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Did West Africans Discover America in the Late Middle Ages?

6/24/2013

27 Comments

 
Have you ever heard of Leo Weiner? No, not the Hungarian composer. The other Leo Weiner, the American scholar born in Russia of Polish-Jewish heritage. He immigrated to the United States from Russia in the late nineteenth century with the eccentric idea of continuing on to British Honduras (now Belize) in order to start a vegetarian commune, but along the way he changed his mind and began a teaching career in Kansas City, Missouri that culminated in him becoming Harvard University’s first professor of Slavic studies.

However interesting that is, he was also thoroughly convinced that the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa had traveled to Mexico and gave rise to Mesoamerican cultures. His Harvard status has made him a popular choice for Afrocentric writers to rely upon as evidence of scholarly confirmation of their beliefs.

Leo Weiner believed, as so many apparently do, that American archaeology was “to a great extent built on sand” and, of course, in a conspiracy to suppress the truth—the truth this time being the African origins of American civilization. It was an idea he developed most fully in his three-volume study Africa and the Discovery of America (1920-1922).

He also proposed, eccentrically, that Columbus’s journal of his voyage to America was a fake, and that the islands called Lucaies by Columbus (often said to be the Bahamas) were fabricated from a misreading of the black letter appearance of the word “Indies” on a map consulted by the forger. He did not believe that Bartolomé de Las Casas redacted the Columbus journals into the form in which we have them but rather that they were simply fabricated from Las Casas’s own writings. But that’s neither here nor there.

Weiner was a polyglot linguist who claimed fluency in twenty languages, but his practical knowledge of language led him to false conclusions that today read as laughably ridiculous. Specifically, he decided that any two words that were spelled similarly must be connected, no matter the language of origin; the only question was deciding which language borrowed the word from the other. This is his primary evidence for an African presence in pre-Columbian Mexico.

In Africa and the Discovery of America, he argued that Mexican words were obvious descendants of the Mandé vocabulary of the Mandinka (formerly spelled Mandingo) of West Africa. Weiner stated, for example, that Fernandez de Oviedo reported in the Chronicle of America that the Mexicans of Castilla de Oro used the word tequina to mean “master,” which Weiner saw as identical to the Mandé word tigi, or master. I guess it’s in the eye of the beholder. I don’t see or hear the similarity myself, not to mention that tequina is a Spanish-influenced transliteration of the original.

He also links the Aztec word for merchant, pochteca, to the Mandé corruption of the Arabic word for wealth, fi-al-mal. The corrupt form is faling. By comparing this to other African cognate corruptions and other words for wealth, he concludes that the pan-African word for wealth was folom, which he feels yielded the Maya p’olom and thus the Aztec pochteca. That he claims this word entered the Maya tongue in the 1400s, nearly 600 years after the Maya collapse and two centuries after the rise of the Aztec, bothers him not.

Similarly, he makes a convoluted argument that a loincloth called ζειραί (zeirai) in Herodotus and ’izar in Arabic is also the mi’zar, or girl’s loin-cloth, of Arabic and therefore the masirili, or ornamentation, of Mandé. Consequently, he believes masirili yielded maxtli, a type of modesty garment for one’s loins, in Nahuatl. You can see that this argument is nutty on the surface and also presumes that the powerful Aztec empire and its predecessors somehow abandoned words large and small with a few Mandinka sailed from Africa near the very end of their empire.

He catalogues page after page of similar linguistic “connections,” none really convincing.

Because the Mandinka are today predominantly Muslim, Islamic extremists have declared this evidence of the Muslim discovery of America; however, the Mandinka practiced traditional African faiths until around 1800. Weiner is actually quite happy about this because, largely ignorant of anthropology, he believed that Native American religions all derived from Mandinka animisitic shamanism, which he called fetishism. Oddly, those who use Weiner’s work to promote the idea of early Muslim trans-oceanic voyages don’t seem to care that Weiner didn’t support that view. And of course neither felt that it was worth noting that Mexico had had a rich and developed culture for thousands of years before the proposed travel dates.

