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Archaeologist Argues Stonehenge Was an Egyptian-Influenced Solar Calendar

3/2/2022

7 Comments

 
​A new article published on Tuesday in the journal Antiquity offers another in a long series of claims that Stonehenge was an ancient calendar. British archaeologist Timothy Darvill says that he has decoded how the calendar worked, suggesting that its rings of stones were intended to track the twelve months of thirty days, with the largest stones standing for five intercalary days between 360-day years and four station stones helping to calculate leap years. So far, the argument is not dissimilar to a range of previous calendar claims for the monument, except for being a bit more elaborate in its mechanics. Then things get weird.
​Darvill argues that Stonehenge represents a calendar that might be Mediterranean, specifically Egyptian, in origin. While conceding that the ancient peoples of Britain might have developed their own calendar, he sees a strong similarity to the calendar of 365 days and five intercalary days developed in Egypt in the early third millennium BCE:
​Archaeologically, the question is whether the Egyptian Civil Calendar, or a variation thereof, could have been known to communities living in southern Britain in the mid-third millennium BC, and adopted by them. Barely a century ago, the answer would have been resoundingly affirmative (e.g. Childe 1929). As diffusionist models crumbled and connections between the Mediterranean world and Northern Europe were systematically uncoupled to emphasise autonomous local development (Renfrew 1973: 84–108), such thinking became deeply unfashionable. Now, however, the pendulum of interpretation is swinging back in favour of long-distance contacts and extensive social networks.
​Before getting to this point, though, there are some problems to overcome. First, the Egyptian calendar did not have leap years, while Darvill argues that Stonehenge did. This is a rather deep problem since it suggests that the hicks in the sticks discovered something that the masters they imitated failed to find, and that knowledge went nowhere. The second problem is that relating the most important parts of the monument as it currently stands (Stonehenge 3, c. 2900-2600 BCE) ignores the existence of the earlier Stonehenge 1 and 2 phases (3100-2900 BCE), which involved earthworks, timber, and small stones. The round shape of the monument followed from these earlier phases, for example, and they predate the Egyptian Civil Calendar. That calendar’s origins are less clear-cut than Darvill suggests, coming into general use around 2500 BCE, but originally based not on the solar year as Darvill asserts but on the annual heliacal rising of Sirius, which coincidentally occurred around the time of the annual Nile flood. Because the Sothic year had 365 days, while the solar year had about 365.25, the Egyptian calendar and the solar year gradually fell out of sync until returning to their starting points every 1,461 Egyptian years, or 1,460 solar years.
 
All of which is a long way around saying that Darvill’s claims get especially wonky when he tries to use late Egyptian developments and medieval myths to make Stonehenge Egyptian:
The unique architecture of Stonehenge in the context of mid third-millennium BC north-western Europe is also relevant. Post-and-lintel construction in stone, the use of stub-tenons to secure lintels to uprights, and the understanding of entasis to create the optical illusion of straightness, are all features found only in Egypt at that time (Arnold 2003). Although circular structures in Egypt are few—the so-called ‘Calendar Circle’ with solstitial alignments dating to the fifth millennium BC at Nabta Playa being something of an exception (Malville 2015)—the circle motif was symbolic of the sun and the cycle of time (Quirke 2001: 161–67). The adoption of a circle as the physical expression of a calendrical cycle makes good sense, and in the context of Stonehenge is potentially significant, as it perpetuated existing local, indigenous traditions of building stone and timber circles extending back to before 3000 BC (Darvill in press).
 
Less secure, but tantalising nonetheless, is the garbled reworking of eleventh-century AD oral traditions recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth. In his History of the kings of Britain, Monmouth records that Africa was the original source of the stones, which were taken first to Ireland to form the gigantium chora (the Giants’ Ring) and then to Stonehenge (HKB viii.11; Thorpe 1966: 196). Perhaps significantly, the word chorea has a series of meanings in medieval Latin, including references to the movement (dance/circle) of the heavenly bodies.
​As even Darvill quietly notes, the circle “motif” is indigenous in origin, and Stonehenge 3 almost certainly saw its shape determined by the preexisting wooden structure and earthen structure on the Stonehenge site, not Egyptian sun disc iconography. I see no reason to assume that that Stonehenge 3 represents Egyptian ideology given that it is follows directly from preexisting indigenous developments.
 
The post-and-lintel construction I can’t speak to, but it would seem more logical that the builders repeated in stone a technique they had previously used in wood (as the Greeks did in replicating their wood Doric temples in stone) rather than importing an Egyptian technique and adapting it to local conditions without any suggestion of Egyptian style or motifs.
 
