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Congressman Implies Archaeology Not in the "National Interest"; Plus: James Tabor Defends Talpiot Tomb

2/17/2016

34 Comments

 
I don’t usually bring up political issues, especially not at the granular level of government appropriations, but a piece by anthropology professor Rosemary Joyce at Berkeley is important enough to call attention to. Joyce reports that Republican Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas) implied that archaeological research is not in the national interest. The conservative representative issued a press release about HR 3293, a bill that would require the National Science Foundation to justify all of its funding requests by demonstrating how they meet the national interest. In that press release, Smith provided five examples of grants he considered non-essential to America’s national interest. Three of these five were archaeology projects, even though archaeology represents less than 0.12% of NSF research funding. All three archaeology projects, not coincidentally, had implications for how humans adapt to climate change, according to Joyce. 
The remaining two examples involved funding for a video game and for research into National Geographic nature photography. Smith also criticized the NSF for other climate-related projects not on his bulleted list.
 
Smith said that archaeology and other “questionable” research takes money away from “worthwhile scientific research” into technological such as “lasers” and “nanotechnology.” His list made quite clear that he strongly prefers the applied sciences over research with less immediate practical application, or research that might threaten political or social ideologies.
 
Smith has been pushing to politicize the NSF since at least 2013, and he has consistently advocated for more House oversight (read: Republican supervision) of NSF funding, presumably so that only politically advantageous science be conducted.
 
HR 3293 was introduced in July 2015, passed the House last week, and is currently in Committee in the Senate, pending a vote.
 
Meanwhile, on a completely different topic, the religious studies scholar James Tabor wrote a lengthy blog post yesterday rebutting a 2014 CNN.com article criticizing claims made for the Talpiot tomb as the final resting place of Jesus and his family. I’m obviously no expert in first century Judea and can’t begin to evaluate the accuracy of Tabor’s various statements, but I was troubled by the underlying assumptions that are not, strictly speaking, logical. Therefore, for our purposes, I will assume that Tabor is correct about the names inscribed on the ossuary boxes.
 
Tabor believes that the Talpiot tomb in Jerusalem is that of Jesus of Nazareth, though what he means by that name is perhaps the crux of the argument. Tabor does not believe that the Gospels are an accurate account of the life and times of this Jesus, and as a result, he is free to reconstruct the story of Jesus using assumptions and preferences that happen to fit with the supposed evidence of the Talpiot tomb. The trouble I have is that if we discount the Gospels as a source for the life of Jesus, we aren’t left with very much to determine whether the Talpiot tomb is in fact that of the historical figure presumed to stand behind the Gospel accounts.
 
In his analysis, Tabor explains that we simply don’t know enough about Jesus to exclude the Talpiot tomb as the one belonging to him:
The main problem with this objection is the assumption that we have something called “the Jesus story” that can serve as a control for what fits or does not fit archaeologically with the historical Jesus. What we have to realize is that our textual traditions (primarily the N.T. gospels) are not only late (post-70 CE), but extremely limited and fragmentary theological proclamations. Understandably, they are mostly silent in providing any basis for such exclusionary statements as to who “belongs” or does not belong in the “Jesus story”–much less the extended Jesus family. So the assertion that “Matthew” is not a part of the Jesus family “according to the Bible” is naive and misleading.
But this claim undermines the entirety of the argument for the tomb being that of Jesus of Nazareth as well. If the Gospels are limited, incomplete, and unreliable, then how might we adjudge, other than through prejudice and preference, which verses to accept and which to reject? Tabor presents in another blog post a very long discussion of his preferred version of the Jesus narrative, which he assumes to be an authentic account abstracted through textual analysis by stripping away all of the later encrustations. However, logically speaking, Tabor, even if correct, does not discover the “true” story but rather the oldest account, which may or may not be true in a literal sense. I can’t help but (blasphemously!) think of how we would reconstruct the death of Elvis if all we had were National Enquirer stories about how his corpse was substituted for a wax mannequin. These articles name real people and refer to real events, even if the story itself is false.
 
Similarly, even finding the entire Gospel family of Jesus inscribed on ossuaries in one tomb doesn’t prove it was the tomb of Jesus of Nazareth in a strictly logical sense, even if one does not accept, as Tabor does not, that the collection of Biblical names could occur by coincidence. For example, it would be equally logical to argue that the Gospel writers might have generated character names for the family of Jesus by using the inscriptions from a known tomb that shared the name of Jesus, mistaking it for the “real” Jesus. (After all, as a family tomb, people went in and out all the time, so it wasn’t always sealed.) Once one admits that the Gospel accounts aren’t accurate or trustworthy, then there isn’t really any support for relying overly much on specific character names unless they can be shown to exist outside the Gospels.
 
