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Did the Vikings Bring Danish Dogs to the Inca Empire in the Middle Ages?

5/14/2020

31 Comments

 
During the nineteenth century, a craze emerged for claiming the medieval Norse as the first Europeans to visit the Americas, long before Columbus. The core of the claim turned out to be true. Vikings reached eastern Canada around 1000 CE, though the Victorians had no real physical evidence of this, only a few medieval texts and some hoaxed stones. But advocates soon expanded the claim beyond the evidence and beyond logic, turning the Vikings into an early version of European imperialists, imagining them colonizing both North and South America and bequeathing European culture to the natives. The French writer Eugène Beauvois was perhaps the most extreme advocate, imagining the entire civilization of ancient Mexico the work of the Norse. In South America, the twentieth century Nazi sympathizer and Peronist collaborator Jacques de Mahieu pushed a narrative that Vikings were the first Aryan colonizers of South America, and their early efforts paved the way for the Knights Templar.
This week, Ancient Origins published a piece by Geoffrey Brooks, a man who describes himself as “a pensioner” and “not an academic,” claiming that the Vikings reached South America. It ought to surprise no one that his evidence is rooted in the same nineteenth century conceptions that fueled the first run of claims attributing pre-Columbian American civilizations to the Vikings. Not a small amount is recycled, with citations, from Jacques de Mahieu, including the alleged legend of the “white king Ipir,” a supposed Viking royal reigning in the Americas. De Mahieu wrote a book about it, spinning a Viking and Nazi fantasy out of a confused legend believed by Aleixo Garcia (a.k.a. Alejo García) (d. 1525), one of dozens of misunderstood Contact-period stories where Europeans imagined “white” figures were possessors of power or wealth. In the best-known near-contemporary account mentioning the white king, Garcia went in search of “un rey blanco” and a kingdom laden with gold, but as Charles E. Nowell correctly concluded in 1946, the story was a slightly garbled account of the Inca Empire, told to a Portuguese traveling westward from Brazil by Natives who knew of Peru only through rumor and legend. The description they provided of nobles with silver crowns and heavy gold earrings and gold-inlaid belts was remarkably correct, however.
 
The first evidence Brooks used, however, was new to me and worth discussing a bit, if only because it is so strange. Brooks says that sheepdogs from Denmark were found mummified in an Inca necropolis at Ancon, Chile in the 1880s. As we’ll see, ever part of that claim is questionable at best.
 
Ancon is indeed a necropolis, though the Inca were the last in a line stretching back 10,000 years to use it. When Alfred Nehring found the dogs there and wrote up a German-language report about them, later published somewhere in Reiss and Steubel’s multivolume The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru that I have no interest in leafing through to find, he apparently had already come to believe that the bones were unusual. After taking measurements, he wrote in a longer 1884 paper that the bones were extremely similar to those of the European Turnspit or Dachshund. He gave the Peruvian bones their own species name, Canis ingae vertagus (i.e., the Inca greyhound).
 
According to the scholarly literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, bones of dogs of a similar type could be found from Chile to Virginia, dating from the Pleistocene to the Contact period, and a major dispute surrounded the question of whether any or all of these bones belonged to the genus Canis, a different genus, or whether they represented one or more distinct species or evolution from one species over time. Various bones passed under the names Canis robustus, Pachycon robustus, Macocyon robustus, etc. In common terms, it was called the short-nosed Indian dog. Eventually, most scholars recognized the bones as Canis lupus familiaris, the familiar dog, in contradistinction to a new species bred from coyotes of wolves, or a different genus altogether. Glover M. Allen, writing in Dogs of the American Aborigines, for the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, declared in 1920 that “There seems to be no doubt that Pachycyon robustus is after all only a breed of dog cultivated by the Indians of the southern part of North America and Peru. It is therefore no longer to be thought of as a problematical mammal of the Pleistocene.”
 
There are, of course, two different types of dogs, both related, being discussed here. The more ancient of the two is the short-nosed Indian dog, and the more recent is the so-called Inca dog. Nehring found both at Ancon, since that necropolis featured burials from 10,000 BCE down to the Conquest. Evidence from colonial-period Spanish writers like Garcilaso de la Vega made clear that the dog was present in the Americas before the Spanish, and descriptions from the time, along with extant breeds in the twentieth century that derived from the Inca lineage, suggested that the Inca dog descended from its short-nosed ancestor, whose wolf-like appearance implied that it accompanied the first Americans into the Americas not long after the domestication of the first dog. In 1916, for example, George F. Eaton called the breed living in his day “very wolf-like,” and Allen in 1920 went into numbing detail about the dogs’ osteological similarity to native dogs found throughout the Americas.
 