However, Weiner’s arguments—particularly the one above about the maxtli—convinced Afrocentrists like Ivan Van Sertima that the Mexican language was littered with words West African in origin and therefore all of the Mexican textile trade was an import from Africa. Following Weiner, these wtiers assert that no less an authority than Christopher Columbus confirms that the Mandinka voyaged to America. Their source is Las Casas’s version of the Journal of the Third Voyage, but it doesn’t say what Van Sertima and others claim. Unfortunately, I don’t have access to the journal (apparently published in an 1892 Italian edition not currently online), so I have to rely on Weiner’s own translation, which reports that King Juan of Portugal told Columbus that merchants from Guinea had sailed from Africa to “islands” in the west. This is Weiner’s translation, which I have not verified from the original, in which Columbus decides to go to Guinea

to verify on his way the opinion of King Don Juan, and he wanted to find out what the Indians of Hispaniola had told him, that there had come to it from the south and southeast Negro people, who brought those spear points made of a metal which they call guanin, of which he had sent to the king and queen for assaying, and which was found to have in thirty-two parts eighteen of gold, six of silver, and eight of copper.

We seem to have two conflated stories here. The first is the allegation that the merchants of Guinea sailed west to some islands. These could be the Cape Verde or the Canary Islands, two sets of islands close to the African coast. Cape Verde is off the coast of what was historically called Guinea, though officially they were not discovered until 1456 by the Portuguese. Or it could be a complete myth, since Columbus says that the interpretation of the islands as being the New World was the “opinion” of King Juan, not the Guinea natives themselves. Possibly the Guinea traders hit another spot on the African coast and thought it was an island. Juan had ample reason to try to make such a connection, for by papal decree of 1479, Guinea and any islands near it or attached to it or occupied by it were Portugal’s sphere of influence while the Canaries northward would belong to Spain; should there be a Guinea presence in the West Indies, then Portugal could rightfully claim a share of Spain’s wealthy New World lands. Juan had every reason to fabricate a Guinea voyage to America and ask Columbus to dig up some evidence for it.

The other story is what the Hispaniola natives told Columbus. In this case, it sounds very much like the Hispaniola natives are speaking of people from South America or perhaps Mesoamerica. They would not have seen African people in 1498, so the word “Negro” seems to refer merely to a relatively darker skin tone; I wish I had the original to know exactly what word Columbus used. [See update here for more on the alleged quotation.] South and southeast of Hispaniola would take one to the northern coast of South America, particularly the area around Venezuela. Some scholars today believe that the guanin of the Antilles was imported from the Maya, who are known to have visited the Caribbean islands and to have traded with the Tainos. Others feel it was a native production from natural deposits in the Greater Antilles. The Tainos also traded with Venezuela, the land to the south and east. This, I would venture, solves the mystery of the Columbus quotation that Afrocentrists have been using for nearly a century as evidence of an African presence in pre-Columbian America.

Nevertheless, Ivan Van Sertima and other Afrocentrists have read Columbus’ account (well, Weiner’s translation, anyway) as confirmation of a passage in Al-Umari’s Masalik (whose text has apparently not been translated, and Arabic is not one of my languages) that Kankan Musa of Mali reported that his predecessor, Abu Bakr II, had sailed into the Atlantic in the 1310s in search of the ocean’s other shore. He never returned, so Afrocentrists see Columbus’s passage as indicating Abu Bakr made it to the Caribbean. Obviously, if the Columbus passage does not actually refer to Africans, then Al-Umari’s account records nothing more than a futile lost voyage that vanished into the waves.
27 Comments
historienerrant link
6/24/2013 10:21:31 pm

So, I couldn’t resist doing some googling (that’s “couldn’t resist” as in “I should be working on a conference paper, but I’ll take any excuse to procrastinate instead…”).

Anyway, here’s what I found: The journal of Columbus’ third voyage is available online in an Italian <a href=" http://books.google.at/books?id=3u5PAQAAIAAJ&dq=critoforo%20colombo%20%22terzo%20viaggio%22&hl=de&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">edition of 1841</a> – the passage cited by Weiner, however, does not appear to be in it. This is actually not surprising since it was apparently taken from the first volume of Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas‘ “Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano”, first published in Madrid, 1601:

“Y determinando tambien de navegar al Sur, por entender si se enganaba el Rei D. Juan de Portugal, que afirmaba, que al Sur havia Tierra-firme, Miercoles à quatro de Julio, mandò governar la via de el Sudueste, no haviendo visto, despues que llegò à las Islas de Cabo Verde, el Sol, ni las Estrellas, sino los Cielos cubiertos de espesissima nieblina. Dixo tambien, que por aquel camino pensaba experimentar lo que decian los Indios de la Espanola, que havian ido à ella, de la parte del Sur, i de Sudueste, Gente negra, que traía los hierros de las Acagayas, de vn Metal, que llamaban Guanin, del qual havia embiado à los Reies, hecho el ensaie adonde se hallò, que de treinta i dos partes, las diez i ocho eran de Oro, i las seis de Plata, i las ocho de Cobre." (p. 79 in <a href=" http://archive.org/stream/generaldehechosd01herr#page/n87/mode/2up">this edition</a> from 1730).

