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Did Marco Barbaro Record an Earlier Version of the Zeno Narrative?

3/28/2013

12 Comments

 
As I’ve discussed more than a few times, the sole support for the claim that Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Baron of Roslin sailed to America is the 1558 Zeno Narrative, which tells of the Zeno Brothers’ trip to an imaginary island in the years around 1400. This can only be made to agree with Henry’s life by special pleading and the wild assumption that the Zeno Brothers mangled the name Sinclair (or of Orkney) into that of Zichmni, the far-voyaging hero of the Narrative. Richard Henry Major, the most famous advocate of the Henry = Zichmni theory, put down the differences to the hyperbolic and excitable nature of Italians, who had no mind for truth: “the southern mind [has] a tendency to a certain amount of hyperbole...”

The fact that the Zeno Narrative is a hoax seems like a pretty open and shut case, but I discovered that there is a complicating factor often discussed in the Holy Bloodline and Sinclair conspiracy literature. Apparently the voyage of the Zeni to America is recorded in the Venetian nobleman Marco Barbaro’s Genealogie patrizie, an undated manuscript that records the family histories of the Venetian noble houses. Here’s what he said, speaking of Antonio Zeno:

He wrote with his brother, Nicolò the Cavalier, the voyages of the islands under the Arctic Pole, and of those discoveries of 1390, and that by order of Zicno, King of Frisland, he went to the continent of Estotiland in North America. He dwelt fourteen years in Frisland, four with his brother Nicolò, and ten alone. (trans. Richard Henry Major)

Templar-Holy Bloodline-Sinclair speculators assert that this manuscript was written in 1536, which proves, they say, that the Zeno story could not have been fabricated by Nicolò Zeno the younger, the author of the 1558 book, but must have been a genuine tradition reported by the younger Nicolò and Marco Barbaro.

What a mess it is trying to untangle this.

The Barbaro manuscript is undated. It is currently held at a library in Vienna, and so far as I am aware has never been translated. The Venetian dialect original was transcribed and published in 1887, but I don’t have access to this edition. Because it is undated, different books give a range of dates for the text. I’ve seen different scholars write that it was composed in 1526, 1536, 1566, “the sixteenth century,” and “midcentury.” This does not inspire confidence.

Barbaro was born in 1511, so the 1526 date is highly doubtful and almost certainly a mistake. He died in 1570, so the other dates can’t be excluded through biography. Published excerpts from the Barbaro manuscript include material down to at least 1566, a date discussed in his genealogy of the family of Marco Polo, so the manuscript cannot have been finished before then. Additionally, Barbaro make reference to “America” as the name for the northern landmass of the New World, a name that history does not record as belonging to North America until Gerardus Mercator so named it on 1538 map.

So, where did the 1536 date come from? As far as I can tell, those books that do give a source for the date are almost all mid-nineteenth century volumes, and they all cite an editor’s footnote in an 1818 Italian book on Marco Polo. I haven’t seen that volume, so I can’t say for sure, but it seems like this is one possible source for the 1536 date—especially given what I learned next. Richard Henry Major repeated the date in his influential preface to his translation of the Zeno Narrative, and all later Templar-Sinclair-Jesus speculators took their information directly from him. Major, in turn, took the date from Capt. C. C. Zahrtmann’s skeptical account of the Zeno narrative from 1835, which gives the 1536 date and attempts to puzzle out how it was possible. Zahrtmann proposed that Nicolò the younger inserted the lines into the Barbaro manuscript as the two families were related and they were of similar ages (21 and 25) in 1536. Zahrtmann never says where he in turn got it from, but he cites Cardinal Placido Zurla’s Di Marco Polo e degli altri Viaggiatori Veneziani più, the same book cited elsewhere as the source for the 1536 date, as well as Zurla’s book on the Zeni, Dissertazione Intorno ai Viaggi e Scoperti Settentrionali di Nicolò et Antonio, Fratelli Zeni. Zurla, in his two books on the Zeno Narrative, apparently asserted that Barbaro had begun his genealogy of the Zeno family in 1536. In his Dissertazione, Zurla merely asserted that

…the family tree of the Zeni family was drawn up by the Venetian patrician Marco Barbaro and inserted into T. VII of his MS. work, Discendente patrizie, a copy of which is owned by the eminent Venetian nobleman Lorenzo Antonio da Ponte… Barbaro worked on writing this until 1536, i.e. before Nicolò Zeno the younger compiled his History, which was in 1557, as we saw; and moreover, Barbaro is supremely renowned for his assiduous studies and his accuracy in such matters. (pp. 29-30, my trans.)

