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Bat Creek Crazy: Can Scott Wolter Rehabilitate a Hoax?

5/3/2012

40 Comments

 
Just because my readers are so special, I have a special bonus post today.

And the hits just keep on coming. In chapter 3 of “Frank Joseph’s” anthology of Ancient American articles, Lost Worlds of Ancient America, Scott Wolter of American Petrographic Services, a company specializing in analyzing construction materials for failure assessment, declares the Bat Creek Stone—a century-old hoax—to be genuine for reasons that don’t make much sense to me. The first three are, in order:
  • Skeptics of the Bat Creek Stone’s authenticity called believers naughty names, so this means believers must be right.
  • Skeptics say the stone is like the infamous Kensington Rune Stone, which Wolter already declared genuine based on “mica degradation” in the carving. Therefore, skeptics “undermine their own argument.”
  • Skeptics conducted character assassination on the 1889 discoverer of the Bat Creek Stone, John Emmert, so the stone must be genuine.
So we have two points that have nothing to do with evidence and one that is of dubious value. None of these points is relevant to the authenticity of the Bat Creek stone itself.

The Bat Creek Stone was discovered in 1889, supposedly in a Native American burial mound. The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as “paleo-Hebrew” but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. The inscription on the stone is nearly identical to a paleo-Hebrew text appearing in a line drawing in an 1870 Masonic reference book, as reported in American Antiquity (2004). The key to mystery is that the 1870 drawing was an artist’s impression of paleo-Hebrew, not an actual text.  Hebrew scholars found the Bat Creek inscription to be inconsistent with paleo-Hebrew or any historical version of the language. Even alternative scholars can't agree on how to translate the text. Wolter gives "For Judah" as the translation [update: following Cyrus Gordon], but the drawing it appears to be copied from means "Holy to the Lord" (Exodus 39:30).

Bat Creek Stone
The Bat Creek Stone. The original publication of the stone depicted it upside down because Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian did not recognize it as an attempt at a Hebrew inscription. This figure has been rotated to show it right-side up.
Masonic Text
The artist's impression of what paleo-Hebrew would have looked like in an 1868 text. Note that the drawing is nearly identical to the Bat Creek stone if copied by someone who didn't really understand it. (Click picture to view source page)
Now we move on the “science.” Oh, wait, there isn’t any so far. The author presents a list of 11 numbered points, none of which speaks to the genuineness of the artifact, only to its history after its discovery in 1889.

Finally… the science. Wolter looked at the stone under a microscope in 2010 and concluded that because the edges of the carved letters were rounded and did not contain any quartz silt, they were therefore weathered and “had to have been made prior to the excavation of the mound by John Emmert.” I’m not sure I follow why it is that the utter lack of orange-colored silt in the carved characters is proof that the stone had been buried in a red clay mound for hundreds of years. The argument seems to be that a fresh carving would have broken into the stone’s orange silt interior and left debris, but that greatly underestimates the ability of a hoaxer to do such simple things as carve carefully and wash and polish the stone prior to burying it.

Wolter contradicts his own assessment by asserting that the stone had been polished prior to being deposited in the mound. The more parsimonious explanation is that the man who faked the stone gave it a good polish to make it look old prior to depositing it. This is partially confirmed by Wolter’s own analysis that only the side with the inscription is polished.

Well, we are 0-3 so far in "compelling evidence" of ancient visitors to America. I'll grant that this chapter was a bit more rigorous than others, but it still hasn't made a very compelling case. A rewrite to make the analysis a bit clearer might have helped, and I should probably also mention that New Page Books' poor proofreading and page design doesn't help either. In just this chapter we have missing italicization, dropped letters (the year 2010 is misprinted as 10s, for example), and other typographical errors. An earlier chapter had a page (p. 29) with a large blank section due to what appears to be a computer program's automated page layout issues. These issues are distracting and don't help with the book's claim to professionalism.
40 Comments
Hu McCulloch link
5/16/2012 02:29:32 am

