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Has the "Self-Sown Wheat" of Vinland Been Identified?

4/5/2016

10 Comments

 
The other day I mentioned that a second potential Norse site had been discovered in Newfoundland, and in the ensuing comments I mentioned that using the Icelandic Sagas’ stories of how the Vikings discovered Vinland to locate the area geographically can be problematic because it is difficult to separate the historical truth from the myths and legends that were folded into the stories. To that end, I received an interesting email informing me that some supporters of the veracity of the Sagas claim to have identified the wheat found in the poems as a New World plant, Spartina patens, marsh hay cordgrass. 
To understand this claim, we need to back up and take a look at the Sagas and what they have to say about the products of the New World. In one of the two Sagas about the discovery of Vinland, the Saga of Erik the Red, found in the Hauksbók (c. 1302-1310) and the Skálholtsbók (c. 1450), but likely written in the 1200s, we read that the voyagers to Vinland found both grapes and wild wheat: “There they found fields of wild wheat wherever there were low grounds; and the vine in all places where there was rough rising ground” (ch. 10, trans. Rev. J. Sephton). Other translators call the “wild” wheat “self-sown” wheat. This detail doesn’t appear in the alternate version of the story given in the Flateyjarbók (1387-1394).
 
As it happens, we know that the “wild wheat” is original to the story because it appears in the oldest reference to Vinland in existence, that of Adam of Bremen, writing in Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis 38 (Gesta Hammaburgensis 4.38) in 1075 CE:
Moreover he (King Sweyn II Estridsson of Denmark) spoke of an island in that ocean discovered by many, which is called Wineland, for the reason that vines grow wild there, which yield the best of wine. Moreover that grain unsown grows there abundantly, is not a fabulous fancy, but, from the accounts of the Danes, we know to be a fact. (trans. Arthur M. Reeves)
Over the years, many potential explanations have been put forth for what this “grain” or “wheat” (the Latin is literally “crops,” referring almost always to wheat) could have been. Some have speculated that it referred to maize. Others have offered wild rice on the strength of the fact that in the seventeenth century explorers were still confusing wild plants of Nova Scotia with Old World crops: “As also some sorts of grain, as peas, some ears of wheat, barley, and rye, growing there wild,” wrote Sir William Alexander in 1623, as quoted in Purchas his Pilgrimes in 1625 (spelling modernized). Sir William noted, though, that the New World plants did not taste like their European counterparts.
 
None of these suggestions has taken hold, however, on account of the fact that they involve special pleading. We must accept that the Norse identified grapes correctly, but not wheat, and that they were telling the truth about what they found. The recent claim that Spartina patens is the self-sowing wheat is new to me, but not significantly different. According to a posting made to a Facebook ground about Vinland last year, European colonists of the 1600s and 1700s used the plant as fodder for farm animals. It spreads through rhizomes and thus appears to sow itself. Thus, the poster sees this grass as the fodder used by the Norse explorers to feed their cattle over the winter in the Saga of Erik the Red.
 
However, there are problems with this: The fodder fed to animals in the Saga is identified with grass, not with wheat, so if we wish to make that identification we must explain how the poet could distinguish between wheat and grass only sometimes. This isn’t an insurmountable challenge, and it’s not impossible that explorers would call a New World product by an Old World name. For example, Spanish explorers called turkeys by the word for “peacock.”
 
The bigger problem, though, is that the specific products Adam and the Sagas allege were found in Vinland are exactly the same products that Europeans assumed were to be found in the Western islands. Isidore of Seville, writing 400 years before Adam, gave the same description we find of “Vinland” when describing the Fortunate Islands:
The Fortunate Islands signify by their name that they produce all manner of good things, as if they were happy and blessed with an abundance of fruit. For suited by their nature they produce fruit from precious trees; grape vines of their own accord clothe the hillsides; instead of grass, crops (i.e., wheat) and vegetables are common. Hence, the error of the Gentiles and of the songs of the poets, which suppose this place to be the same as Paradise because of the fertility of the soil. They lie in the Ocean opposite the left of Mauretania, very near the West, and separated from one another by the sea. (trans. Ernest Brehaut and me) 
This account of wild grapes and wheat appears in numerous accounts of fantastic Western islands, including some found in the Navigatio of St. Brendan (c. 900 CE) and Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Avalon in the Life of Merlin (c. 1050 CE).
 
When Adam describes Vinland, he specifically claims that his version is true and not a “fancy” because he was almost certainly thinking of these legends and how his readers would perceive the claim as being nothing more than a fantasy like the others. However, because the Norse claims appear to carefully parallel European expectations for what the strange islands across the Atlantic were expected to hold, it becomes difficult to argue that the Norse were unique in finding the mythically correct produce on the island just by mistake, unencumbered by cultural expectations.
 
