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Graham Hancock's Ideas about Ancient North America Were Proposed 200 Years Ago, by a Plagiarist and Fraud

4/18/2018

16 Comments

 
​If you’ve been reading fringe media or even the mainstream news this week, you likely saw one of dozens of articles claiming that a new scientific paper evaluated the evidence for an advanced civilization millions of years ago. They were lying. The paper isn’t about proving such a civilization existed. It was a thought experiment asking us to consider the impact of civilization on the planet and how permanent our footprint will be in the long term. There is no evidence of an ancient lost civilization millions of years ago and the authors even wrote in the Atlantic that they don’t believe there ever was such a civilization, though they suggest that it might be worth looking for any geological traces of one, if only for the accidental discoveries it might produce. It’s about as much proof of prehistoric Old Ones as At the Mountains of Madness.
​Meanwhile, you have probably heard that Graham Hancock is writing a new book called America Before about the prehistory of North America, and his thesis is going to be that a comet struck the continent during the Ice Age, wiping out an advanced civilization whose legacy is embodied in the astronomical alignments of the famous mounds of the Ohio Valley and elsewhere. He wrote on Twitter last week that he is currently writing a chapter about Ohio’s Serpent Mound. There is a degree of irony that Hancock’s book is essentially a mirror image of my own current project, which is a narrative history of the rise and fall of the mound builder myth—essentially the same “lost civilization” hypothesis.
 
The interesting thing is that this material can be found all the way back in 1801, in the work of Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur, also known as John Hector St. John, the former French consul at New York and a friend of Thomas Jefferson. Crèvecoeur was an unrepentant plagiarist, and he accidentally concocted the myth that a comet destroyed a lost civilization in America when, in creating his Travels in Upper Pennsylvania and the State of New York, he pieced together from a series of books a fake speech to place in the mouth of Benjamin Franklin. He first has Franklin talk about a lost white race that must have been the true builders of the mounds. Then he has him say:
“This planet is very old,” he continued. “Like the works of Homer and Hesiod, who can say through how many editions it has passed in the immensity of ages? The rent continents, the straits, the gulfs, the islands, the shallows of the ocean, are but vast fragments on which, as on the planks of some wrecked vessel, the men of former generations who escaped these commotions, have produced new populations. Time, so precious to us, the creatures of a moment, is nothing to nature. Who can tell us when the earth will again experience these fatal catastrophes, to which, it appears to me, to be as much exposed in its annual revolutions, as are the vessels which cross the seas to be dashed in pieces on a sunken rock? The near approach or contact of one of those globes whose elliptical and mysterious courses are perhaps the agents of our destinies, some variation in its annual or diurnal rotation, in the inclination of its axis or the equilibrium of the seas, might change its climate, and render it long uninhabitable.” (trans. E. A. and G. L. Duycknick)
​This is basically Hancock’s entire raison d'être at this point, and it is all the more remarkable that the idea is a fortuitous product of Crèvecoeur’s random selection of texts to raid. Here I will share just a small part of my analysis in my book:
When Crèvecoeur was casting about in 1801 for material to plagiarize for his Voyage, there was surprisingly little to choose from if he wished to write about the mounds except for the material emerging as a result of the Webster controversy. As an admirer of the Americans, he could not help but want to contribute to the glorification of the country through the creation of an epic past equal to that of Greece and Rome. But what to do? Crèvecoeur picked up a copy of Gilbert Imlay’s Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America, a best-seller a decade earlier, and started copying. The connection must have occurred to him because an appendix reproducing Benjamin Franklin’s views on immigration to America appeared just pages from an appendix by a soldier named Jonathan Heart speculating on the history of the ancient earthworks in the 1797 edition Crèvecoeur used.
 