Jason --
While it does you credit that you found and used my scans of the 1890 lithograph of the Bat Creek Stone and the 1870 Masonic artist's impression of the High Priest's headplate, I would have appreciated it if you had cited my Bat Creek webpage in return, as I requested. Its URL is http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/batcrk.html .
One important point that you didn't mention is that the stone was discovered and published by the Smithsonian's authoritative Mound Survey, which is routinely cited by authors like Ken Feder and Stephen Williams as having definitively established, on the basis of its mass of "unimpeachable" evidence, that there were no pre-Columbian Old World contacts with the new World. So if Bat Creek is a hoax, the entire Mound Survey and any conclusions based on it would have to be reexamined. On the other hand, if it is not a hoax, yet is paleo-Hebrew, its conclusions would still have to be reexamined.
You also neglect to mention that the reading "for Judah" (or "for Judea") is not that of geologist Scott Wolter, but rather of the late Semitic Languages scholar Cyrus Gordon of Brandeis and NYU. While it is true that Gordon's primary claim to fame was his definitive textbook on the pre-Hebrew Ugaritic language, denying that he can read Second Temple Hebrew is a little like denying that the author of a standard textbook on Chaucer is qualified to comment on a passage from Shakespeare. Any rabbi can tell you that LYHWH as in the Masonic illustration is a different word than LYHWD, which Gordon says appears on Bat Creek, and that LYHW- appears many places in Hebrew besides this biblical phrase. Also, how do you suggest that the Bat Creek scribe knew to use a word divider (the comma-shaped stroke that separates the two words) as required in Paleo-Hebrew, rather than a space as in English, standard square Hebrew, and the Masonic illustration?
As for science, you overlooked the 1988 radiocarbon date of 32 cal AD-769 cal AD on the wooden earspools found with the same skeleton. Also, the orange-colored material found by Wolter in two modern lines that were not present when the stone were found are the byproduct of scratching the iron-rich surface of the stone. The fact that this has disappeared in the original lines appearing in your 1890 lithograph and an 1894 photograph indicates to Wolter that the stone has been in a wet environment for hundreds of years. Do you know of a geologist who has examined it and come to a different opinion?
Ancient American admittedly butchered Wolter's report with careless editing. A complete and coherent version is online at
http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf .

Reply
Jason Colavito link
5/16/2012 03:19:37 am

Thank you for your comments. I apologize for the missing link. The borrowed images were supposed to have had a click-through link to your webpage. This was a technical oversight, and I have corrected it.

It's important to remember that I was not evaluating everything about the Bat Creek Stone in this blog post. I was reviewing a specific argument presented in a specific book, which I found wanting.

I understand your point about the word divider, but you are working from the assumption that the stone demonstrates genuine knowledge of paleo-Hebrew. But what if the forger was familiar with other monumental inscriptions, such as the Latin stone inscriptions of ancient Rome, where small dots are used to separate words? Perhaps the forger was simply trying to make the inscription appear more monumental by borrowing from Classical design. Or, perhaps the forger was thinking of the dots and lines used in Hebrew, such as the one that begins YHWH. Since I don't speak Hebrew, I couldn't rightly say. It is curious, though, that for a word divider it seems to be to one side of a space between the words rather than having the letters spaced equidistantly.

Reply
Hu McCulloch link
5/16/2012 04:40:45 am

Jason --
Thanks for adding the click-through.
Your point about Roman monumental word dividers is well taken. However, the Bat Creek divider is a short diagonal stroke, not the more commonly used dot. The only places I have found this are in the Qumran Paleo-Leviticus scroll, which was unknown in 1889, and in the photograph of the Siloam inscription that had appeared in the arcane Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft. The much more widely circulated drawing of the Siloam inscription by mark Lidzbarkski substitutes a dot. Someone who was working from the Masonic illustration would not have even seen the drawing of the Siloam inscription. On the well-known Hasmonaean, Jewish War, and Bar Kokhba coins, the paleo-Hebrew letters are just run together with no dots or spaces.

Jason Colavito link
5/16/2012 04:52:20 am

In case you are following replies by email, I made a separate reply below since for some reason Weebly cut off responses to this thread.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
5/16/2012 04:50:43 am

Yes, but the well-known Moabite Stone (Mesha Stele) uses the same type of characters, and its word dividers were drawn sloppy dots that resemble commas in the drawing version used in 1870s Masonic texts. (Though the actual stone has round dots.) I'll put up more info about this in a blog post later.

