02:30:38 pm

Sir,

Geologist here: I believe the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis 12,900 BP is still quite controversial. We had a very lively (and eventually drunken) discussion about it a conference I recently attended. That 'evidence' can be interpreted (or misinterpreted) in many ways. I'm no expert, though I've tried to keep up on the argument. Interesting.

I've been reading this blog for some time and enjoy the comments as much as the content. Thanks to all of you. Has Hugh chimed in on the YD comet issue yet? Seems like it would be ripe for a big one.

An Anonymous Nerd
9/28/2018 11:28:13 pm

Looking over Mr. Colavito's review and Mr. Lawler's comments I note a strange disconnect. Essentially Mr. Lawler is angry that Mr. Colavito's positive review was....Was what? Not even more positive? In my day one took positive reviews when one could get them.

*shrugs*

-An Anonymous Nerd

Reply
Dan
9/29/2018 09:13:02 pm

Hey, AN?

Where’d you pick up that “asterisk-shrug-asterisk”?

I mean no harm. I’m simply interested in memesis.

Do you remember?

Reply
An Anonymous Nerd
10/1/2018 07:30:38 pm

I never thought of it as being a "thing" to pick up, really. To me it's just a standard e-mote.

-An Anonymous Nerd

T. Franke link
9/29/2018 04:35:50 pm

I like such opportunities of a dialogue. It is always revealing.

Reply
Dan
9/29/2018 10:58:57 pm

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YSfTdzoO4ic

Reply
marty
10/3/2018 09:19:36 am

Just found this blog - increasing knowledge is a good thing. The comments, however seem to have devolved into a testosterone war. sad...

Reply
Joe Scales
10/3/2018 09:35:08 am

"Just found this blog"

A lie. Now duck for cover or be doused in testosterone...

Reply
Doc Rock
10/3/2018 10:24:12 am

More likely due to Low T.

Reply

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