All of this, though, is important primarily for Christians who accept the doctrine of bodily resurrection and would be very upset otherwise. Tabor believes that the first Christians believed only in spiritual and not bodily resurrection and therefore weren’t interested in bones. He’s probably right on that point. For our purposes, the tomb story is important because fringe believers don’t just want the Talpiot tomb to be the tomb of Jesus but to have been known and venerated as the tomb of Jesus, and the center of a cult built around the marriage and children of Jesus. That said, Tabor merely assumes marriage and children, and the tomb, even if genuinely that of Jesus, shows no evidence of marriage and children. Therefore, Tabor’s argument, which he presents as factual and logical, resolves into a series of assumptions, only some of which are supported by fact:
 
  • Jesus of Nazareth was a real historical person whose life was described in the Gospels.
  • Jesus of Nazareth had family members not described in the Gospels.
  • Jesus of Nazareth died in the manner described in the Gospels.
  • Jesus of Nazareth’s body was buried in a family tomb.
  • Jesus of Nazareth’s family members died and were buried in the same tomb, yet early Christians failed to notice that his bones were buried in a box with his name on it.
 
And the most important assumption of all: The Gospels are accurate when and where we want them to be accurate, and irrelevant where their factual accuracy cannot be proved or is demonstrably false.
34 Comments
Clete
2/17/2016 03:06:21 pm

I sometimes have the idea that in order to be in politics, one must be an idiot. Lamar Smith proposing a bill to regulate scientific research unless it promotes the "national" interest. How does one define what may be or may not be in the "national" interest. Who would define the "national" interest. Remember, years ago when a Senator from Alaska (I forget his name) pushed through a bill that built a highway to his home in rural Alaska. I suspect that also qualified as being in the "national" interest.

Reply
Haggis MacBagpipe
2/21/2016 10:51:08 am

"National interest", in political speak, translates to mean " that which enriches the people and corporations with which I an whoring."

Reply
Time Machine
2/17/2016 03:11:38 pm

>> Tabor believes that the first Christians believed only in spiritual and not bodily resurrection and therefore weren’t interested in bones<<

Yes, the historical flesh-and-blood Jesus Christ is hugely important to James Tabor --- but there is no evidence for a historical Christ and Tabor cannot produce it.

There were numerous different versions of Christianity during the first three centuries and that included versions of Christianity that believed in an incorporeal and phantom Jesus Christ who never existed in the flesh.

Those Christians rejected the belief in a corpse and held that the resurrection was a personal experience, not a bodily resurrection from the dead of a prophet.

Reply
Cesar
2/17/2016 06:21:10 pm

For a scholarly interpretation of resurrection as a spiritual experience see Margaret Barker, The Risen Lord (1996).

“She shows how the original understanding of resurrection may in fact be Jesus’ mystical experience at his baptism, when he was raised up and transformed into the divine Son, how the resurrection proof texts in the New Testament may be the ‘ascent texts’ of the royal high priesthood, and how Jesus may have seen himself as the anointed high priest, the Messiah, come to offer himself as the atonement sacrifice of the last days”.

http://www.margaretbarker.com/Publications/RisenLord.htm

By “ascent texts” she means Merkabah or Chariot mysticism, like Ezekiel 1:15-21, that Colavito defended against fringe writers many times in this blog.

The British Margaret Barker was president of the Society for Old Testament Study (1998) and as a Methodist preacher she obviously believes in the historicity of Jesus.

Reply
Time Machine
2/17/2016 07:13:15 pm

Alas, the conventional belief in the Resurrection as given in the Gospels lacks an interpretation --- the Gospels do not provide an interpretation.

Time Machine
2/17/2016 07:17:13 pm

I hasten to add that Paul's accounts of Christianity make the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ cognate with Baptism, thus suggesting a religious mystical ritual process.

Romans 6: 3-4 "Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? 4 We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life."

Time Machine
2/17/2016 07:32:59 pm

This is evocative of the Raising of the Master within Freemasonry,

Bob Jase
2/17/2016 03:22:30 pm

Bottom line for me - Tabor uses the so-called 'Jesus ossuary' as part of his evidence, non-contextual evidence at best and more likely a hoax.