Reply
matthew link
2/22/2013 02:40:26 pm

Hey guys, I got here by trying to find out if Mr. Wolter is a true academic in the classical sense. for instance, I can tell the guys on "Ancient Aliens" are pandering the worst kind of pseudo-scientific tripe imaginable. I'm wondering if he is more of the same? I would appreciate your opinions. Thank you very much.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
2/22/2013 10:23:58 pm

Click on the "America Unearthed" category on the right-hand column, and you can read much more about my views on Wolter and his program. Short answer: No, he's not an academic.

Reply
Schteveo
2/25/2013 02:03:24 am

Wolter is 'not' an academic in what sense, Sir?

That he's not a trained archeologist? Well, he's not. But in reading of him and watching the show, he NEVER says he's anything BUT a geologist.

I've no idea whether this stone is real or not, frankly I stumbled in here looking for intel ON Mr. Wolter, to see if he’s a nut. As with other sites, I see as much tearing at the scientist as I see tearing at the science. But I have zero idea who YOU are either, so I have to weigh your expertise and opinions with in my studies.

Having said that, I find it odd that you quote academics, but how good are they? Aren’t the 'academics' who say he's a hack and his science is tripe, the same types of hide bound, world renowned, often self-proclaimed, official 'academics' who initially thought that damned near every NEW discovery was tripish.

Gravity, 'academics' thought Newton was nuts.

Bacteria, 'academics' Leeuwenhoek was seeing things that weren't really there.

Germ Theory, Pastuer's fate at the hands of 'academics', same as above at the start.

We all know I could do this all day.

Likewise, we all know the stories of researchers who are pushed aside, who prove their science in the end, to become the new darlings of science. Why must we do this over and over before the ‘academics’ pen their minds to new thinking?.

Look around. Our lives and homes are filled with devices that 'academics' said wouldn't work or that 'academics' said no one will want or need. Two or three come to my mind, heavier than air flying ships, computers of every size SMALLER than Univac, and in one huge swoop I’ll add as a single item, every form of modern 'entertainment' beyond books.

Starting with radio, through motion pictures, talking, then color motion pictures, television, cable TV, the internet, and then all the tie ins of all that on a cable or business and home wi-fi. None of which would exist as is, sans another impossibility in the opinions of the 'academics', geosynchronous communications satellites.

I have zero idea if the things Wolter looks are at real or hoaxes.

But to cast them off because they don't fit yesterday's truths and accepted knowledge among ‘academics’ smacks more of the Dark Ages than of the computer driven, high speed, wi-fi tied, 21st Century.

And for the record, until his show started a few weeks ago I'd never heard of Scott Wolter.

So I'm not a Scott Wolter fan, supporter or donater. I have no bones in the game other than loving science, history and truth in both. With that, to me, goes looking at EVERY possibility so we truly know what IS true and factual.

Jason Colavito link
2/25/2013 02:06:56 am

If you do not know who I am, it is because you chose not to read the biography I helpfully provide in the "About Jason" tab.

If you do not know why I said Wolter is not an academic, you did not read the material in the "America Unearthed" category I pointed out on my blog. In short, he has a bachelor's in geology, and his "new science" is not supported by other geologists.

You ask us to look into "every" claim, but you seem to think "looking into" means "accepting." I've looked into every claim, and I have yet to find one that provides enough evidence to accept as true.

Sam Baughman
3/12/2013 05:31:06 am

Maybe you should google forensic geology and see what comes up. Mr. Wolter name did not come up on the first page but several others did such as Ray Murray and John Tedrow of rutgers University and the book they published - "Forensic Geology" in 1975. It would seem to be an accepted field of geology and if memory serves Mr. Wolter has done this type of investigations with the company he works for, it is not just a title he uses for the History Channel.

Jason Colavito link
3/12/2013 05:35:01 am

Wolter claims the title of forensic geologist because his expertise in concrete led to him testifying in a murder trial about evidence found impressed therein. This is not the result of an advanced degree program and does not change the fact the he is not an academic.