Zurla notes that this was before the younger Zeno’s Narrative was published, but Zurla gives no information about how he derived the 1536 date, one that is belied by the dates given in Barbaro’s text. It is also unlikely that a 25-year-old was composing a monumental genealogy, or had been working on it for many years. I’m thinking Zurla was just wrong, perhaps (at the risk of sounding too much like Major) misreading bad handwriting in recording the wrong date. This is perhaps more likely since Zurla said he was working from a copy, not the autograph original.

In the 1810s, Zurla, a Venetian patriot, was criticized for taking liberties with material in his 1816 first book on Marco Polo, a book that was said to have earned him his Cardinal’s hat. Zurla apparently overly interpreted material to make Marco Polo more heroic and give Venice pride of place as the center of medieval innovation.

I don’t have access to Zurla’s 1818 Marco Polo book, so I’m not sure if there is better evidence for Barbaro in there, but if there really were any evidence the Barbaro manuscript had been written in 1536, surely modern scholars who have worked with it would be able to make a more definitive dating than “middle sixteenth century.”

But what frosts me is that every book I’ve checked—dozens of them, both Victorian and modern—repeats the exact same material in nearly the exact same words—largely Major’s. And not just English books—French and Italian texts use virtually the same language, too! FOR MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED YEARS. Certainly if you are going to claim that your book rewrites history on the basis of the Zeno Narrative, it behooves you to at least try to find out where the facts come from, not just repeat and repeat what other alternative writers wrote.

12 Comments
John McKay link
3/28/2013 04:02:45 pm

When I have time, I love this game of following the genealogy of a narrative. Libraries digitizing their older and rare books makes this much easier to do. In the course of writing my book, I have gone from using the easy to find primary sources to trying to track down the original of every fact I use. The transmission of knowledge one of the main themes of the book. I'm really wringing the dissertation I never got to write when I dropped out of grad school ABD. I love finding these things. Since I decided to go all primary sources, I've discovered a half dozen plagiarisms and some fascinating rumors and fictions that became "facts." For example, one of the most famous frozen mammoths never existed.

When I finally put the book to bed, I'm going to see if I can write a formal academic paper on the word "mammoth" because I've discovered a few new details about it's origin. When the book is done I'd like to get your advice on e-publishing some of the stories, like these detective pieces, that didn't fit into the book, but that might make an attractive anthology for a niche market.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
3/29/2013 07:49:31 am

Isn't it fascinating how older authors thought they could get away with plagiarism because, before Google Books, there was so little chance anyone would ever find the original?

I don't blame the nineteenth century authors for repeating information, since few Americans could reasonably be expected to take 6 mos. off work to go sail to Europe, hike to Vienna, and consult Barbaro's original. But by the 2010s, at least SOME effort should be expended to find out where facts came from.

Of course, when I do it, I get yelled at. See Steve St. Clair's upset that I noted today that his ideas trace back to Thomas Sinclair, who delivered a notably racist rant in 1893 about how white America needs to recognize Henry Sinclair as the true discoverer of America to keep down the "Latins" who threatened to overwhelm WASP culture.

Reply
Gunn Sinclair
3/29/2013 02:24:14 pm

I couldn't help noticing in that "rant" the allusion to red natives. Figurative? Yes, of course. So far in the last week I've heard about white natives, black natives and red natives, but nothing about brown natives. I wonder if this is a racist conspiracy to avoid calling native skin color what it actually is? Or, are these colors used for a "convinience" of quick distinction? Obviously, white writers a hundred or two hundred years ago weren't very careful about color-labeling humans.

Red didn't really mean red, and sometimes black didn't really mean black. Some natives described as black or white within a tribe were almost certainly neither black or white, but rather lighter and darker by contrast, such as the description of Mandans by La Verendrye. What nonsense, yet it was done, and we still do it today.