Not sure from where Weiner got the reports of merchants from Guinea sailing west though… But more important, perhaps, is the fact that Weiner mistranslates “Sudueste” (i.e. southwest!) as “southeast” – southwest, of course, is definitely *not* the direction where Guinea lies from Hispaniola.

Reply
Beau Thiam link
11/8/2015 02:03:56 pm

“Sudueste” (i.e. southwest!) as “southeast” – southwest, of course, is definitely *not* the direction where Guinea lies from Hispaniola.
I don't if the person who wrote this understand Castellano (Spanish).
but "SUDUESTE" definitely translate as "SOUTHEAST". The Spanish (or Casrellano) of the time would say "SUDOESTE" for "SOUTHWEST". ("SUROESTE" in modern Spanish.)

Reply
Elizabeth
5/14/2016 03:38:09 pm

Obsolete spelling of sudoeste per my old Spanish dictionary

RB18 link
5/6/2017 01:48:26 am

It seems it is about doing anything to discredit Pro. Wiener, Dr. Ivan Van Sertima, and Dr. Anta Diop, all who were very credential in either Anthropologist, Physicists, Linguists, Egyptology, and African American Studies. Diop and Van Sertima were triple degreed academics.

Yet they are still being called Afrocentric's, though each graduated from the University of Paris, as well as highly valued undergraduate schools. These are all brilliant men in there professions.

I would have to say their work have now been vindicated as the skeletons found the the Caves in Chile and Mexico was the oldest found and genetically tested to be Aboriginal with Negroid features and whose DNA is the same as the people of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Aboriginal come from African and are genetically Negroid, not European!

Are we going to continue to think as part of the general public, that care more about truth in history and less about supremacy or are going continue to deny those Olmec Heads resemble Africans, not Europeans, Asians or Mexicans.

Because there many Scientist that are finding the same conclusions as these men did. The Aztecs appeared in the middle 1500's, and no one is really saying for sure where they came from. They look like modern day Native Americans.

The skeletons found in the caves and tested by Wiener, were the skull of Negros, as were those of the two women found in Chile and Mexico.

They found African Cotton, the Egyptian Pyramids, African Cotton, Tobacco and Sweet Potatoes. How did it get here.

These people even farmed and Africans were the first to farm. They buried their dead. This come from Africa/Egypt. Native Americans did not bury their dead in the earth or caves.

Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Mounds, and they have found other caves with the drawings of Black people. Script that matched that of the modern day Mende Tribe, who is part of the Bantu speakers, and the sub tribes are Mandingo Tribes. The Olmec Heads had Braids.

I did not know that Europeans or Straight haired Asians could braid their hair. It seems we should stop trying to deny the truth! This Spanish speaking man verified the author mistake.
The direction was Southeast, so Dr. Wiener Linguistic were intact.

Van Sertima and Diop both were Linguist, both were Anthropologist, Van Sertima was a African Historian. Diop was a Physicist and an Egyptologist and had also invented a technique that would test the amount of melanin in a mummy!

Since the whole piece was written obviously to attempt to discredit Dr. Wiener. I listen to him speak on video and read his work. I doubt if Harvard would have hired a quack. Or did he only become a quack when he insisted he would stand behind his research of Africans being first in the Americas.

Coridan Miller
6/24/2013 11:27:51 pm

ugh, even if West Africans made contact (hate the word discover) and even influenced central american native cultures that does not make for 'African origins of American history'

Reply
Only Me
6/25/2013 03:02:30 pm

Personally, I think the idea that contact between the Polynesians and tribes located on the western coast of Peru carries more weight than this "theory". It's as if Weiner bastardized today's Hooked on Phonics, Scrabble and Clue, then presented the result as overwhelming evidence in support of his "theory".

Reply
anthony
10/3/2013 07:27:10 am

Your right but most deny the contact which there is much evidence for,
I would use the word influence but many want to deny that.