The claim that Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing almost 4,000 years later, knows anything of Neolithic intercontinental commerce is so ridiculous as to be laughable. Geoffrey’s legend told of Giants of old using the stones to take baths because they emitted medicinal properties—an old legend about the medicinal properties of magical rocks, but one that has nothing to do with calendars or astronomy.
 
“Chorea” is a Latin word for a “dance,” which took on the meaning of a “ring” because of the propensity to dance in a circle. Geoffrey was quite obviously referring to Stonehenge’s circular shape; it only had an astronomical meaning because Martianus Capella used the phrase siderum chorea (“dance of the stars”) to liken the motion of the heavens to music as part of his musical cosmology. Best known from Copernicus picking it up from Capella in the 1400s, the phrase (or the similar chorea stellarum) could also be found in writers who borrowed it from a Latin translation of Plato. However, in medieval English usage, chorea more typically referred to a ring-dance—i.e., people dancing in a circle. The reason for that is actually attested in medieval folklore: Ancient stone circles were alleged to be giants who were turned to stone in mid-ring-dance. These stories are well-attested in Celtic lands, and the medieval Oxford manuscript Bodley 614, entry 50, records a story of a ring of petrified dancing women who angered an unattested St. Urri (whom scholars argue is a garbled translation of the Breton term for Noce de Pierre, An Eured Ven, the ring of standing stones said to be a petrified wedding party) that is almost certainly a Christian gloss on the same theme. Hence, in calling Stonehenge chorea gigantium (Darvill gets the wording it a bit mixed up), Geoffrey was alluding to the common folklore then-current in England.
 
In short, Darvill’s arguments don’t stand up to scrutiny, at least without much more evidence, and it is disappointing that this got through peer review since many of the weaknesses are rather obvious.
7 Comments
Wrong
3/2/2022 11:24:20 am

Stonehenge was built by Merlin
It says so in the History Books

Reply
Peer Review
3/2/2022 11:28:30 am

Peer Review is slackening and the further back in time you go the more responsible scholarship was.

Take for example Near-Death Experiences - I remember reading during the 1970s how a group of medical experts deemed it was due to the side effect of anaesthesia causing a tiny minority of individuals unconsciously hallucinating.


Reply
Doc rock
3/2/2022 02:52:35 pm

Its not exactly uncommon for papers to pass peer review despite being exploratory rather than conclusive. I've given thumbs up to papers that I didnt think were all that well grounded but were done in a manner that could stimulate more rigorous discussion of a topic. Other times it is just a matter of weak stuff slipping thru the cracks.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
3/3/2022 11:34:05 am

Hi Jason -

The real question is why did ancient man invest so much in astronomy? In short ,my answer is impact events. That there might have been a common ancient astronomy, dating back to the first of the Holocene Star Impact Events, the Boling Allerod, comes a no surprise.

Reply
Bob Jase
3/3/2022 05:52:03 pm

Those tricky Egyptians! Teaching the Brits how to build a giant calendar and ignoring all the folks living in the several thousand miles that separated Egypt from the Brit Isles.

Reply
Anthony G.
3/6/2022 12:56:36 am

This stuff has gotten really dumb. Everyone wants to claim the Stonehenge Calendar for their culture or their preferred ancient society. The Etruscans were the last people credited with modifying the structure to what we see today. Has anyone ever looked into their belief systems for possible clues? If so, I have yet to come across it. I've read a lot of BS regarding these people but nothing to do with Stonehenge. This was once an extremely interesting topic until too many BS artists got involved. "Stonehenge Decoded" by Gerald Hawkins is still one of the best sources out there for anyone interested.

Reply
An Anonymous Nerd
3/15/2022 11:12:31 am

Depressing.
-An Anonymous Nerd

Reply

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    • Collection: Ancient Alien Fraud >
      • Chariots of the Gods at 50
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        • Erich von Däniken
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    • Collection: Skeptic Magazine >
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      • Who Lost the Middle Ages
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    • Collection: Ancient History >
      • Prehistoric Nuclear War
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      • Who Built the Sphinx?
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    • Collection: The Lovecraft Legacy >
      • Pauwels, Bergier, and Lovecraft
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      • Alien Abduction at the Outer Limits
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    • Scholomance: The Devil's School
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    • The Templars, the Holy Grail, & Henry Sinclair
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    • Ancient Mysteries >
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        • Egyptian Texts >
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        • Hermetica >
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      • Medieval Texts >
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        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
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        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
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      • Lost Civilizations >
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          • W. Scott-Elliot >
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          • Termier on Atlantis
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        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
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          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
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      • Religious Conspiracies >
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        • The Many Wives of Jesus
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      • Giants in the Earth >
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        • Fragments on Giants
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      • Science and History >
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        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
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        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
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        • Fabulous Zoology
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        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
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        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Scrapbook
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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