Imlay had been a businessman in Kentucky in the 1780s, where he developed a strong sense of regional pride and an even stronger sense that he did not want to pay back the massive debts he owed. He had been a colleague and friend to Gen. James Wilkinson, known then as a Revolutionary War hero, but secretly a double-agent working for Spain to foment the secession of the western part of the United States, a fact that would only come to light after his death in 1825. For now, he merely seemed to be a patriot working to establish Kentucky as a separate commonwealth from Virginia. Imlay bought into Wilkinson’s two-faced patriotism, and even after fleeing to Britain he continued to push the cause of Kentucky. To this end, he wrote the Topographical Description in 1792, extolling immigration to the West and the primitive virtue of frontier life. Imlay took his primitive virtue to Revolutionary Paris the next year, where he started a relationship with the famed British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, who had just published her Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Nine months later, Wollstonecraft bore Imlay’s love-child, Fanny Imlay, the half-sister of Frankenstein author Mary Shelley. Imlay skipped town for London, leaving Mary and Fanny to fend for themselves amidst the Terror.
​
The Topographical Description was exceedingly popular among British liberal thinkers, going through three increasingly lengthy editions in 1792, 1793, and 1797. The last of these was restricted only to Britain and appears to be the edition Crèvecoeur used. Since this work was well known in its day, were it not for the fact that so few read Crèvecoeur, his plagiarism might have been caught long before it could do so much damage. What must have caught Crèvecoeur’s attention was a January 5, 1791 letter included in the expanded edition of the Topographical Description from Army Capt. Jonathan Heart describing his reaction to the Webster controversy playing out in the Columbian Magazine and the American Museum. Heart had published a description of the Muskingum mounds in the Columbian in May 1789, having viewed these constructions himself. In his 1791 letter he informs his correspondent, botanist Benjamin Smith Barton (who would become the first to argue—and then repudiate—that the Toltecs of Mexico had built the mounds), what he had heard of the region’s other mounds. He then speculates about the origins of the mounds. It was this section that Crèvecoeur plagiarized quite heavily in 1801 in constructing Franklin’s imagined speech—even having the gall to have “Franklin” in 1787 cite Heart as a source of information years before Heart had published anything about the mounds! Nearly the whole of Franklin’s speech is there—from the uncertainty whether humans could ever unravel the peopling of the Americas to the same speculation about the ethnology of the lost race. The most pregnant and important line in Heart’s letter was this: “…they were not constructed by the present Indians, or their predecessors; or some traditions would have remained as to their uses, and they would have retained some knowledge in constructing similar works.”
 
It was as though the past two centuries of European observation of Native peoples had never happened—and for an Army captain on America’s frontier, with limited access to scattered historical texts it might just as well have never happened. Yet it was this view that would predominate among the most educated Americans going forward. Heart, at least, had the good sense to recognize that Native Americans were not Israelites, and any similarity to the Lost Tribes was mere the coincidence of peoples living close to the “state of nature.” Few would be so scrupulous in the next century.
 
Crèvecoeur’s passages about the ages of mankind and the role of comets appear to derive from the 1773 controversy when the French mathematician Joseph Lalande set off a panic when the French public mistakenly thought he predicted the imminent collision of earth with a comet, prompting some clergy to begin selling dispensations to a worried public preparing for the end of days. Such a memory might have been prompted in Crèvecoeur by Heart’s discussion of the wooly mammoth, whose fossils had only recently been recognized as an extinct species distinct from the elephant. Heart strongly implied that just as the mammoth had vanished without a trace, so too might a prehistoric American culture. Crèvecoeur, in casting about for a good way to rid a continent of Mound Builders, could have done worse than a comet.
 
Crèvecoeur’s Voyage, composed in French, was not a commercial success. It did not sell well and none of it was translated into English until in 1855 the passage about Benjamin Franklin was translated for the well-received and widely-read Cyclopædia of American Literature. There, the plagiarized, falsified speech sat alongside the greats of early American letters, including James Fennimore Cooper, John Winthrop, and three selections from Thomas Jefferson, as an exemplar of the new country’s best writing. It was from this publication that generations of scholars claimed Franklin as a powerful voice in favor of the “lost race” theory. 
16 Comments
Graham
4/18/2018 10:05:02 am

Another case of a fringe author recycling material written decades earlier. You see this all over the fringe, Hoagland's moon claims recycle Apollo era claims by George H. Leonard, writers of Ghost books steal stories from earlier collections of ghost stories, even fictional ones to bulk out their books.

And of course you have people like Ivan van Sertima and his successors who took 19th C racist ideas and replaced the 'White Masters' with 'Black Masters'.

Reply
Americanegro
4/18/2018 12:19:11 pm

"Thought experiment" Excellent! Yes, I know, Gedankenthingy like Einstein's elevator, but also just like Plato's Atlantis which is a story about a story about someone telling someone a story about someone telling a story.

And good move naming the daughter Pussy!

Thoroughly enjoyed this article and it was news to me.

Reply
Bob Jase
4/18/2018 02:19:05 pm

"Graham Hancock's Ideas about Ancient North America Were Proposed 200 Years Ago, by a Plagiarist and Fraud"

So nothing has changed.

Reply
Shane Sullivan
4/18/2018 03:15:34 pm

It's as true now as it was when he wrote Fingerprints.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
4/18/2018 06:19:08 pm

Hi Jason -

First, off Whatever Hancock will do with the Holocene Start Impact Events, as you know they actually occurred.

I was not aware or Crevcour's speculatons; so thank you for noting them. Generally, there were speculations in 1935 that the Carolina Bays were formed by impact, speculations which were publicized by Otto Muck in the mid-195's; so your note i of interest. I seem to remember that John Haywood had speculated about impact as well.

Generally, there were a few "men of science" who kept up an ongoing correspondence about the mounds. Barton was among them; as to Franklin's interest, I do not know, but Jefferson was also among them. I left you a link to a recent thesis on an earlier post of yours, I hope you saw it.