Reply
anthony
10/3/2013 07:29:10 am

referring to Coridan Miller's post.

ugh, even if West Africans made contact (hate the word discover) and even influenced central american native cultures that does not make for 'African origins of American history'

Gravel
6/27/2013 03:33:27 am

Mr Colavito I would love to see you tackle the two most recent "documentaries" from the afrocentric camp called "Hidden colors 1 and 2"

They make the afro-maya claim plus a lot of other ones that use to be quite popular 60 years ago like the black english kings, the ethiopian conquest of India and the black emperors of Japan and China.

It's really a must for you!

Reply
anthony
10/3/2013 07:37:33 am

Much of history is based on who is telling the story. The Afrocentrists are simply showing there is much more to history than we are told. I have only seen part one.

Funny you talk about the Emporors of Japan and China. Recent DNA samples have just shown that the early Chinese were of African origins which the Afrocentrists have been saying for years!

http://vveasey.hubpages.com/hub/Chinese-Scientist-Prove-The-First-Inhabitants-Of-China-Were-Black

Reply
Caleb
12/17/2013 04:39:07 pm

Not this tripe again. What recent DNA studies found is that the Chinese, like everyone else are descended from the Out of Africa Migration, not that the first Chinese were black. You see due to nationalistic ideological beliefs in China, a popular theory was that the Chinese people had evolved in China from Homo erectus pekinensisr (Peking Man), and not from people who were part of the Out of African migrations some 60 to 90 thousand years ago. Though even more recent DNA studies have found that East Asian populations have some Denisovans ancestry like many West Asians have some Neanderthal ancestry. In any event, the DNA studies don't say what you and Afrocentrist claim they do.

Lawrence phelps
7/27/2013 02:10:58 am

I believe that Africans came over before Columbus on the ship, "Escalade".

Reply
KiloEcho link
6/1/2014 05:31:42 am

Harvard Professor Leo Weiner is not the only Western scholar who wrote about an African presence in the Americas before Columbus.

Here is a long list of Westerners who indicated that Africans preceded Columbus in the Americas in different capacities:

1) visitors;
2) settlers;
3) traders;
4) explorers;
5) shipwreck sailors.

Bartolomé de las Casas ; Christopher Columbus ; Paul Gaffarel ; Peter de Roo ; Armand de Quatrefages ; Paul Rivet ; Constantine Rafinesques ; Alexander Humboldt ; Basil Davidson; Mac Menamin ; ; Petrus Martyr ; Vasco Nunez Balboa ; Dr. Clarence Weiant
Karl von Rotteck ; Conrad Malte-Brun ; Victor Malte-Brun; José Maria Melgar y Serrano; Beatriz de la Fuente; Carlo "CC" Marquez; Dr. Walter Neves; Richard Neave; Von Wuthenau; Dr. Matthew W. Stirling; Dr.Andrzej Wiercinski

There is nothing Afrocentric about an African presence in America before Columbus.

Let me quote a passage from the History of America before Columbus: according to documents and approved authors - De Roo, Peter, 1839-1926, a leading Americanist.

"Whether Africa, in olden times, planted any colony in the western hemisphere is very doubtful, although it could not be denied that a few N@groes, at least, crossed the ocean and propagated on our shores.

Yet a better proof of ancient N@gro arrivals is the fact of N@gro colonies found by the Spanish and Portuguese discoverers on the eastern coasts of south and of Central America.

THE DISCOVERY OF N@GRO SETTLEMENTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF BRAZIL HARDLY PERMITS ANY FURTHER DOUBT TO REMAIN ON THIS QUESTION.

Twice during the last century, in the years 1731 and 1764, have small ships, passing from one point of the Canary Islands to another been driven by storms into the region of the trade-winds and of the equatorial current, and have drifted as far as America.

What has happened in our time must often have happened before.

We should not wonder, therefore, at the early presence of African N@roes on our continent.

Reply
Realist
6/13/2015 08:00:54 am

"The fact" regarding "Negro colonies found by Portuguese and Spanish" that seems to be ignored always is that Europeans at the time were what an actual anthropologist knows as "ethnocentric" - their own culture was the basis for judgement. Anyone darker than them at the time (like anyone living that much closer to the equator is bound to be) would have been referred to as Negro. That doesn't mean they're African.

Reply
al
3/27/2018 10:55:04 pm

are you stupid ??