I guess we are all people of color, but that won't work, either, will it? What are we to do? I guess we'll have to move to a non-color identification process, either that or else try to figure out more exactly what writers really mean when they throw colors around so haphazardly.

John McKay link
3/30/2013 07:26:12 pm

Gunn,
That really is a sad argument. Semantics over color? Which terms will you accept? Crayola crayons? Which year? Sherman-Williams paint chips? You know what Jason means. Don't waste our time with such a sad argument. I know you can do better than that. I say this as someone who I suspect is within thirty G's of you on a standard RGB scale.

Reply
Gunn Sinclair
3/31/2013 04:05:29 am

John, which part of the discussion between Jason and I weren't you able to follow? On the surface, you could take this as a mild slam, but it really isn't. If anyone (BL) is able to track conversations well, he or she would find that, unfortunately, Jason lost the argument about La Verendrye's description of "black and white" Mandans. If you recall, he didn't want to grant me the right to mix figurative with literal, for which I had to tell him that he could not set that rule. Then I went on to suggest how La Verendrye probably meant very dark compared to light, using a combination of literal and figurative terms of color. (Though even white wouldn't have been true white, as discussed above.)

So then, in essence, I believe it quite possible that Scandinavians went into America's heartland in the middle of the 14th century, and that they gave up a large effort to settle and became, in part, the Mandan Native Americans spoken of by La Verendrye well before other sources came by over a hundred years later to muddy the picture, so to speak.

La Verendrye's is the earliest mention about so-called white Indians that I know of, so his account is supremely important. That's why it was and is so important for both Jason and I that we would each win the argument about exactly what the early French explorer meant, more precisely, if possible. So, figuratively speaking, black does not always mean black. When talking about African-Americans in America, black seldom means black. Black is a term of inaccurate and quick identification some times, which is why many blacks in America prefer something else. Whether the darker Mandans would have been annoyed by La Verendrye's comment is another matter entirely; I don't about the Mandan's past consideration of colors any more than we can be sure about LaVerendrye's past considerations of colors.

John, Friend, you just joined Jason in losing this same argument, and you identified yourself as someone not quite able to follow the dialogue. I bet Janson is glad you brought this up again, and not him! Chuckles unending....

Reply
Gunn Sinclair
3/31/2013 04:16:04 am

Should be "I don't KNOW about the Mandan's past consideration...."

Also, I didn't mean to change Jason's name to Janson.

John McKay link
3/30/2013 07:48:53 pm

Jason,
One of the most popular posts on my old blog is a ridiculously short history of plagiarism. People say, "back then things weren't the same." Back then was further back then they think. Modern plagiarism laws are 300 years old in the English speaking world.

Racism or other cultural norms might be understandable to historians, but plagiarism is not. A scoundrel in the time of William and Mary is still a scoundrel today, and vice versa.

Reply
Mary K Johnson
4/1/2013 09:34:49 am

Regarding Frederick J. Pohl's research in Nova Scotia:
http://library.bridgew.edu/exhibits/BMAS/pdf/MAS-v20n03.pdf

Reply
Alastair Sweeny
4/2/2013 05:31:53 am

Jason:

The following is a survey of Sinclair from our History of Canada:

----

Sinclair Legend and Lore

http://sinclair.quarterman.org/phssna.html

The Sinclair Society in Nova Scotia and various fans of the Knights Templar \ Holy Grail story propose the following historical scenario:

In 1393, Henry Sinclair, Prince of the Orkney Islands, sent a Venetian admiral, Nicolo Zeno, to carry out a survey of Greenland, in preparation for their journey to the New World. Before embarking on what was considered a risky endeavor, Sinclair made provisions for transferring some of his lands to his brothers and eldest daughter. He then took to the sea with 12 vessels, Zeno navigating, and 200-300 fellow voyagers, made up of monks and fugitive Templars. He landed in Cape Breton on June 2, 1398, and Guysborough, Nova Scotia on June 12, 1398.

The Sinclair Society claims that Sinclair's logs in Venice record such a trip.

Born at Rosslyn Castle near Edinburgh in 1345, Henry Sinclair became Earl of Rosslyn and the surrounding lands as well as Prince of Orkney, Duke of Oldenburg (Denmark), and Premier Earl of Norway.