CHINA
4/10/2015 04:10:10 am

What is your definition of an academic? A tenured professor? I have two degrees in geology and have authored or coauthored several peer reviewed publications, however I work in the private sector, am I an academic? Please explain.

Jay Faulconer
2/26/2013 08:17:41 pm

Scott Wolter, is, quite simply, the History Channel's latest quack-for-hire. If you need more proof of this, America Unearthed has already, in its very short run, visited upon the same tired and absurd themes as: Knights Templar, Masons, Mayans, Holy Grail, and Runestones. I may have missed it but Oak Island will soon follow. Perhaps he will look for the missing Whitehouse cornerstone, or the missing top of the dollar pyramid, buried alongside it. Then, aliens and Bigfoot will be stitched in as well. Just watch (or actually don't). As Mencken said, nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public.

Reply
The Other J.
3/28/2013 08:13:05 am

They got around to Oak Island in the finale.

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:34:21 pm

...and you're dead on with everything but bigfoot. he was here when the Templars arrived!

I openly and READILY admit that it's far fetched. But what I don't get, in the 'diverse' 21st Century when people are channeling their Spirit Animal and gazing at a crystal in their navel for enlightenment, is WHY not look into these things.

There was a time in MY life when American Indians had ALWAYS been here, and dinosaurs were COLD BLOODED, dim witted, boobs!

Jay if these claims don't get studied, and most probably shot down by reputable scientists, then we won't know unequivocally that these theories are bupkis.

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:34:50 pm

...and you're dead on with everything but bigfoot. he was here when the Templars arrived!

I openly and READILY admit that it's far fetched. But what I don't get, in the 'diverse' 21st Century when people are channeling their Spirit Animal and gazing at a crystal in their navel for enlightenment, is WHY not look into these things.

There was a time in MY life when American Indians had ALWAYS been here, and dinosaurs were COLD BLOODED, dim witted, boobs!

Jay if these claims don't get studied, and most probably shot down by reputable scientists, then we won't know unequivocally that these theories are bupkis.

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:35:01 pm

...and you're dead on with everything but bigfoot. he was here when the Templars arrived!

I openly and READILY admit that it's far fetched. But what I don't get, in the 'diverse' 21st Century when people are channeling their Spirit Animal and gazing at a crystal in their navel for enlightenment, is WHY not look into these things.

There was a time in MY life when American Indians had ALWAYS been here, and dinosaurs were COLD BLOODED, dim witted, boobs!

Jay if these claims don't get studied, and most probably shot down by reputable scientists, then we won't know unequivocally that these theories are bupkis.

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:35:17 pm

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:35:23 pm

...and you're dead on with everything but bigfoot. Bigfoot was here when the Templars arrived!

I openly and READILY admit that it's far fetched. But what I don't get, in the 'diverse' 21st Century when people are channeling their Spirit Animal and gazing at a crystal in their navel for enlightenment, is WHY not look into these things.

There was a time in MY life when American Indians had ALWAYS been here, and dinosaurs were COLD BLOODED, dim witted, boobs!

Jay if these claims don't get studied, and most probably shot down by reputable scientists, then we won't know unequivocally that these theories are bupkis.

Reply
Schteveo
2/26/2013 10:36:48 pm

WTH happened THERE?!

Reply
Joseph Baltar
3/1/2013 05:26:42 pm

I have just finished watching the History Channel production of Scott Wolter and the Arizona Templar artifacts. I have done some work here in Maine at indian digs along the Kennebec River in Winslow Maine ; the petroglyphs on the Kennebec River in Solon Maine; the pictographs in Bridgton Maine while working for Harvard trained archeologist Arthur Spiess and Mark Hedden of the Maine Department of Historic Preservation. Several years ago I had the opportunity to interview archeologist Jim Peterson from the University of Maine in Farmington Maine at the petroglyph site in Solon Maine . In September of 2011 I had the opportunity to interview Texas A&M Professor Emeritus Physicist Ron Bryan who has been working with Joseph McMoneagle , a CIA trained
remote viewer who worked at the US Army Stargate program at Fort Meade. Professor Byran asked McMoneagle to help him find portals into higher dimensions see http://people.physics.tamu.edu/bryan/10text.preprint.pdf

I mention this with respect to Scott Wolter and his work around the crucifixion of Christ , Knight Templars and the Holy Grail. The people over at the Farsight Institute have recently issued their scientific results regarding the use of remote viewers to look at the Jesus Christ crucifixion.
I suspect you and Scott Wolter will find their results fascinating. see http://www.farsightpresentations.com/

Even more fascinating is in 2008 Farsight remote viewers predicated the recent pass by of an asteroid over the Planet Earth last week. Oh yes, I absolutely detest the History Channel as well.