However, Brooks writes that in the 1950s, two French zoologists rejected this scientific consensus and declared that the Inca dogs could not be descended from the short-nosed Indian dogs. They argued that the bones were an exact match for a breed of sheepdog found only at Bundsö in Jutland in Denmark. Therefore, they concluded that the Danes gave some of these sheepdogs to the Vikings, who took them to Vinland, where they were traded southward after the fall of that Norse colony.
 
Unfortunately, Brooks did not provide a reference for this article, and his description is riddled with errors that make it hard to track. He identifies the Danish dog as “Canis familiaris L.patustris Rut.” By this, he must mean that the French zoologists were referring to Canis lupus familiaris palustris, Rütim., an old name for an early breed of domesticated dog (considered its own species, Canis palustris, in the mid-1800s) that many in the twentieth century considered closely related to modern sheepdogs. However, while this ancient dog is known from examples found in Danish peat bogs (hence the name) and archaeological sites, scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries did not consider it unique to Jutland but rather thought it widespread across the Neolithic world. At any rate, it wasn’t a medieval dog.
 
While Brooks’s current article is a mess, it is a close reuse of material he posted on a discussion board in 2015, where he offered more detail. There, he confirms that I guessed the species name correctly, and he identifies the French zoologists: Madeleine Friant and H. Reichlen. That let me find their article rather easily. (Technically, Friat wrote the piece, with research by Reichlen.) Their evidence wasn’t as strong as they imagined, nor is it quite what Brooks described.
Picture
Inca dog skull (left) and Neolithic Danish dog (right) as presented by Madeline Friant.
The correspondences they show between the Inca dog and the Neolithic Danish one are not perfect, as they claim, even to a naked eye comparison of the two skulls, and their conclusion is still more bizarre. They concluded that the Neolithic Danish dogs remained virtually unchanged down to the Middle Ages, leaving no other trace, until the Vikings made use of their descendants and took them to Vinland, where the Natives passed them on to the Inca a few centuries later.
Everything suggests that the dogs of the Vikings, about which we have no details, were the descendants of the Neolithic dogs of Scandinavia, of Bundsö, in particular.  At the beginning of the 11th century, when the Indians, victorious, seized considerable booty from the Vikings, they certainly took the dogs, which they carried, in their nomadic life, to South America. And these are the dogs of the Vikings that we will find under the name of “Inca dogs” before the arrival of Christopher Columbus at the end of the 15th century.
 (my trans.)
In reality, the Vikings took with them to Iceland and thus theoretically to Vinland the similar breed known as the Vallhund, which origiated around 800-900 CE.

I needn’t remark that the authors are utterly ignorant of Native life in its complexity and diversity before Columbus—much less that the Inuit of Canada were not in cahoots with the peoples of Peru—but I should remark that the entire speculation rests on the identity of the Inca dog and a Neolithic Danish dog from five thousand years earlier—with no evidence of an intermediate stage or that the Vikings’ dogs were of unchanged character from their prehistoric counterparts.
 
The most parsimonious explanation remains that we are looking at a case where dogs, derived from the same early base stock, bred for similar tasks, achieved similar body shapes. In fact, if you remove the speculative elements from the authors’ own study, they show the same thing:

  1. Inca dogs are not related to wild canids of South America, but are similar to the preceding short-nosed dogs.
  2. Inca dogs are most similar to Neolithic European dogs, but the match is not exact, according to their own measurements.
  3. Inca dogs do not match modern European dogs, who are much closer in time to Viking dogs than the Neolithic dogs are.
 
The conclusion, absent a preexisting belief in Viking global supremacy, must be that the Inca dogs share a common ancient ancestor with the Neolithic Danish dogs, probably the early domesticated dog, and breeding for similar purposes produced similar body types.
31 Comments
Kent
5/14/2020 10:12:35 am

And here I was thinking it was Scott Wolter who overturned the "Columbus first" paradigm...

