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How Abu Ma'shar Accidentally Inspired "Hamlet's Mill" and the Modern Myth of the Amazing Science of a Lost Civilization

9/8/2018

36 Comments

 
My research over the past couple of weeks in to Islamic treatises on antediluvian times and Hermetic lore has yielded an unexpected revelation. It came to me because the libraries around me don’t have what I need. In 1968, David Pingree published his important study of astrologer Abu Ma‘shar’s The Thousands, an influential but lost book that established (indirectly) the myth, so popular in fringe history, that the pyramids were built in antediluvian times to preserve science from the Flood, typically identified today with the end of the last Ice Age. As Edward Sachau noted in 1875, scholars had all but ignored both Abu Ma‘shar and the Thousands, meaning that until Pingree that was very little written about either. But Pingree’s book is a bit of a specialty item, especially since it is 50 years old, and WorldCat says that there isn’t a copy within nearly 100 miles of me. One of these days I should probably request an interlibrary loan, but it has literally two minor references to the Egyptian pyramids in it that I have not already read and otherwise is a massive study of astrology that I do not care about.
​Because of this, I’ve been doing some reading about the Book of Thousands and assembled many of the fragments that Pingree used for my Library just so they’d be in one place. They can be found here. But in that reading, I came across a book review of the Pingree’s Thousands by the German physicist Willy Hartner in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1972. Hartner was not a historian by training, and by our good luck he also happened to have been taken in by some of the New Age fringe history beliefs of his time. In his review, he suggested that Abu Ma‘shar had inherited an ancient global science of explaining the slow movement of the stars over time—the so-called precession of the equinoxes—from an ancient lost intellectual culture that believed that cataclysms occurred when conjunctions of all the planets fell in certain sectors of the zodiac. His footnote was telling: “See for instance G. de Santillana and H. von Dechend, Hamlet’s mill, in which a great many examples of astral myths serving to express astronomical phenomena are analysed and interpreted.”
 
If you are a regular reader of this blog, I need not tell you why my ears pricked up. Hamlet’s Mill, published in 1969, is one of the foundational texts of the “alternative archaeology” movement because its writers mined global mythology to hunt out factors and multiples of 72 in order to claim that such numbers proved that world myths all encoded scientific data from a lost civilization about the precession of the equinoxes, in which the stars rotate backwards through the zodiac by one degree every 71.6 years, roughly 72 years to the nearest integer. Thus, numbers like 12, 36, 72, 432, 36,000, etc. all become important “precessional numbers” suggesting remnants of this lost science.
 
This argument has been the foundation of the modern alternative history argument that ancient people were possessed of advanced scientific, mathematical, and astronomical skills equal to or in advance of those of today.
 
While Harnter saw Abu Ma‘shar as a recipient of such a science, because he believed in Hamlet’s Mill, I think he got it exactly backward. Abu Ma‘shar is actually the zero point where this idea originated, and the authors of Hamlet’s Mill, who wrote their manuscript before Pingree’s Thousands became available, were unaware of this vector and therefore misunderstood their topic. Indeed, they mention Abu Ma‘shar only once in Hamlet’s Mill, in passing, when they decry early European scientists and natural philosophers who dismissed him as basically an occultist. This is a glaring oversight since, even accepting their argument, Abu Ma‘shar should have been a major figure in their system.
 
In a 1952 article written in the German language, B. L. van der Waerden (who, weirdly enough, is cited in Hamlet’s Mill for different articles) made the case that the concept of recurrent catastrophe associated with the zodiac originated in Babylon and was inherited by the Greeks in the West and the Persians in the East, and both bequeathed it to Islam. He believed that the belief system held that disaster struck when all the planets conjoined at the 0° point of the zodiac, which is to say at the dividing point between Pisces and Aries, with the zodiac starting at the first degree of Aries and ending at the last degree of Pisces. However, I think he rather exaggerated the strength of the evidence, since Berossus, our only witness to this belief in Babylon, locates the Flood in Capricorn and the Conflagration in Libra (Seneca, Natural Questions ​3.29). Similarly, another of his major sources, Plato, writing in the Timaeus, describes the Great Year as the return of all the planets and stars to their first positions, but he offers no inkling of precession, nor does he associate the zero point with cataclysm. Closer material can be found in references to Aristotle’s lost Protrepricus as described in another lost work of Cicero (Servius, commentary on Aeneid 3.284), Solinus (Collecteana 33.13), etc., where the Great Year is given as 12,960 years (Cicero’s 12,954 is a translation error of an unfamiliar old usage of Greek into Latin). Anyway, Aristotle’s figure probably came from Eudoxus of Cnidus.
 