Shonterra Guidry
12/8/2016 02:50:56 pm

I feel like you just want to exit out the fact that columbus and natives combined parties between the two to get a hold of the Guanin that the Africans where already traveling to trade along the equatorial guinea south and east of Africa. Also, you can't verify who the natives said who these dark skinned people are. But that there are many that had come before columbia. Y'all write shit on a piece of paper and declare it yours. I want to bee fee and get what is owed to its. Every culture has everything and make mock of black skinned people. And still make us slaves to your systems to destroy families. I refuse to even acknowledge every thing you have said because I believe the story's told to American whites. Where the truth and is your job to protect what is slowly being revealed. Let us live in piece before now what has been cursed upon my people because of greed, suppression to distribution. So that's both the truth you mean.

Reply
zulu king link
5/6/2015 01:52:43 am

In the book When Rocks Cry Out by Horace .Butler the founding of Egypt in America is paramount to these hypothesis of blacks reaching Americas before Columbus. He shows proof of Egyptian records naming Maya cities verbatim. The speculation is over..the debate is done. Black Egypt in Americas spawned Western Civilization

Reply
KiloEcho
6/25/2015 11:35:32 pm

They will continue to deny as part of the White Supremacy Propaganda Machine created in 18-19C Europe at the height of scientific racism and European imperialism and colonialism.

The black-a-moor imagery and heraldry that dates back to medieval Europe says it all. Blacks were not an oddity in Europe. Europeans knew exactly who they saw: black people not people darker than themselves. They spoke of N@groes because they had seen them before in their own lands.

Reply
jaguarsmoke
12/14/2015 01:45:05 am

Since when have blacks Truly prospered with out,Outside help.....?even today Africa is run by whites,lets Not forget Abraham Lincoln GAVE the blacks there Freedom plus Many of you are forgetting that the same way that there is Original Native species of certain continents Exactly the same there where and continue to be original Native people that have absolutely Nothing to do with blacks....Thank You



Reply
The benefactor
3/11/2016 06:16:56 pm

This post only really disproves two people's work, Weiner and Van Sertima (who btw had some really excellent points on African presence before Columbus) and I still think historians are trapped within a prejudice nature of not crediting the Africans for being here before Columbus. What happened to all the archaeological evidence and botanical evidence that still are much more solid evidence that they were present before 1492? therefore this post convinces me of nothing really, but you have a good writing style I'll give you that

Reply
PaperGenocide link
5/8/2016 05:16:13 pm

I find the Afrocentric and even the Eurocentric to be racist.
I find the whole out of Africa, and land bridge concepts racist, due to the fact the Afrocentric and Eurocentrics want to paint the whole world Black and White. Well the fact remains we Native American Indians had our own creation story and our own history in our homeland before others came here and attempted to rewrite our history. Remember THEORIES are not Truth they are only assumptions based on the prejudices of the person making them. European science is based on two things Religion and Science. BOTH try to take man to the Garden of Eden as in Adam and Eve in so much you even see Adam and Eve used in DNA testing for race, lol. Well we Indians have our own Garden of Eden and it is called the AMERICAS! We are the Red Race, not Black, not White, and we know exactly where we come from, the Americas. We don't need others trying to fit us into their little boxes,everyone is living on our Ancestral grounds, our homeland, Non-Indians should try to respect that fact. I applaud anyone who stands up to these culture vultures.

Reply
Elizabeth
5/14/2016 04:13:51 pm

I do applaud you. I am also a proud Amerindian from South America, truth be told and looking at my heritage lineage we do have a striking resemblance to Asians and I mean this with no disrespect. Visiting my ancestral home I felt a kinship in all that I saw. Yes, you are correct about the story of creation from our point of view which differs from the judeo-christian traditions. My family and I are very proud of what the native peoples of Central and South America have achieve and accomplished in architecture, astronomy, art and culture. There is no reason to add another dimension to our culture. The Blacks have theirs, the whites have theirs and WE HAVE OURS.

Reply
Paper Genocide link
6/2/2016 07:27:14 am

Eliazbeth, yes we all have some slight similarities that is what makes us the HUMAN SPECIES, but by CREATOR design we are different racially even biologically as different races. There are Black Africans in Africa that love who they are and their culture, its only "Black Americans" who are making up fairy tales of Blacks in the Americas before Columbus, they deny the Slave Trade from Africa to the Americas, and also make up a myth of a Black Planet, and falsely state all of Africa is Black when North Africa is Brown and actually don't have the same racial genes as those in Sub Sahara Africa these Brown people have been in North Africa for thousands of years, they state they are not related to Blacks in Africa and they should know their own origin story. Black American Afrocentrics need to own up to their true history until they do they will never have peace. Our differences are something to be celebrated because that is how we were created. Our races cultures and homelands reflects those differences. Please Read and share if you agree after reading http://www.papergenocide.org/not-out-of-africa--not-over-a-land-bridge--the-origin-of-native-american-indians-is-the-americas.html and also http://www.papergenocide.org/a-need-for-a-fair-study-of-native-american-indian-populations.html Thanks.