Reply
Newton Emerson link
8/31/2015 12:45:26 am

I am Cherokee,..having said that..what if I dug up your great grandfather? Archaeologist are to me grave robbers ...

Reply
David
3/1/2013 06:14:06 pm

I actually visited the museum on UT's campus and saw the bat creek inscription. It was interesting to say the least, although in my mind it is probably a forgery.

Reply
Loyd G. Richey
3/5/2013 05:16:43 pm

I would like to comment on Scott's Episode #5 where he attempts to tie stone and cave etchings to ancient Egypt. His discovery of an "Apis" bull was debunked by an Egyptologist on the program but Scott would not let it go. Later, he finds some markings on a cave that he points out as being the Egyptians God 'Anubis' and points to a 'White Crown' in the drawing as further proof. Well, the markings are NOT Anubis...the White Crown of Upper Egypt (Hedjet) is NOT present. The White Crown is frequently associated with Horus but not Anubis. The Egyptians moreover, never left clues...they wrote out everything and there were no hieroglyphs. I can read those... Conclusion...the cave markings are not Egyptian...NOT EGYPTIAN. I fear that Scott is nearing the Charlatan level. Disappointing.

Loyd G. Richey
Member (American Research Center Egypt)

Reply
Schteveo
3/6/2013 12:55:00 am

Loyd,
I didn't see that episode yet so I'll accept that he's 'wrong'. But can we not suppose that some of this other stuff is worth looking at?

Here's how I see Wolter's 'science' being viewed. And along the lines of what I said above, why NOT look into these things? IF the general scientific community or the archeology community thinks he's wrong, then show WHY he's wrong.

I don't know which side is right. But treating untrained people like children, and just saying, "...it's NOT real, because WE SAY SO!", is the kind of stuff you tell a 4 y/o of why they can't take a bowl of jello to bed!

Reply
Rev. Phil Gotsch
3/30/2013 11:52:56 am

Huh ... Interesting ... My recent post has just disappeared ... Why ... ???

Reply
Jason Colavito link
3/30/2013 12:16:31 pm

I haven't touched your posts. Are you sure it was this thread? I thought you had posted in the master's degree thread.

Reply
Rev. Phil Gotsch
3/31/2013 07:19:21 am

Oooops ... !!! You are correct ... I guess inhaling the bat dropping fumes left me disoriented ...

Clyde A. Boyd.
9/24/2013 04:52:49 pm

Well this is certainly an enlightening website. In the middle of watching Scott Wolters show on the tower in Rhode Island I decided I need to find out who this guy was so I googled his name and up came Jason's website. Somehow I'm not very surprised that Mr. Wolter claimed to have an academic degree which he later admitted was never conferred upon him. In my mind kind of fits with his entire thesis in his show that the Knights Templar came to America hundred and 50 years before Columbus. All in all rather fantastical theory at best.

Regrettably history channel has gone down the road of pure fictional entertainment instead of sticking to actual history.

Reply
david
1/7/2014 02:50:59 pm

I'm sure this is a waste of time but here goes. You constantly critisize Scott Wolter because he is a geologist not an archaeoologist. By same standardyour ajournalist so nothing you say holds any weight. Sorry have to apply same standard to everyone.
Secondly Wolters anylsis is based on geology. So his analysis IS evidence, while yours as ajournalists still isn't.
Finaly you go on and on an on about how his work is not peer reviewed. Hmmm neither is journalism. Further as anarchelogist myself I know of dozens of reports by greats such as Sir founders Perrier, James Breasted, andHoeard Carter that are under NO question but were NEVER published under peer review.Many were never published but their report is still unquestioned. So your position is a straw man.
O and before I forget presenting a paper at amajor symenoir of fellow geologists all who read and agree with it DOES qualify as peer review. Something. Wolter has done. So your ongoing claims are even more so bogus.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
1/7/2014 10:31:25 pm

To whom are you directing your comments? The lines of criticism you discuss do not appear in the piece above.