The best evidence comes from the Roman writer Censorius, who gives the account closest to that of Abu Ma‘shar in his De die natali 18: 
There is also a year which Aristotle calls Perfect, rather than Great, which is formed by the revolution of the sun, of the moon and of the five planets, when they all come at the same time to the celestial point from which they started together. This year has a great winter called by the Greeks the Inundation and by the Latins The Deluge; it has also a summer which the Greeks call the Conflagration of the world. The world is supposed to have been by turns deluged or on fire at each of these epochs. According to the opinion of Aristarchus this year was composed of 2484 solar years; according to Arestes of Dyrrachium, it was 5552 years; according to Heraclitus and Linus it was 10,800; according to Dion it was 10,884; according to Orpheus it was 10,020 years; and according to Cassandrus it was 3,600,000 years. Others have thought it infinite; and that it would never recur. (trans. William Maude)
​This evidence proves that there were beliefs about fire and flood—just as the Jewish fire-and-flood myth of Adam’s prophecy and the Pillars of Wisdom confirms—but nobody could agree as to how to calculate them or whether they were one-time deals or repeating cycles.
 
Abu Ma‘shar inherited this material—particularly Aristotle’s lost work—and in The Thousands developed a complex astrological system whereby he imagined that the entire universe ran on a clock of interlocking cycles, which could then be used to predict events until the End Times. The Thousands attempted to prove the accuracy of this system by presenting a chronology of world history drawn from Christian and Persian historiography and showing that each event coincided with an astrological conjunction. The Flood was the most important, occurring, he said, in 3101 BCE, during a specific conjunction in Aries. The details are not important but can be read on my Thousands page.
 
His cycle, however, was not just Greek. Because the Greeks could not decide on the dates, he drew on other sources, including Babylonian, Persian, and—crucially—Indian materials. It was this merging of traditions that created the imaginary ancient system that de Santillana and von Dechend thought they had uncovered.
 
The mathematical details are kind of painful to get into and complicated enough to need whole articles and books to explain, so forgive me for oversimplifying a bit. Basically, Abu Ma‘shar wanted to take the Babylonian/Greek zodiac of 360° and make it work with the 4.32 billion years of a Hindu kalpa and the 360,000 years of a medieval Persian “world-year.” These numbers occur in the surviving fragment of the Thousands given by al-Sijzī, where al-Sijzī tells us at Abu Ma‘shar used the Persian world-year of 360,000 years and reckoned the kalpa as 12,000 Persian cycles. He adopted, though, the Hindu belief—not found in Persian sources—that at the beginning of the kalpa all planets were conjoined at the 0° mark, which, when he translated it into the Babylonian or Greek zodiac, placed them at 0° of Aries.
 
The reason these cycles could work together is because they all, basically, boiled down to multiples of 12. The twelve months gave rise to the idea of 12 as a sort of perfect factor for units of time, and Abu Ma‘shar developed the most elaborate system of interlocking Greek, Persian, and Hindu cycles. However, to make his system always yield integer results for key conjunctions and cycles required a false number—though he didn’t know it was false. To do so, he assumed that precession occurred at 1° per 100 years, the estimate known to him from Ptolemy (following Hipparchus), though the real figure is 1° per 72 years. Using the ancient but wrong number he could make the stars spin across 36,000 years, or ten times in his world cycle of 360,000 years. This worked well with the cycles of the visible planets—Jupiter at 12 years, Saturn at 30 years, etc. You can almost see the beauty of these interlocking systems multiplied out by factors of 36 across a celestial sphere of 360°. Never mind that all of the numbers, in reality, are slightly askew—Saturn is 29.5 years, for example, not 30. Also: Modern analysis suggests Abu Ma‘shar fudged the numbers from time to time by adopting elements of the different astrological systems to get his desired results. Consistency wasn’t necessarily his strong suit.
 
Not to belabor the point, but Abu Ma‘shar’s system was extremely influential and could be found from Spain to the Hindu Kush—wherever Islam spread. It entered the Latin West, though not always accurately and not always with authors knowing who originated it. It also influenced the occult beliefs of some of the men who later recorded the myths and legends of European paganism.
 
The long and short of it is that when de Santillana and von Deschend looked across the Old World and saw what they perceived as “fragments” of a lost science, they were looking in the wrong direction. The use of multiples of 12 and 30 across the Old World wasn’t the decay of a lost system of knowledge but rather the contributing factors toward Abu Ma‘shar’s unified system. The numbers themselves were easily explained—they derived from the months of the year, the cycles of Jupiter and Saturn, and Babylonian astrology. The cyclical planetary values also left their traces in non-Western cultures, who also could see the sky and needed no help from the Old World or Atlantis to count to 12 and 30. (Of course, some in contact with the Islamic world borrowed Islamic astrology, too.) That these numbers all were reducible to multiples of 12 and 30 was harmonious, but required no knowledge of axial precession. It was merely coincidence that the drift of stars was also close to a multiple of 12, 72. That is what allowed the authors of Hamlet’s Mill to miss the actual facts behind the supposed secret connections and imagine a lost science that wasn’t really there.
 
Just to drive home the point, al-Birunī, Abu Ma‘shar’s great critic, noted that the whole system is based on the recurring conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn, which recur every 360 years (12 × 30), and this was the basis, he said, of Babylonian astronomy.
 