He's a slightly more respectable Wolter.

Reply
Time Machine
2/17/2016 03:30:31 pm

James Tabor did not believe in the Jesus Bloodline when he first mentioned the Talpiot tomb during the 1980s.

The Talpiot tomb is not a hoax and it was never linked to Holy Blood. Holy Grail when it was first discovered.

Reply
Ken
2/17/2016 05:52:14 pm

Finally - "Biblical Scholarship" gets its own fringe theorists. Deja vu. Maybe there really is a God after all.

I think "Biblical Scholar" makes about as much sense as a "Batman Scholar". There are probably more written Batman pages than extant biblical texts. And they are way more complete, written in English, and have pictures - and there are even movie and video versions, so you can see Batman history unfold right before your eyes.

Reply
Time Machine
2/17/2016 07:21:24 pm

There are warehouses and warehouses of German critical scholarship dating from the 19th century that could do with translating into English --- to balance the uncritical nonsense found in Biblical scholarship of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Eric
2/17/2016 06:40:25 pm

"Tabor believes that the first Christians believed only in spiritual and not bodily resurrection and therefore weren’t interested in bones. He’s probably right on that point."

He's almost certainly wrong on that point. The idea of spiritual resurrection was common in Greek thought but first century Jews appear to have drawn a sharp distinction between their view (that bodies were made alive again) and the Greek view. Any historical Jesus would have been originally followed by Jews. However, Tabor is hardly alone amongst those making fringe claims in his willingness to prioritize Greek-influenced stories about Jesus over the set of stories that eventually won the ideological conflict. This itself is an interesting decision since basic logic would suggest that stories with noticeable Greek influence come after the Jewish stories become popular and the evidence for the now-canonical gospels begins earlier. However, all the Holy Bloodline stuff takes as gospel (literally) material that can only be found in texts with noticeable Greek influence.

Reply
Time Machine
2/17/2016 07:29:22 pm

The Gospels were written in Greek. The claims that they were based on Aramaic original texts is currently the wishful thinking of the fundamentalist churchgoers.

Judaea was conquered by the Seleucids (Greeks) and it was during this period of time that the idea of the resurrection from the dead found its way into the intertestamental writings (pseudepigrapha) -- smatterings of which can be found in some of the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The Jews were influenced by Greek thought during the Seleucid occupation in the same way they were influenced by Babylonian religion in the Babylonian captivity.



Reply
Uncle Ron
2/17/2016 07:44:42 pm

I've never read the Bible all the way through but it has always seemed to me that one either has to believe what it says literally(contradictions and all) or reject it whole. If you start rationalizing parts to fit your personal beliefs or make it more palatable to you, you aren't believing THE BIBLE.

Ever since I first heard about Talpiot I have wondered: since several of the gospels say Jesus rose bodily into Heaven after the Resurrection, why did he have an ossuary?

Reply
Bob Jase
2/17/2016 10:00:29 pm

Jesus was a rabid rpg'er but dice bags hadn't been invented yet.

Reply
Time Machine
2/18/2016 10:56:39 am

>>>one either has to believe what it says literally(contradictions and all) or reject it whole<<<

If I wrote today in 2016 that George Washington had a mistress called Dawn Lovegrove would that date from today or from the lifetime of George Washington?

This is why putting things to the critical test is so important.

If it applies to history then it should also apply to the Bible, especially bearing in mind the high profile of Judeo-Christianity.

Reply
Andrew
2/19/2016 11:14:39 am

Uncle Ron,

you seem Intent on over simplifying religious belief systems. just because the bile was divinely inspired does not mean every part of it was meant to taken literally. The old testament incorporates the Jewish history along with moral tales not all are taken to be literal otherwise there would not be a tradition of reading and interpenetrating the bible going back to the beginning.

There where no illusions about what the bible was when first created it was an assortment of text from various early Christians. it was literally commissioned. the holiness and part about it being gods word was most likely used to unite different groups of Christians.

the idea that you cant be christian if you aren't willing to let someone else dictate what your beliefs are is absurd.
A good christian is expected to evaluate the texts of the bible for there meaning as an individual.

Bob Jase
2/19/2016 12:14:05 pm

"A good christian is expected to evaluate the texts of the bible for there meaning as an individual."

And then get executed for being a heretic.