Their general hypothesis was that the simpler earthworks of North America preceded and were ancestral o the more complex strucutures of MesoAmerica - see Caleb Atwater's Archaeologica Americana for a later explicit statement of this hyothesis.

By the way, this Shit continues to this day, see Brad Lepper's
http://ohioarchaeology.org/documents/Lepper_2014-final.pdf
and my comments on this paper here:
http://archaeologica.boardbot.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=3772&p=73052&hilit=Lepper#p73052


Reply
G. P. Grondine
4/18/2018 08:18:00 pm

"E.P. GRONDINE
4/18/2018 06:19:08 pm
Hi Jason -

First, off Whatever Hancock will do with the Holocene Start Impact Events, as you know they actually occurred.
..."

What kind of bumbaclottery nonsense is this where you come in to literally huckster your shit? Look at your FIRST sentence. It is literally gibberish.

You suck.

Reply
An Anonymous Nerd
4/18/2018 09:16:36 pm

G. Hancock is depressing.

-An Anonymous Nerd

Reply
Only Me
4/18/2018 10:01:53 pm

>>Meanwhile, you have probably heard that Graham Hancock is writing a new book called America Before about the prehistory of North America, and his thesis is going to be that a comet struck the continent during the Ice Age, wiping out an advanced civilization whose legacy is embodied in the astronomical alignments of the famous mounds of the Ohio Valley and elsewhere.<<

Wait a minute! This is the same argument he makes for the disappearance of Atlantis. Is he suggesting one comet impact in North America is responsible for wiping out TWO advanced civilizations, or is he creating fake support for the argument he laid out in Magicians of the Gods?

Reply
Machala
4/18/2018 10:16:33 pm

Yes, that's what he's doing.

Why come up with an new, original idea, when you can incessantly recycle an old "borrowed" one ?

Reply
E.P. Grondine
4/18/2018 11:39:57 pm

First off, let us start with the mysterious "Hopewell" mounds of the Ohio valley.

The late pared ones are really quite simple: the squares were used for ball games at the spring bread dances, while the pared circles were used by "Whitehawk" to teach the constellations of the night sky at the fall bread dances. Besides from their continuance in Shawnee culture, this is shown also by the recovery of ball cores and planetary marbles from high status burials, along with Whitehawk artifacts.

Mr. Hancock stumbled into theosophist cult archaeology while working as a reporter in Ethiopia, and has done quite well with it. He is having trouble dealing with recent small impacts using that frame of view.

On the other hand, David Morrison has been involved with the sceptic movement since Velikovsky. Morrison has been strongly opposed to Clube and Napier's work on cometary impact, and I believe that his actions explain Jason's views on them to some extent.

But the data is what it is, and any hypothesis has to explain it.
That goes for Native American traditions as well, and it should not be surprising that they remembered both impacts, well demonstrate by geological data, and the "giant" Adena, well demonstrated by the physical remains excavated from the "Andena" mounds.

Reply
Americanegro
4/19/2018 02:16:19 pm

Well done, Chief. "Bread dances"! I remember my father building huge structures, mostly out of mashed potatoes, to explain the constellations, because that's how knowledge is transmitted.

I'm thinking heapum firewater.

Jim
4/19/2018 03:35:55 pm

Really ? My mom used to bake cookies in the shape of our deities, and that night we would have the dance of the cookie gods. But then we were from the Mesoamerican Andena tribe and there was lots of pot and coke involved.

Hanslune
4/22/2018 02:23:33 pm

Ah something new. I had not read of this Frenchman before. Thanks Jason for bringing it to us.

(sigh) more civilization clobbering comets which magically destroy all aspects of a 'civilization'.

Why can't it be a civilization destroyed by cannibalistic shape shifting two-brained alien pseudo-parrots?

I mean don't we rate at least a new idea once in a while?

Reply
Donald Vincent
4/27/2018 04:10:34 pm

LOL! "At the Mountains of Madness" is one of my favorite Lovecraft stories. Apparently there is a group that is convinced that the stories might be true etc. Certainly Hancock's attitude seems to reflect the anti-scientific attitude that seems to come to the surface in some of Lovecraft's work.

Reply
jonathan
10/15/2018 01:56:48 pm

Lazy. Why don't you refute case by case the results of the scientists to which Hancock refers? Seems he's done more real work than any armchair critics who parrot weak dogmatic arguments about "myth" and "pseudoscience". It's easy to parrot the accepted "scientific" norm. Still don't believe the "catastrophists" claims? At least they present actual geological and astronomical studies and data. At least, whether you realize it or not, the actual methodology of science overturns its own dogma in due time. We just have to put up with "experts" in the meantime.

Reply
Ags
3/26/2019 07:04:52 am

Very poorly written 'blog post'. Instead of proving your point you go on disproveing work of another author. Is it because he got more recognition than you?
Instead of complaing I would suggest you should write more scientific paper, with all the references needed to prove your pints.
Start with reading Hancock's book first.

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