That leaves us with three possibilities: The first, and least likely, is that it was a coincidence and the Norse had no idea what the common European culture expected from Western islands. The second is that the Norse intentionally lied, just as the sagas say Erik the Red lied about the climate of Greenland in naming the island, in order to cast themselves as the discoverers of the Fortunate Islands and the great land expected to exist opposite the Ocean. The third possibility is that, expecting to find the Fortunate Islands or something like them, they interpreted what they found through the cultural lens of European expectation.
 
We don’t have enough evidence to distinguish between these, but there is a long tradition of trying. Over a century ago Fridtjof Nansen, for example, identified Adam’s Vinland as a derivative of the Fortunate Isles legend in his In Northern Mists ​(1911), though Erik Wahlgren dismissed the idea without explanation, while Helge Ingstad discounted the connection on the basis that Norse people were ignorant of Latin literature. More recently, Jerold C. Frakes argued in an article in the Journal of English and German Philology (vol. 100, 2001) that Nansen was right, that Christian-Latin culture suffused Icelandic learning (as, indeed, Snorri’s Edda makes quite plain with its references to the Trojan War) and that scholars essentially are cherry picking by declaring details that match L’anse aux Meadows, the only confirmed Viking settlement in America, to be authentic and those that do not (such as the uniped in ch. 12 of the Saga of Erik the Red​) to be false. He concludes:
In any case, however, the literate Icelanders of the thirteenth century, consciously or not, incorporated the medieval Norse occupation of the North Atlantic into a larger political and narrative discourse that did take part in a long-standing European discourse tradition that represented confrontations with non-European geography, and this Norse version of it we now can recognize and identify as Eurocentric.
​Beneath the academic prose, the argument is fairly simple: We can’t divorce Norse accounts of their discoveries from the culture in which they were told. To try is to create a false impression.
10 Comments
David Bradbury
4/5/2016 03:29:39 pm

While the Fortunate Isles connection is more than possible, it is still clear that finds of butternuts at L'Anse aux Meadows, and the description of solstice in Vinland,
http://www.etimage.com/english/vinland/Vinland.htm
indicate the Vikings explored well to the south of L'AaM.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
4/5/2016 03:54:01 pm

Undoubtedly so. I'd say it's a case where the people writing the various texts we have chose points of emphasis based on expectations and myths. The Sagas would be more convincing as history if they had discussed butternuts!

Reply
JJ
4/5/2016 04:28:48 pm

perception of what one wants to believe, has more to do with all the book writers or blog writers...did the early Vikings travel great distances? one perception as above, would be no- the grave goods they are finding today was traded 'back' to the person that died- the other perception would be that, yes, they traveled and quite extensively- as noted the king of Denmark who knew of island where many had went... just that simple.

Reply
V
4/7/2016 12:31:24 pm

....this is not valid, because we absolutely have proof that the Vikings "travelled great distances." That's not really an argument AT ALL. They definitively got from Scandinavia to northern Africa and to Newfoundland. Those are "great distances" even by modern standards. And we are not basing that on grave goods, we're basing that on "Here are GRAVES and SETTLEMENTS."

Your argument would be like trying to say that oh, Europeans might not actually have ever gotten to Japan, those kimonos might have come through trade, while completely ignoring the cemeteries full of Dutch sailors IN JAPAN.

The argument with the Vikings--or rather, Viking-era Scandinavians--has never been about whether or not they travelled "great distances." It's only ever been about specific destinations, and the archeology DOESN'T support some claims while it does others.

Reply
John Meffen link
4/5/2016 11:25:01 pm

Look, I am no scientist, but I believe in the Maxim that "science is a method, not a cannon". But I fail to see the rationale of Wolter, Tsoukofalov etc promoting this nonsense. I also note that they rarely submit their finds to peer review!

Reply
On the trail of Ivarr the Boneless...
4/5/2016 11:52:34 pm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9RxIdaPYSU

BBC documentary explaining how the results on the
ground backed up the satellite images. The Repton
giant is looked into. Let alone Islandic Sagas. enjoy.
The link below is to a curious documentary on Ivarr.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvGWM3Lw5RA

Reply
3 Viking areas in Canada? What next?
4/14/2016 12:32:40 pm

The lower tip of Newfoundland has a "new" Viking settlement,
this was spotted by satellite photography. The St. Lawrence
is framed by these two known Newfoundland settlements. The
third one is on Baffin Island, Its easy to assume they took
their longboats up the St. Lawrence, into areas that are now
heavily populated and long under cultivation. Scot Wolter's
two blog-posts this years are now more active. This "new"
news has split his D.C Jewel blogging in half, as people are
reacting to the hypothetical reach of the Viking vessels. If
Leif Erikson could sail as far as Rollo had on a French river,
although he's basically in Canada, it really begs a question
about a string of Viking settlements beating out the French,
only to be resettled on by they much later on. One of Rollo the
Viking chieftain's descendants is William the Conqueror. Scott
Wolter's point about the KRS has been half made. This all is
not a fluke, L'anse Aux Medows is not there because of a ship
blown off course and people forced to rough it with no idea of
where home is!!! It is part of a colonization/exploration pattern.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/vikings-unearthed.html

