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Did Coronado Encounter a Chupacabra in the 1540s?

12/13/2015

7 Comments

 
In the latest issue of Skeptical Inquirer (January/February 2016), Benjamin Radford has an article on his further research into the folklore surrounding the chupacabra, the legendary vampire-like creature that rose to popularity in the late 1990s. A few years ago Radford proposed that the chupacabra was invented in 1995 by a Puerto Rican woman who confused elements of the movie Species for real life, and Radford maintains that there are no references to the cattle-mutilating monster prior to 1995. In his latest article, Radford reinforces this conclusion and explores some of the latest permutations of the chupacabra myth.
Shortly after Radford published his Tracking the Chupacabra in 2011, I published an article taking issue with Radford’s claim in the book that “no serious researcher would suggest” that the chupacabra mentioned in the writings of Aristotle (History of Animals 21.2) is the same as the Puerto Rican monster. Here I should back up just a bit and summarize my findings: the modern colloquial Spanish term chupacabra (literally: suck [chupar] goat [cabra]) is a modernization of the older Spanish term chotacabra, which means “goat-sucker” and has been the popular name for the bird known as the night-jar since Greek times (aegothelas) and Roman times (caprimulgus). (Chupar succeeded chotar as the verb for “to suck” in the twentieth century, probably from Portuguese influence.) The goat-sucker was so named because the ancients believed it sucked goats dry of milk at night (from its habit of flying between their legs, which they mistook for efforts to reach their udders). By the Middle Ages, the goatsucker’s milk fetish had become conflated with the owl’s alleged vampire-like blood sucking (Ovid, Fasti 6.131ff), thus giving rise to the idea of a bloodthirsty, cattle-killing monster bird. This myth traveled with the Spanish to the Americas, where the nightjar remained known as the chotacabra. In the New World, the nightjar was long associated with death and evil spirits, so it is no great stretch to see how the name chupacabra became associated with alleged blood-sucking monsters. So, while Radford is undoubtedly correct that Madelyne Tolentino mistook Species for real life on a given night in 1995, the reason that the imaginary monster took on the name chupacabra, given to it by comedian Silverio Pérez in the wake of mysterious animal deaths, must be connected to thousands of years of folklore in both hemispheres, which Radford continues to reject because it doesn’t fit his narrative whereby the uneducated latched on to a movie out of ignorance and gullibility.
 
In his new article, Radford displays a similar noninterest in the historical origins of the claims he wants to dismiss. He recounts a growing piece of modern fake-lore which claims that Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján, in searching for the Seven Cities of Gold in New Mexico, was attacked by chupacabras, which killed his expedition’s cattle. The story is told in Bob Curran’s books American Vampires (2012) and Vampires: A Field Guide to the Creatures That Stalk the Night (2005), which assert that the monsters resembled “little gray men” with “hard and spiky skins” or “horny skin.” According to Curran, the monsters tried to eat the cattle’s internal organs but were repelled with flaming torches and spears, though not without killing many of the cattle, which were replaced with purchases from the Zuni. Later, the Zuni allegedly told Coronado the history of the goatsuckers, that they feasted on their goats and cattle, and that they were shape-shifters.
 
Radford’s investigation of this story begins with noting its impossibility—Coronado and the Zuni could not speak each other’s languages, for one—and ends with Radford asking Curran if it is true, to which Curran replied, “I’ve used the Coronado story in a couple of books but I’ve no idea whether it’s true or not.” In the books Curran provides no source other than “a legend,” which he doesn’t bother to source. Granted, in an article there isn’t a lot of room for developing an investigation, but surely Radford might have checked the historical sources to see if there is any grounding for the story rather than accepting Curran’s ignorance as an admission of falsity. After all, why speculate when we can marshal facts to at least contextualize the fabrication.
 
Frankly, it’s hard not to think that Curran’s story takes its inspiration from the famous Trilogy of Terror (1975) sequence in which a Zuni fetish doll attacks a young woman in her apartment.
Picture
Zuni warrior doll from "Trilogy of Terror" (1975)
As it happens, Coronado’s livestock drive across New Mexico was one of the feats of its age and a major foundation for the ranching industry in the southwestern United States. Coronado’s team, traveling in 1540, brought with them 558 horses, 600 mules, 500 cattle, 5,000 sheep, and perhaps a few pigs. These animals they brought from Nueva Galicia in Mexico across Arizona and into New Mexico with exceptionally small losses along the way. These facts are given in the journals of the expedition’s members.
 
The story, as given in Curran’s text, is clearly a fake (the Natives did not herd cattle, so they could not have sold any to Coronado, for example), but it seems to draw on some real incidents from Coronado’s expedition to give it color. The incident seems to be modeled on two Native attacks on Coronado’s herd of horses, once in July 1540, when Natives shot the horses out from under the Spanish with arrows, and again in the winter of 1540-1541, when the Tiguex captured and massacred more than sixty horses in one night in a dispute over grazing rights. This attack was recounted by Juan Troyano in testimony before Lorenzo de Tejada, charged with auditing Coronado’s governance of Nueva Galicia. (He would charge Coronado with misconduct, but Coronado was exonerated.)
 