"When Alfred Nehring found the dogs there and wrote up a German-language report about them, later published somewhere in Reiss and Steubel’s multivolume The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru that I have no interest in leafing through to find..."

Vol. 1 p.201

Reply
Jim
5/14/2020 10:16:43 am

Canis Templari
Montezuma was hiding Templar gold.

Reply
AMHC
5/14/2020 02:12:26 pm

Got to Decenter the subject of German Idealism somehow to justify the reflexivity of political economy and economics as a Freudian or Semetic Conspiracy lest the reductionism involved be labeled ideology and Marxism....

Reply
Paul
5/14/2020 10:51:02 am

Ah, dog, the original snack food. Lewis and Clark preferred the food so there must be a Templar connection. What could be better? Dogs follow one around and when you are hungry, just bop them and throw them in the pot.

Reply
Doc Rock
5/14/2020 10:53:00 am

So the Newfie Indians kicked the Vikings asses, took their dogs,and then in typical nomadic fashion hoofed it about 8000 miles to Peru without leaving a trail of Inca dogs all along the route? Is that about right?

Reply
Kent
5/14/2020 11:41:45 am

No. What is about right is that the article asserts that Vikings brought the dogs directly to South America.

In the mentioned article Brooks presents a theory (which is not his) that the dogs were traded south from Indian group to Indian group because none of the Indians wanted the dogs, so they traded them to Indians to the south who also didn't want the dogs in an imaginary canine daisy chain all the way to Peru.

Reply
Rock Knocker
5/14/2020 11:58:38 am

Perhaps the answer is that the Newfie People hitched a ride from Canada to Peru aboard Zheng He’s Ming fleet on its voyage of discovery circumnavigating the Americas. That would explain the missing overland “trail of dogs”. Sure the timeline is off a few centuries, but when has ever gotten in the way of a good pseudo-history theory?


.

Reply
Doc Rock
5/14/2020 09:34:28 pm

I was referring to the translation since I thought it specifically mentioned nomadic Indians.. But with all the BS swirling around and little ole me on my third Mimosa of the morn by that time I may have missed something. Maybe they meant that the Indians invaded Scandinavia and seized the dogs there then turned around and headed to Peru. An even longer jaunt.

Reply
Kent
5/15/2020 01:27:25 am

The translation specifically refers to the Vikings' "nomadic ways" not the Indians'.

You might want to look into a little book by Upton Sinclair, The Cup of Fury. Korsakoff's Syndrome is no joke. Except to onlookers! The first step is denying you have a problem.

https://archive.org/stream/cupoffury00sinc/cupoffury00sinc_djvu.txt

Dog Rock
5/15/2020 11:07:35 am

I'm going off of the sentence leading into the translated excerpt and the excerpt itself. Try reading it very slowly and carefully aloud and think about it. As structured, it sounds to me like they are referring to the dogs arriving in Vinland with the Vikings and then the Vikings dropping out of the process in terms of how the dogs got to Peru. You seem to be saying what Brooks interpreted from the piece not what the authors were actually claiming, if I am following this correctly. But since I am on jumbo bloody Mary number two I could be suffering from the same Blue Goose inspired confusion as yesterday.

Is anyone else here confused about this?

Erik the Head
5/15/2020 12:43:37 pm

Eliminate Kent's incorrect assumption that Vikings were nomadic from one's reading of the material and there is no confusion. The discussion by the original authors regards the assertion that Native Americans seized dogs from Norse settlers in Vineland and the animals diffused to South America via population movement by Native Americans.

Much of Mr. Colavito's discussion was devoted to how this narrative was distorted by Mr. Brooks. Now it is being distorted by Kent.

Kent
5/15/2020 12:46:34 pm

Sorry, Charles Nelson Mimosa.

"At the beginning of the 11th century, when the Indians, victorious, seized considerable booty from the Vikings, they certainly took the dogs, which they carried, in their nomadic life, to South America."

And you're not bothered by the fact that whoever it was was CARRYING the dogs? Picture a Viking with a teacup Chihuahua.

The problem here is the translator's overuse of commas. Fixed, it reads thus:

"At the beginning of the 11th century, when the Indians, victorious, seized considerable booty from the Vikings they certainly took the dogs which they [the Vikings] carried in their nomadic life, to South America. "

Brooks in his article, which I have actually read, says the dogs were traded south from Indian group to Indian group because none of the Indians wanted the dogs, so they traded them to Indians to the south who also didn't want the dogs in an imaginary canine daisy chain all the way to Peru.