Reply
Brian
9/28/2016 01:04:08 pm

And what is Black Africans' true history? That they have never contributed anything to the world?That slavery and inferiority is their only legacy?

Seems Black inferiority is an ideal that you so desperately want to defend!!!

Reply
KILOECHO
3/4/2018 02:48:01 am

Slavery and inferiority are the only legacy of Black Africans LOL

Equating blackness with slaveness LOL

Historical amnesia or ignorance of etymology of the word slave

The word slave comes from the Slavs, the ever so White European ethnic goup aka the eternal race of slaves.

Slavic women are the victims of very active human and sex trafficking rings across Europe and even Israel. Many of them are sold by their family members.

SLAVE COMES THE SLAVS

Black inferiority vs White superiority LOL

White supremacy propaganda in its worse form.

White supremacists are just too embarassed to admit that white skin is relatively recent genetic mutation from brown skin. The so called Whites have no ancient history, to speak of.

White supremacists are just too ashamed to admit that black skinned populations owned and ruled the ancient world. Asians are much more honest. They call us: the ancient people.

I have a question for White Supremacists:

If Black Africans are inferior, why on earth are black men and women, many of them bejewelled and crowned, depicted on coats of arms across Europe, as far as Latvia?

What is the real significance of the vey peculiar and ancient European tradition of the Moor's head aka Caput Ethiopicum?

You do not put inferior races on powerful symbols like flags, crests, castle walls or frescoes, church stained glass windows.

Europe has some well guarded secrets LOL.





Emery Yazzie
7/10/2018 09:25:36 pm

So,, these blacks claiming to be here before Columbus and influenced Natives? Why is it tent they only speak English? Oh because the white man erased your language and history, .lol, , natives are still speaking their language's, practicing their traditions, still have a clan system,, 500 + - tribes, but blacks want say they the real Indian's ,, lol,. Dumbest garbage I heard in my life, Sertima, Weiner, other 'wanna be antropoligist, , historians , just profited off of gullible idiots that suffer from low self esteem, and hate being black or African American, weiner and sertima and countless others have been debunked, and ridiculed by leading antropoligist, archeologist, historians, and and wanna be kangz and sheeit, still use published material by the white man, yet accuse them of white washing history, there were no BLACKs, on this continent before Columbus,, it's just totally wishful thinking and a fantasy, lol,, these afrocentrik clowns don't speak a native language, it's said they hate being black, because africa has a rich culture.

Reply
Rising Sun
1/5/2019 10:10:20 am

I could give you mountains of literary and archaeological evidence to prove you wrong regarding the presence of copper-colored/ "black" people in America way before Columbus arrived. Have you bothered to research any of the early explorers' journals? Nevertheless, the ignorance of your statement doesn't require an academic response but one of common sense. First of all, "BLACK" isn't a people and that should be the dumbest garbage you've ever heard. Secondly, not speaking a native language does not make one any less indigenous. I know 2nd and 3rd generation Chinese who can't understand or speak the Chinese language at all. Does that make them any less Chinese and simply yellow people? Hahaha...you have proven to be completely irrational and your comment is based on your hatred and/or prejudices. I don't agree with Van Sertima and many of the afro-centrists regarding Africa peopling the Americas. I think that's absurd and there's absolutely no proof of that. However, to say there were no people in the Americas with the negroid physiognomy is grossly ignorant. To believe that Europeans transported the entire population of so-called Negros to the Americas from Africa is the dumbest thing I've ever heard. Especially, when there's absolutely no proof of such an impossible occurrence.

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          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and Hanno's Periplus
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
          • Amazing New Light (Hoax)
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • History of Paleontology
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • America Known to the Ancients
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Remarkable Discoveries Within the Sphinx (Hoax)
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • The Shaver Mystery >
          • Lovecraft and the Deros
          • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • CIA Search for the Ark of the Covenant
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • The Fall of the Sky
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Poltergeist UFOs
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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