Anyway, Radford rightly concludes that the story is improbable, but his objections never enter into evidence the testimony of the surviving members of the Coronado expedition and the lack of documentary support for the story that Curran gives. Interestingly, the key to the story might be in an offhand aside that some who copied and expanded on the story provide, describing the little monsters as “devil men.” According to an article appearing in the Gallup Independent for November 18, 1946, an archaeologist found rock art depicting conquistadors surrounded by “three or four devil men, figures much resembling the customary representation of devils.” Now, obviously, in one day I’m not going to be able to do the research to discover the actual origins of the story, but Radford has, by his own admission, been studying the Coronado legend for more than two and a half years.
 
Given that we can find parts of the modern story reflected in history and art—in wildly different contexts—it seems likely that Curran, if we give him the benefit of the doubt that he didn’t simply make it up, picked up some modern oral history influenced by the 1990s-era craze for the chupacabra and few real life details and repeated it uncritically as a historic legend. 
7 Comments
Clete
12/13/2015 02:14:33 pm

Jason, that picture with the article almost scared me to death. Haven't we enough pictures of Donald Trump?

Reply
David Bradbury
12/13/2015 02:39:00 pm

Oh wow! That Gallup Independent story about finds at Lupton, AZ, leads us to amateur archaeologist "Two Guns" Miller!
And it's on Route 66!

http://www.truewestmagazine.com/ghosts-town-of-route-66/

http://ncptt.nps.gov/rt66archive/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/INTERVIEW-Ena-Middleton-8-7-07.pdf

Reply
Bob Jase
12/13/2015 04:12:22 pm

Much as I try to dissuade them my cats catch & eat nightjars. I suppose that's why there are no chupacabra reports from Connecticut.

I also have a replica of He-Who-Kills in my bedroom - no difficulties twixt him & the cats.

Reply
Tony
12/13/2015 04:18:36 pm

The goat-sucking night-jar, not to be confused with the cow-tipping night-jar.

Reply
DaveR
12/14/2015 03:31:02 pm

It appears nobody in the fringe theory camp does any fact checking, well, beyond what other fringe theorists are theorizing.

Reply
Elian Gonzalez
3/31/2016 10:32:07 pm

That movie scared the HELL of out me when I was a kid! That picture just undid years of therapy!

Reply
Davidq link
6/21/2016 04:03:50 am

that movie was great any thanks for sharing

Reply

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    • Collection: Ancient Alien Fraud >
      • Chariots of the Gods at 50
      • Secret History of Ancient Astronauts
      • Of Atlantis and Aliens
      • Aliens and Ancient Texts
      • Profiles in Ancient Astronautics >
        • Erich von Däniken
        • Robert Temple
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      • Blunders in the Sky
      • The Case of the False Quotes
      • Alternative Authors' Quote Fraud
      • David Childress & the Aliens
      • Faking Ancient Art in Uzbekistan
      • Intimations of Persecution
      • Zecharia Sitchin's World
      • Jesus' Alien Ancestors?
      • Extraterrestrial Evolution?
    • Collection: Skeptic Magazine >
      • America Before Review
      • Native American Discovery of Europe
      • Interview: Scott Sigler
      • Golden Fleeced
      • Oh the Horror
      • Discovery of America
      • Supernatural Television
      • Review of Civilization One
      • Who Lost the Middle Ages
      • Charioteer of the Gods
    • Collection: Ancient History >
      • Prehistoric Nuclear War
      • The China Syndrome
      • Atlantis, Mu, and the Maya
      • Easter Island Exposed
      • Who Built the Sphinx?
      • Who Built the Great Pyramid?
      • Archaeological Cover Up?
    • Collection: The Lovecraft Legacy >
      • Pauwels, Bergier, and Lovecraft
      • Lovecraft in Bergier
      • Lovecraft and Scientology
    • Collection: UFOs >
      • Alien Abduction at the Outer Limits
      • Aliens and Anal Probes
      • Ultra-Terrestrials and UFOs
      • Rebels, Queers, and Aliens
    • Scholomance: The Devil's School
    • Prehistory of Chupacabra
    • The Templars, the Holy Grail, & Henry Sinclair
    • Magicians of the Gods Review
    • The Curse of the Pharaohs
    • The Antediluvian Pyramid Myth
    • Whitewashing American Prehistory
    • James Dean's Cursed Porsche
  • The Library
    • Ancient Mysteries >
      • Ancient Texts >
        • Mesopotamian Texts >
          • Atrahasis Epic
          • Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Kutha Creation Legend
          • Babylonian Creation Myth
          • Descent of Ishtar
          • Berossus
          • Comparison of Antediluvian Histories
        • Egyptian Texts >
          • The Shipwrecked Sailor
          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
          • The Papyrus of Ani
          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
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          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
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          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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