As for the sentence leading into the translation,

"They concluded that the Neolithic Danish dogs remained virtually unchanged down to the Middle Ages, leaving no other trace, until the Vikings made use of their descendants and took them to Vinland, where the Natives passed them on to the Inca a few centuries later." Via the canine daisy chain of Indians trading for dogs that they didn't want until they got to the Inca, who did want them.

As I said, Korsakoff's is funny to onlookers! Thanks for being a good sport.

American Disco Skraeling
5/15/2020 02:15:54 pm

There is no confusion although it may seem that way to someone who is day drinking. Kent is trying to sow discord while still coloring within the lines of the new moderation policy. Case in point his purposeful misrepresentation of the word "carried" to muddy the waters. Ignore him.

Kent
5/15/2020 02:40:37 pm

"Eliminate Kent's incorrect assumption that Vikings were nomadic from one's reading of the material..."

Not MY assumption, Sirrah! The Vikings traded with Arabs (documented) and got to South America (according to this story). If that doesn't qualify as "nomadic" (I didn't write it so it's not MY assumption) you have to admit they got around.

Let's talk about YOUR assumption of dog-carrying nomadic American Indians, shall we? Does the genetic record back that up? No, of course it doesn't.

Like I said, Korsakoff's is never not funny to onlookers. With Jerry Stiller gone you're doing God's work.

Darold knowles
5/15/2020 05:36:54 pm

The sentence begins with a clause describing the victorious Indians as seizing considerable booty from the Vikings to support the notion that the Indians “certainly took the dogs” which would obviously be part of said “booty.” Any other reading suggests that two contradictory ideas were jammed into the same sentence for no reason. Reading is FUNdamental.

Doc Rock
5/15/2020 09:17:42 pm

"Brooks, in his article, which I have actually read..." I commented on the translation, not Brooks. Darold can take the rest from this point.

"...whoever it was was CARRYING the dogs..." If you struggle with the concept of "carried" then you must have an interesting take on "booty". Others can waste their time dealing with your struggles with the English language.

"you have to admit they got around." So did the English. That didn't make them nomads. I agree that your take was based in no small part on your own assumption that the Vikings were nomads. They weren't. Go argue with the historians on Reddit

For all prospective college faculty out there, this is some insight into the next 30-odd years of your life. 19 year old versions of American Negro (yep Skraeling, it's him), oops I mean Kent, will be pounding on your office door demanding to know why they earned only 12/25 points on that reaction paper when you spotted them 10 points for getting their name and the name of the class right. It's not too late to say "screw it," and register for the online Mortuary Science program at the local Community College.

For critics of my daytime choice in refreshments, if you spent 30 years dealing with Jeff Albertsons like this, you would appreciate some morning drinky drinks too.

Time to move on and leave it to the kiddie table to attempt damage control spin.




Une Mouche Sur Le Mur
5/16/2020 06:34:03 am

Reading French and reading the entire article is fundamental. One may quibble over the precise wording of a translation. However, the final sentence of the paper on page 206 clearly asserts that the defeated Vikings retreated north and the victorious Amerindians took the dogs, as part of the booty seized from the Vikings, with them as far as South America. The authors do not specify if the same Amerindians that captured the dogs took them all the way to South America. However, this highly unrealistic scenario is implied since the authors chose to emphasize that the Amerindians were nomadic.

Fredo Eiriksdottir
5/16/2020 08:03:56 am

Native Americans physically moving from eastern Canada to Peru during the Middle Ages is impossible. A particular type of dog being traded from one group to another from eastern Canada until it arrives in Peru is highly unlikely given the time-frame involved.

In the future Kent should consider making use of the google translate search engine before commenting on non-English language materials. See link below. You won't need to type in the entire address. The first several characters should get you there.

https://www.google.com/search?ei=Ws-_XvrxMtfNtQbNroOwCg&q=google+translate&oq=google+translate&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIFCAAQgwEyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEEc6BAgAEEM6DggAEOoCELQCEJoBEOUCOgcIABCDARBDOggIABCDARCRAjoFCAAQkQJQg-NYWLCaWWCvolloAXABeAOAAZIDiAGeHZIBCjAuMTguMS4yLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEG&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwj6hu_NpLjpAhXXZs0KHU3XAKYQ4dUDCAs&uact=5






Kent
5/16/2020 10:01:05 am

You've created a character who likes to drink, likes to talk about it, and makes excuses for it. Very lifelike. Good work!

