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Friday Roundup: Unicorns in Kazakhstan, Vikings in Newfoundland, and Racism in the White City

4/1/2016

25 Comments

 
In the 1962 movie The Man Who Shot Liberty Vance, a reporter tells Jimmy Stewart’s character that he won’t be reporting the truth about the story Stewart told him. “When the legend becomes fact, print the legend,” he says. In many ways storytelling supersedes truth in many ways, and today we have three examples of how the stories people tell create a framework that governs how facts are received. 
Our first example comes from the world of paleontology, where the remains of a giant one-horned hairy rhinoceros from Central Asia have been described as the “Siberian unicorn.” Although this creature, Elasmotherium sibiricum, has been known to science since 1808 (with its horn known since 1878), the news is that a newly discovered skull of one such creature from Kazakhstan indicated that it died out 29,000 years ago instead of 350,000 years ago. Naturally, some creationist Christian conservatives on Facebook imagined that this creature was newly discovered. One such creationist posted to Facebook that this was proof that “secularists” were wrong to “mock the Bible for mentioning unicorns.”
 
In 1878 A. F. Brandt used the Siberian legend of a unicorn with a massive horn to suggest that the story was based on the fossils of (or folk memory of) the Elasmotherium, thus allowing him to reconstruct the creature’s gigantic horn, an example of which has never been found but rather is inferred from the creature’s bone structure.
Picture
Reconstruction of Elasmotherium from 1878.
The Biblical unicorn, however, has nothing to do with Siberia. The Biblical unicorn occurs in the King James Bible and is the result of the translators rendering the Hebrew re’em as “unicorn,” following the Septuagint and the Vulgate translations. At the time, the meaning of re’em was unknown so they essentially guessed by equating it with some other mysterious creature, but today it is widely accepted, based on the parallel Akkadian word rimu, that it refers to the extinct auroch.
 
Meanwhile, fringe historians have been proven wrong once again by news out of Newfoundland that a potential second Viking New World settlement has been found at Point Rosee, hundreds of miles from the first known Viking settlement at L’anse aux Meadows. Fringe historians have routinely accused archaeologists of refusing to acknowledge Viking penetration into the Americas, and America Unearthed host Scott F. Wolter has gone so far as to declare it a conspiracy by academics to keep Columbus as the first European in America, a claim no one has believed since the 1830s. Despite fringe historians seeking out Viking settlements everywhere from Oak Island to Rhode Island and beyond, their methodology, such as it is, failed to predict the actual location where a real Viking settlement was found. Fringe historians look for “symbolic” sites related to ley lines, sacred geometry, and other nonsense. The new potential Viking site was found by looking for disturbances in the ground via satellite in locations where resources important to the Vikings, such as bog iron, could be found.
 
Finally, I’d like to draw your attention to a Vice article about the so-called White City of Honduras. One of the country’s leading historians, Dario Euraque, is accusing National Geographic and the U.S.-led archaeological team promoting the discovery of the “White City” of appropriating archaeological sites long known to Honduran archaeologists and exposing the ruins to potential looting. The myth of the White City cannot be traced back before the early twentieth century, when it arose among workers in the country’s then-booming American-dominated rubber industry.
 
“The only ‘new’ thing about the expedition is that they are planning to put what they’ve found inside a museum,” Euraque told Vice. “The Honduran government does not have enough resources to protect these sites, so publicly announcing their existence only makes them vulnerable to looting.”
 
Meanwhile native groups in Honduras have asked archaeologists and the media to stop referring to the ruins as the “City of the Monkey God,” which they consider to be racist and colonialist, given that the name isn’t found in historic sources but rather in a sensationalized mid-twentieth century account of an attempt to find the fictitious White City of legend. A group of 24 anthropologists and archaeologists from Honduras and elsewhere signed an open letter to the country’s president protesting the move to turn the real excavations of ruins in La Mosquitia into a tourist destination tied to the White City and Monkey God modern myth. Americans Chris Begley, John Hoopes, and Rosemary Joyce have been prominent critics of the White City claims and the sensationalism surrounding them.
 