Andrew
2/18/2016 03:18:12 pm

That has been highly contested throughout the history of Christianity. It is far more complicated than that there are many religions that believe large portions of the bible are meant to be non literal or up to interpenetration. The bible didn't exist until the Romans adopted Christianity.

Reply
Uncle Ron
2/18/2016 07:59:47 pm

Andrew,

I think you meant that the New Testament didn't exist until after the Romans adopted Christianity. The Old Testament certainly did exist prior to Christianity. But the point is irrelevant because the books that would become the New Testament were written without regard to whether the Romans, or anyone else, adopted or didn't adopt Christianity.

More to the point: if the writers of those books were just making stuff up or working with what they remembered or chose to include then there would be no reason to consider the work especially holy. It is only because the Bible is considered the true and accurate words, deeds, and teachings of Jesus, and the writers are believed to have been inspired by God to record them accurately that the Bible is considered to be the Living Word of God. If someone doesn't believes that, and feels that they can pick and choose to believe only those parts of the Word that suit their tastes then that is no belief at all.

For the record: I am not a believer. And I was never to fond of interpenetration.

Time Machine
2/19/2016 06:08:44 am

Uncle Ron,

>>>if the writers of those books were just making stuff up or working with what they remembered or chose to include then there would be no reason to consider the work especially holy<<<

Rubbish !!!

Just to cite one example, Theosophy is not rubbish to Theosophists,

Time Machine
2/19/2016 06:11:38 am

Uncle Ron - AGAIN

>>>For the record: I am not a believer. And I was never to fond of interpenetration.<<<

Rudolf Bultmann at the beginning of the 20th century asked the question if Christianity could have existed without its mythology.

Now we can enter the subject matter of Modernism into this debate.


Time Machine
2/19/2016 06:53:47 am

>>>For the record: I am not a believer. And I was never to fond of interpenetration.<<<

The Gospels in the New Testament kick-started as something else, and what you have now is literalised myth. That's why there are no Gospel fragments dating from the first century. That version of Christianity just did not exist during the first century,

The Pauline letters present a version of Christianity that is at total odds with the version of the Gospels - the two versions cannot be reconciled.

The Gospels are works of literalised myth and their acceptance as works of history is a work of Magic. Not rationalism.

Paul S.
2/19/2016 11:16:40 pm

<<...it has always seemed to me that one either has to believe what it says literally(contradictions and all) or reject it whole. If you start rationalizing parts to fit your personal beliefs or make it more palatable to you, you aren't believing THE BIBLE.>>

The problem with that is that the Bible is a long text with quite a few contradictions, so that even the most fervent believer who wants to take the entire thing literally in practice has to pick and choose which parts of it they emphasize. In addition, many versions of Christianity view parts of the Bible as being symbolic rather than literal in meaning.

Reply
Killbuck
2/18/2016 12:59:02 am

What, I must ask, is with Texas? Must one leave their brains at the border before entering?

Reply
An Over-Educated Grunt
2/18/2016 09:29:57 am

It's complicated. The state is divided pretty sharply between rural and urban areas, also on an east-west divide running basically parallel to the Balcones Fault (or I-35, depending on which hat you want me to wear...). Most of the urban areas are either on or east of that line. Those areas generally tilt either blue or, at worst, common-sense. Unfortunately, districting is such that rural populations in Texas have a disproportionate representation per person because there's a higher percentage of registered voters per total population in those areas (there's a case at the Supreme Court about this right now, actually). Even east of the line, there's also a much stronger streak of individualism than in other states because of conditions dating back to the Spanish land grants to the empresarios, when it was basically every man for himself, quite literally, with law enforcement forever away. This is true in most of the western states, actually, but Texas is larger and has a bigger population than any of them, so it gets a bigger voice.

Combine that with the economics of Texas, which have traditionally been tied pretty heavily to oil and cattle, neither of which are particularly popular these days. No one likes to be told that what they're doing is self-destructive, and no one particularly enjoys what they feel is undue intrusion in their affairs by outsiders, and, well, Texas is one of the few states in the union where you're still likely to run into people who consider themselves Texans first and Americans a close second.