N.B. *I* wasn't saying the Vikings were nomads, I was saying the *author* was saying it. The same problem attaches to calling the Newfoundland Indians nomadic. At best they traveled to Incatown and pooped out the dogs there.

You see in the old west a cowboy dusty from days on the trail would strip off his clothes except for his boots and wander down to the stream to wash. Along the way in order not to startle anyone with his nakedness he would call out "Booty!" Hence, the booty call.

Centurion Obvious
5/16/2020 01:03:16 pm

You were saying the author was saying it about the Vikings. That's not what the author said, though. So it is actually what YOU thought that the author said or what YOU wanted to believe that the author had said, and it is wrong. That's why YOU are the one in that chair. Is the difference now starting to dawn upon you?

Reading as well as a certain minimal standard of reading comprehension are fundamental.

I hope this helps.

Barna Boro
5/16/2020 07:00:47 pm

Hmmmm, Kent tries to belittle people and then cries cyberstalker when half the board turns out to take him off at the knees and Joe Scales tries to belittle people and then cries cyberstalker when half the board turns out to take him off at the knees. Mere coincidence I am sure.

Even if it is physically possible to take dogs from Newfoundland to Peru via overland travel or trade we are talking a very long process. Unless the females were kept under lock and key I don't believe that the descendants of the original dogs would look much like their ancestors back in Denmark

PS: To avoid further "confusion," I feel necessary to be clear that lock and key is a figure of speech.

Darold knowles
5/14/2020 12:18:33 pm

That was a real shaggy-dog story!

Reply
E.P. Grondine
5/14/2020 12:53:55 pm

There are a couple of excellent articles over at The Atlantic on recent Christian forgeries and the antiquities trade, and here Jason is writing brilliantly about dog skeletons. Well, one's intellectual pursuits are driving, but sometimes there are pecuniary advantages in channeling them to more lucrative topics.

Reply
Cesar
5/14/2020 05:31:31 pm

Talking about dogs, when Colonel Percy Fawcett was at the village of Santa Ana in Mato Grosso, Brazil (1913), he saw something remarkable.

“Here we saw for the first and only time a breed of dog known as the Double-Nosed Andean Tiger Hound. The two noses are as cleanly divided as though cut with a knife. About the size of a pointer, it is highly valued for its acute sense of smell and ingenuity in hunting jaguars. It is found only on these plains”. Exploration Fawcett (1953), also Lost Trails, Lost Cities.

“Tiger” means jaguar. It was the first record by an European or descendants in centuries.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6940289.stm

Reply
Kent
5/14/2020 07:24:06 pm

Fawcett isn't a reliable source.

Those dogs are from Spain and have both Spanish and Basque names.

They only have two nostrils, so it's only one nose. Imagine if your philtrum extended up the front of your nose. This is that sort of thing. Rover's got a mild birth defect and it appears to be a recessive trait.

He also claimed to have shot a 62 foot long anaconda but I don't know how he claimed to have measured it.

Reply
Cesar
5/15/2020 03:55:45 pm

https://barkpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/XINGU.jpg

Kent
5/15/2020 05:59:22 pm

Thanks for backing me up! One nose, two nostrils.

Farrah Fawcett
5/17/2020 10:10:14 am

How the British measured things in the 1920s is one of the great mysteries that continue to haunt mankind.

E.P. Grondine
5/14/2020 08:50:05 pm

This is for Jason's book on Islamic pyramd myths:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts

Some of the texts he has been working with may show up in new or complete versions.

Reply
Lyn McConchie
5/17/2020 04:58:55 pm

I remain confused. WHY would Indians who didn't want dogs trade them to other Indians who didnt want dogs? If you don't want an item, why would you trade for it? And if you didn't want the dogs yourself, why not just eat them?

Reply
Nick Danger
5/20/2020 11:30:47 am

Mr. Colavito,

It's okay with me if you want to get a little stricter in which posts you allow.

Thank you.

Reply

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