For the record, the alleged “White City” ruins are missing something important: A white city. The gleaming buildings of white stone the originators of the legend claimed to see in the 1920s are nowhere to be found.
25 Comments
A.D.
4/1/2016 11:09:41 am

I thought it was called "white city" because it's where the white aryan atlantians went after the collapse of atlantis .lol

Reply
Clete
4/1/2016 11:54:46 am

No, that is completely mistaken. "White City" is actually Buffalo, New York. It has something to do with all of the snow in Winter.

Reply
DaveR
4/1/2016 12:11:29 pm

Montpelier, Vermont is fairly white.

Bob Jase
4/1/2016 03:55:51 pm

No, its because that's where the GOP orignally held its conventions.

Reply
Uncle Ron
4/1/2016 11:53:10 am

The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance

Reply
Time Machine
4/1/2016 12:40:54 pm

Did you hear the one about the homosexual cowboy who rode into town and shot up the sheriff

Reply
Bob Jase
4/1/2016 03:56:45 pm

Probably broke his back doing it.

DaveR
4/1/2016 12:10:29 pm

The Viking settlement issue clearly demonstrates the difference between fringe theorists and trained archeologists. Those with training will look at known Viking settlements, draw conclusions based on those observations to infer what the Vikings would have looked for in creating a new settlement. Some are easy, fresh water, close to the ocean, trees, grazing land, and iron deposits. Archeologists would then look for areas in North America that fit the model and then look for evidence of long houses.

Fringe people look for carved stones. Funny, though, to my knowledge no carved stoned were ever found at L’anse aux Meadows commemorating the grand adventure of the settlers.

Reply
Jean Stone
4/1/2016 02:08:21 pm

Well of course not, the stones were hidden by the Freemasons (who are either in or not in on the conspiracy in some sort of quantum wave function) for a nefarious or benevolent reason like... umm, well we'll figure that out eventually but trust us, it's true!

Reply
DaveR
4/4/2016 11:41:19 am

I like the quantum wave function, that's is a nice touch.

tm
4/1/2016 12:41:25 pm

If the biblical unicorn is a mistranslation, then how do you explain the fact that the so-called "Elasmotherium horn" bears such a striking resemblance to the hook on an X? ;)

Reply
Not the Comte de Saint Germain
4/1/2016 01:38:09 pm

This is totally irrelevant, but the "reply" button on the comments has been displaying in different languages lately. I find it funny for some reason.

Reply
tm
4/1/2016 02:04:00 pm

Part of the New World Order conspiracy, no doubt. :)

Reply
Pop Goes the Reason
4/1/2016 02:25:03 pm

auroch???? AUROCH???

It's an AUROCHS. Ochs as in ox.

As for the Vikings, didn't Wahlgren propose that we should be looking as far south as the Bay of Fundy?

Reply
Only Me
4/1/2016 03:27:12 pm

Okay, I'd like the creationist morons to explain how a mammoth-sized, extinct rhinoceros equates to a unicorn. That should be highly entertaining.

Anyone want to take bets Wolter will somehow shoehorn the newly discovered Viking site into his KRS narrative? That, too, should prove to be Pulitzer-level entertaining.

Reply
David Brody
4/1/2016 03:59:14 pm

Wow, Jason, you really let your bias show through on this post. In every one of the first four sentences of your discussion of the new Viking site you manage to work in a jab against "fringe historians," as if 1) their involvement is somehow more important than this significant find and 2) this find somehow runs contrary to "fringe history" beliefs. On this second point, let me assure you that, as a self-described fringe historian, I am thrilled at the news. I have long argued that mainstream experts were wrong to conclude that Vinland was located in northern Newfoundland. The evidence cited in the Times article regarding the butternuts, plus the plain language in the Sagas describing a snowless winter and the presence of grapes, all argue for a location for Vinland far south of L'Anse aux Meadows. This find only validates that. My expectation is that future finds will move the ball even further south. My expectation is also that you will at point again spin things in a way to fit your personal agenda and biases.