The irony of this is that Texas is one of the national leaders in alternative energy production, thanks to the wind farms out in the Panhandle and west Texas and offshore on the Gulf (courtesy of Governor George W. Bush, I should add) and generally friendly policies toward alternative energy sources, it's home to multiple top-tier research schools, it gave the US the most liberal president in modern history (LBJ, whose liberalism was informed heavily by growing up poor in a small town and teaching at a mostly minority high school), it's the nerve center of American efforts to leave the Earth (Johnson Space Center), it's hands-down the place you want to go if you have life-threatening cancer (MD Andersen), and the largest city in the state (Houston, not Dallas, though DFW as a whole is larger) has, or had until fairly recently (I haven't tracked Houston politics closely in a while), an LGBTQ mayor. But you don't hear about any of those things.

Instead, people hear Texas and they think about Ted Cruz, whose goal is to de-fund NASA, Lamar Smith, who thinks he knows more about science and good fiduciary trust than the NSF, never mind that the Republicans have neglected their Constitutional duty to pass a budget in a timely fashion for almost a decade, and textbooks that describe the Triangle Trade as "immigrant labor."

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Time Machine
2/18/2016 10:26:32 am

Most of those politicians will be affiliated with Freemasonry.

Andrew
2/18/2016 03:33:50 pm

While I didn't enjoy living in Texas for the several months I did it is the most culturally diverse place I have ever been, I am from Montana and I'm now living in Florida. Texas gets misrepresented in the media there are plenty of reasons to dislike Texas but the traditional view of Texas from outsiders is off. I have literal been in a country bar watching people from every race i can think of line dancing together. No insults no fight nothing just people having fun. I'm sure there are parts of Texas that are worse but the state is far from a sea of white cowboys.

However it is important that people in rural areas have more representation other wise they are essentially ruled over by the next large city. Rural and urban life are different and imposing whats best for urban area negatively impacts rural ares.

An Over-Educated Grunt
2/18/2016 03:58:27 pm

How exactly is over-representation of any group in a democracy a good thing?

Andrew
2/18/2016 04:48:50 pm

An Over-Educated Grunt- First off I disagree with in calling it over representation its more it only assure that these areas have some representation otherwise there representation would be nearly non existent. I am from Montana where we have basically no say in a presidential general election sure the elected president is supposed to represent us all but does he or she? No not really if the president has a Bill on his desk that greatly helps Montanans but is slightly inconvenient to people in New York what do you think the president does veto or sign? Probably veto its not politically advantageous. We saw this with the Keystone pipeline: it had very little environmental risk in fact would have been more environmentally friendly in the long run and would have provided work and an influx of money to the local economies but he rejected it. he admitted that there was very little environmentally risk so why veto? simple the people who would benefit had less political sway with him than those that where ideologically opposed. .Given that Ill ask this how has representation based on population worked out so far? pretty terribly right? we are racially divided and many minorities have virtually no true representation. Native Americans past the tribal government rarely achieve any true representation and many of the reservations suffer from systematic poverty among other related issues. redistricting and gerrymandering are supposed to be there to aid in this a area that is cultural economical and environmentally distinct from another should have separate districts top adequately represent the people. the notion that rural populations should be punished for being more involved in their communities is laughable. Perhaps urban areas should stop looking down on rural areas and learn a few lessons from them.

Gary
2/18/2016 12:33:57 pm

All of the names in that tomb are among the most common in the region at the time. Finding that set of names together means nothing. If they searched, most people could find another family with the same set of names as their own.

Reply
Victoria
2/18/2016 03:29:57 pm

I live in Texas, and have lived here off and on for most of my life. I must say it's embarrassing at times over the past few years to admit that. Fortunately, I live in Austin where support for the ideas of Mr. Smith and Mr. Cruz is in the minority. (Not to mention our governor and attorney general.)

The food and live music is great here. People are friendly without a lot of snobbery. Lots of great outdoor activities available. No state income tax. And it's currently sunny and 75 degrees.

My plan is to stay put and keep voting.

Reply
Clete
2/18/2016 05:26:26 pm

I too, on occasion vote, but it is always for my own personnel write in candidate, MYron OWeN DICK.

Reply
Jamie Eckles link
2/21/2016 01:46:16 pm

Don't be too hard on Texas. In Tennessee we have some awful legislators too who are desperate to turn back the clock. It's embarrassing sometimes to be a Tennessean when you have idiots like Marsha Blackburn wanting to dismiss evolution in favor of creationism and who thinks the planet is actually currently cooling, not warming.

And add to that the fact that our state legislators thought it was just super keen to allow guns to be conceal - carried into bars a few years ago.

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