The Zeno Narrative reads:

Sinclair departs from Iceland - "Sinclair, seeing he could do nothing, and that if we were to persevere in this attempt, the fleet would fall short of provisions, took his departure with a fair wind and sailed 6 days to the westwards; but the winds afterwards shifting to the southwest, and the sea becoming rough, we sailed 4 days with the wind aft and finally sighted land."

"As the sea ran high and we did not know what country it was, we were afraid at first to approach it, but by God's blessing the wind lulled, and then there came on a great calm. Some of the crew pulled ashore and soon returned with great joy with news that they found an excellent country and a still better harbour."

"After eight days the 100 soldiers returned, and brought work that they had been through the island and up to the hill, and that the smoke was a natural thing proceeding from a great fire in the bottom of the hill, and that there was a spring from which issued a certain substance like pitch, which ran into the sea, and that thereabouts dwelt a great many people half wild, and living in caves. They were of small stature and very timid. They reported also there was a large river, and a very good and safe harbor."

Some say Sinclair or a member of his crew lived among the Micmacs long enough to be remembered in legend as the man-god Glooscap. Micmac legend speaks of bearded visitors with red hair and green eyes who showed them how to fish with nets.

Science fiction writer Frederick Pohl, in Prince Henry Sinclair, also identifies Gooscap as Henry Sinclair. Pohl has a list of 17 specific similarities between Glooscap and Sinclair, including the fact that they each had three daughters. In memory of Sinclair's parting, the Micmacs traditionally chanted: "Nemajeeck, Numeedich." This is similar to an old Norse sea-chantey sung when weighing anchor: "Nu mo jag, nu mo deg."


The Templar Connection

Some Holy Grail fans feel Sinclair was connected with the Templars, and was bringing the Holy Family to Canada. His ancestor and namesake, Henri de Saint-Clair fought beside Godfroi de Bouillon at the taking of Jerusalem. Several Saint-Clairs became Templars themselves. Many Templars fled to Scotland, after the dissolution of 1312, and some found refuge among the Saint-Clairs of Rosslyn in Midlothian. There is a Templar cemetery there.

The chapel at Rosslyn - built between 1446 and 1486 - has long been associated with both Freemasonry and the Rose-Croix. Grail Seeker Trevor Ravenscroft claimed in 1962 that he had finished a twenty year quest in search of the Grail at Rosslyn chapel.....His claim was that the Grail was inside the Prentice Pillar (as it is known) in this chapel.

According to Michael Bradley, Holy Grail Across the Atlantic:
"Burning pitch deposits at Stellarton [Nova Scotia] behind Mt. Adams were responsible for the 'burning hill' Sinclair's explorers first thought they saw. The description confirms Cape Caruso as the area of landfall on June 2, 1398."

The Oak Island Connection

According to a Micmac Legend, "Glooscap built himself an island, planted trees on it, and sailed away in his stone canoe."

Templar fans speculate that Sinclair was on a mission to move the Templar's treasure to safer ground. Some suggest Oak Island's "money pit" may hold the Templar's lost treasure, buried for safekeeping by Henry Sinclair and his shipmates 600 years ago.

Fans say Zeno's Narrative in Venice documents the exploration of Nova Scotia during the next year. The explorers supposedly traveled to Cape D'Or and Advocate and built a ship there. There is evidence that they erected a small castle in New Ross, near Oak Island.

While immensely interesting, this is all speculation and legend.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
4/2/2013 05:34:38 am

I invite you to read today's (April 2, 2013) blog post where I tear apart the false claim that Glooscap was Henry Sinclair.

Reply
nancy
1/21/2014 01:43:08 pm

https://fundrazr.com/campaigns/4gOhf?utm_expid=35112346-2.Ha7NegCKQLO97s8rW-jMoQ.0&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Ffundrazr.com%2Ffind%3Fsearch%3DKnights%2BTemplar%2BTreasure%2BFind

Reply
Virginia
9/26/2014 04:21:54 am

Barbaro most Certainly could have done this as a young teen! My brother was draftng at an early age. They did not have cellphones or video games back then and actually enjoyed being useful and creative...

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