It's too bad. You really could have been a respected authority in all this.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
4/1/2016 05:38:29 pm

David, this a blog about unusual claims about history, so of course I will discuss how fringe historians failed to predict this discovery, or make any comparable one of their own. The Sagas aren't a reliable source of history, and the presence of grapes is to my mind a carryover from the legend of the Fortunate Isles. The first reference to the grapes, in Adam of Bremen, is nearly verbatim from Isidore of Seville's discussion of the Fortunate Isles, and in the Sagas there is also the claim that wheat grows naturally in Vinland, something that doesn't occur in North America but DOES occur in Isidore's Fortunate Isles. Vinland was likely as grape-tastic as Greenland was verdant; in other words, the names were Norse marketing.

Reply
David Brody
4/1/2016 05:58:20 pm

How convenient of you to fail to mention that the discoverers of the L'Anse aux Meadows site, Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad, were themselves "fringe historians."

Only Me
4/1/2016 06:43:55 pm

David, the Ingstads only disagreed with what Vinland actually meant: "wine land" or "land of meadows". Not exactly fringe. Also, Anne was an archaeologist, not a historian.

They wouldn't have discovered the site had they not been led there by George Decker in 1960. Afterward, Anne conducted seven excavations and the site was officially confirmed.

Not a good example for "fringe historians".

David Brody
4/1/2016 06:51:29 pm

Only Me: They were renegades who did not subscribe to the accepted dogma. The "experts" had to be dragged kicking and screaming to the site. They were hardly mainstream....

Only Me
4/1/2016 07:52:11 pm

Completely false.

Anne led an international team during her excavations, under the direction of Parks Canada. That's hardly an example of experts being "dragged kicking and screaming".

If they were truly outside the mainstream, they would have had the same resistance that was shown toward Monte Verde, a site that wasn't accepted until 22 years after its discovery. Strange, isn't it, that after discovering L'Anse aux Meadows in 1960, excavations began in 1961, continued through 1968, and the site was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978?

David Brody
4/2/2016 09:55:55 am

One need not look any further than Ken Feder's "Dubious Archaeology" at p. 197 to read how most archaeologists were skeptical of the Saga's validity, and therefore Viking presence in North America, prior to the Ingstad find. In haste...

Jason Colavito link
4/2/2016 10:14:49 am

That depends, David, on the time period in question. The sagas were accepted as true from the 1830s to the 1930s, and were routinely cited in textbooks as proof of Vikings in America. It was the postwar period and the turn toward "hard" science that discounted literary evidence. In the history of history, so to speak, this was a brief moment of a couple decades, not a longstanding dogma.

Pacal
4/2/2016 08:24:58 pm

Rather interestingly it is "fringe" history "dogma" that "mainstream" historians had to be dragged kicking and screaming into accepting the validity of the L'Anse Aux Meadows site. That is total horse pucky.

But I have heard this meme over and over again from so-called "fringe" historians and writers. It is simply false. Acceptance of the validity of L'Anse Aux Meadows was remarkably quick.

I should also point out "mainstream" archeologists and historians put Vinland in all sorts of places. Further "fringe" writer Helge Ingstad claimed "L'Anse Aux Meadows was Vinland. Further William F. Munn, a Newfoundland businessman suggested L'Anse Aux Meadows in a series of article written for the St. John's Daily Telegram in 1914. They were collected together and published as a book in 1946 called Wineland Voyages. An American Engineer named Arlington Mallery explored the area looking for Vikings in the late 40's and published a book about (Lost America), in 1951.Finaly in 1956 a Danish Archeologist named Jorgen Meldgaard explored the area and thought it was promising.

So there was some preceeding exploration and thought that L'Anse Aux Meadows might have Viking remains.

Reply
David Bradbury
4/4/2016 05:12:22 pm

The BBC documentary on the new Newfoundland site is fascinating right up to the last five minutes or so (the demonstrations of the effectiveness of satellite sensing for Norse-era turf structures a few metres across are frankly mind-boggling)- but the need for a dramatic conclusion makes those last few minutes feel very strained in the way they present the very limited evidence for Norse-era occupation found so far.

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