Reply
the Sagas were an oral history...
4/14/2016 01:06:57 pm

they are written down roughly 300 years after
the events are said to have transpired. even when
there are written records, and someone gets into
a well thought of university, one person's "facts"
can be another person's hyperbole/exaggerations.
case in point, contrast the view of Richard III as
found on the Richard III Society website with the
way Dan Jones has a bearded opportunist treating
his two nephews much worse than we assume that
John of Gaunt ever did Richard II but hopefully not
as dreadfully King John did his poor nephew Arthur,
who he may have blinded and had castrated. Even
when there is an almost contemporary paper-trail, we
can have controversies. (i thought R3 was clean shaven!)
If the Vikings had wanted to sail into the St. Lawrence,
they could have. I think precise details are often lost in
the translation. The discovery of the foundations of the
turf houses on the southern tip of Newfoundland have now
re-activated the smoldering and lingering questions for an
almost equally polarizing debate. Clearly scoliosis is not
the same thing as a having a hunched back, RIII had no
limp, but he did have very rare mitochondrial DNA. His
spinal curve could have been hid under a well tailored outfit.
His armour had only the slightest hint of his scoliosis. The
skeletal remains found under the tarmac of a Leicester car
park have over 99.99% odds of being this "lost" Plantagenet.
Personally, I think Ivarr the Boneless did have brittle bone
disease, and that the Repton area "giant" was found in the
final resting place of one of his loyal bodyguards. William
the Conqueror was said to have dug into Ivarr's grave mound,
he is said to have scattered his remains due to a superstition.
William the Conqueror's ancestor Rollo was too big to be carried
about by the ponies of the Norse. It took centuries to breed up
to a Budweiser Cclydesdale. There was a really big human
femur found in Repton! its neat to work human giants into this!

http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/vikings_10.html

http://www.reptonchurch.org.uk/Vikings.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgloJ5csLMM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvGWM3Lw5RA

http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/04/opinion/jones-richard-third/

Incidently, I think "Perkin Warbeck" was a Plantagenet
who did travel about under an alias for a time. His forced
"confession" that Henry Tudor had distributed about greatly
is a most curious document. If neither Henry Vii or Richard III
killed either of the two princes in the Tower, this begs a Q!

Reply
Repton is not on England's coast...
4/14/2016 01:23:29 pm

its inland. i admit the odds of finding a Viking
"horse shoe" settlement equally inland inside
Canada perhaps has the odds stacked against it,
but if there is a cautious satellite search, methinks
in addition to looking for the heat signature vegetation
difference created by long houses, they should be
carefully looking for similar "horse shoe" areas inside
Canada! this assumes upwards of 10,ooo Vikings
traipsing about, hunting for food. Between 500 and
1000 Vikings has one simply looking for more clusters of
longhouses. Repton's history suggests what they easily did.

Reply
expeditions rely on stored supplies...
4/14/2016 01:50:36 pm

if one sends an expedition of easily 100 to 1000 people inland,
we assume that they do travel with supplies. 10,ooo people
demands even more supplies. if the time duration is months
rather than weeks, they need to augment their food supplies,
this is a given! the difference between "crops" or "rice" or "wheat"
or even beans or oats or other vegetables is the fine line between
success or starvation. there must have been a cultural memory
of a very specific food staff that has become badly translated.

to sing a saga, it helps if there are survivors to the events in Q!
if the KRS is not a hoax, it easily is a tragedy if nobody got back
to Greenland. to be honest, Ivarr the Boneless perhaps was not
a giant or even tall, he may have had very brittle bones. GOTO
all the ways boneless translates. there are five explanations all
equally valid as to WHY the nickname stuck! Ivarr may have been
very short. Knud Seedorf in 1949 and Nabil Shaban in 2003 took
an innovative approach to the nickname for the infamous warlord.
osteogenesis imperfecta has one in five odds of being very correct.
in terms of RIII we know scoliosis is not kyphosis, but both involve
an asymmetry. Shakespeare may have been semi-literate, but
Christopher Marlowe was university educated. If I am wrong, the
Bard was completely illiterate. Sagas are an oral history, the Sagas
we have now were formalized in the 1300s, at about the time the
KRS was said to have been carved. The Bubonic Plague changes
Europe. The modern era perhaps begins with the Renaissance...

Reply

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