Reply
david
1/8/2014 06:10:55 pm

The comments were to you. The points are the same ones you make here and everywhere you post. Woofer isn't an acacsdemic. He doesn't use peer review, etc. Buy YOURZ standard your not an academic nor is YOUR work peer reviewed in the manner yoou demand Soon by YOUR standard everyone shoould disregard everything you say. Except oof. Course the standard you set doesn't apply to you. Standards set by skeptics like you never do apply to oneself. So as I said eastern of time

Kevin
3/1/2014 04:19:07 am

You just totally dodged David's question. This shows how much of a professional 'journalist' you really are. You probably claim you're a journalist, but really you don't have a degree just like you CLAIM that Wolter doesn't

Jason Colavito link
3/1/2014 04:21:05 am

You're welcome to call Ithaca College to confirm my degree. You can find them at Ithaca.edu. You'll want the Registrar's Office.

I don't claim anything about Scott Wolter. He confirmed himself that his honorary master's degree does not exist. He does hold a bachelor's degree.

Gayla Griffith link
9/13/2015 05:46:00 pm

That should say Sir. Flinders Petrie, Howard Carter.

Reply
Sam
1/7/2014 10:55:24 pm

Reply
GGary
1/3/2015 03:34:50 pm

Scott Wolter and America Unearthed: I find some of Wolter's ideas intriguing, but usually they are just bizarre. Like a fantasy version of America. Geographical fiction, a new genre.

What I like about the program: finding out about things that I didn't know were in the US---America's Stonehenge, ancient stone carvings that aren't Native American, the Newport Tower (and I've been to Newport, but only the mansions part), odd markings by watercourses, etc. He brings up topics that are in themselves worth considering, at least as regards "what are these things, anyway? Who put them here? What is their purpose?"

What I don't like: all the rest of it. He comes to conclusions that seem unsupported by anything but his fantasy life, then retails them to anyone who will listen. I love how many of the people he speaks with give him a fairly polite version of the hairy eyeball during his discourses.

Where does he get this stuff? He and Neal Adams could go bowling together (assuming Wolter actually believes all this crap, the way Adams clearly does).

If you like this type of walking around talking BS school of scientific "thought", you'll dig Wolter, I guess. Another freakin' huckster, this guy. Where the hell did he come from? Did H2 go looking for him, or did he volunteer? (I bet he volunteered.)

Reply
Chad
1/6/2015 07:47:26 am

Loyd G. Richey,

You really need to watch that episode again, this time pay attention. They are not claiming it's Egyptian at all. As I read (saw) it, they were claiming some kind of Irish Celt Mythraic religion which was said to be some kind of deviation of Eqgyptian, or handed down/watered down version. If you are going to go all plutonic, at least get your argument right. From my reading of your post, you watched the 1st 15 minutes of the program and then turned it off or turned it down and had it on in the background.

Reply
A.C. Dav[s
3/28/2015 02:54:49 pm

The viability of the theories that Scott Wolter presents should not be judged and summarily dismissed because of the format they are couched in. America Unearthed was made with one purpose in mind, and it is primarily one of entertainment. If this program was made as a documentary for an "educated" audience, I guarantee you, no one, not even the "perfessers", would be watching it. And even if Mr. Wolter's theories are spurious, that does not negate the fact that formal academia is intellectually incestuous and so deeply into mental lockdown that thinking outside the box is impossible, whose entire raison d'etre is to self perpetuate. Mr Wolter may or may not be right, but him being wrong doesn't make academia right, either. At least Mr. Wolter is open minded enough to seriously consider alternative explanations, and when his opponents have to degenerate to ad hominum attacks, it not only weakens their position, but shows them to be petty people not to be taken seriously on any level

Reply
Sam Baughman
4/10/2015 05:36:08 am

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        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
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      • Science and History >
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        • Prince Henry Sinclair
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        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
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      • H. P. Lovecraft >
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