But Abu Ma‘shar deserves some sort of booby prize in historiography. Not only did the master astrologer—a dubious achievement in itself—transmit the myth of antediluvian pyramids to modern times and preserve the Enochian story of the Watchers for Islamic historians, but he also accidentally inspired an entire pseudoscience of devoted to the sacred numerology of a “lost” antediluvian civilization.
36 Comments
Hermes
9/8/2018 10:37:12 am

Charles F. Fraker, The Scope of History: Studies in the Historiography of Alfonso El Sabio, Part 3.

Reply
KK Tipton
9/8/2018 10:56:09 am

Related to all this....book from 1988 by Stephen Franklin:

https://neros.lordbalto.com/AppendixC.htm

Reply
Emmanuel
9/8/2018 01:15:18 pm

Claim that Khufu built the great pyramid is a laughable myth.

Reply
Mr. Pyramid
9/8/2018 04:45:36 pm

Although I don't know the exact reasons why you say that, the usual fringe-history arguments as to why the pyramid cannot be Khufu's can only be maintained through a massive ignorance of context.

The Step Pyramid of Saqqara is clearly attributed to Netjerykhet (Djoser) by multiple inscriptions on site. Skipping over the abortive step pyramids that were built by Djoser's immediate successors, he pyramid at Meidum and the Bent and Red Pyramids at Dahshur show a clear evolution from a step pyramid to a true pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was built with inward-sloping courses, like those of the step pyramids, that were later filled in to create a true pyramid shape but collapsed at some point; the Bent Pyramid began with inward-sloping courses but moved to horizontal courses partway through the construction process; and the Red Pyramid was built entirely with horizontal courses, like the pyramids at Giza. Of these pyramids, the Bent Pyramid is clearly attributed to Sneferu by stelae that sit in the shrine at the foot of the pyramid. Other texts call the Meidum pyramid "Sneferu Endures" or "Sneferu is Firm" and call both Dahshur pyramids by the name "Sneferu Rises". Sneferu, of course, was Khufu's father and predecessor.

The Egyptians called the Great Pyramid of Giza "Horizon of Khufu", and the recently discovered papyri at Wadi al-Jarf mention shipments of limestone to "Horizon of Khufu". The mastabas (private tombs) surrounding the Great Pyramid belonged to members of Khufu's family and his court. And, of course, there is the builders' mark in the relieving chamber.

Advocates of fringe history often argue that if Khufu did build the pyramid he should have put his name on it more unambiguously, but they do not realize that in his time the Egyptians did not yet inscribe every surface of a building, as they did in temples and tombs of centuries later. Hieroglyphs only slowly came to be used as extensively as they were later; the first known full sentence in hieroglyphs comes from the tomb of Peribsen, the king who reigned before Djoser's immediate predecessor. By Sneferu's time writing was obviously much more extensive, but neither the burial chambers in his pyramids nor the burial chambers in mastabas of the same era were inscribed. Writing was instead put in shrines unconnected to the burial chambers: a shrine at the pyramid's foot in Sneferu's pyramids and a chapel in the mastabas. The Great Pyramid of Giza had a far larger temple at its foot in place of Sneferu's small shrines, but nothing of it survives except the base and the flooring of its courtyard, so whatever texts were there have long since disappeared.

Finally, we have the pyramids of the kings of the late Old Kingdom, which were much smaller than those at Giza but built with the same techniques. Pieces of the texts and artwork of these temples survive to this day, leaving no doubt about which kings they were built for. A cache of papyri found at Abusir even contains accounts of how the pyramid temples were supplied with offerings. These pyramids' burial chambers, however, were still uninscribed—until the pyramid of Unas, whose burial chamber and antechamber are covered with texts about the king's afterlife, texts every later king until the collapse of the Old Kingdom used in his tomb. So the notion that the pyramids were not tombs, as so many fringe theorists would have it, is false. They hold on to the canard by focusing on the Great Pyramid in isolation, ignoring almost the entire civilization that surrounded it.

Reply
Hermes
9/8/2018 06:13:45 pm

sceptical books do not affect the collective dreamers. Any critical contribution is immediately rejected because every demystifying statement closes at least one of the possible extensions of the game, thus threatening its very purpose which is to continue indefinitely

Machala
9/8/2018 07:48:19 pm

Very well and succinctly stated Mr. Pyramid.

Nic'Ropolis
9/9/2018 12:21:13 pm

EXCELLENT COMMENT MR PYRAMID!

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/8/2018 06:45:53 pm

The Rule of 72 in finance has led some experts to speculate that Abu Ma'shar knew about logarithms. Did the Templars teach him?

Reply
John J McKay link
9/10/2018 10:11:03 pm

Abu Ma‘shar lived and wrote long before the Templars were founded.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/10/2018 10:58:42 pm

You clearly don't understand that the Templars are part of a tradition that goes back at least to Egypt and exists up to the present day.

bezalel
9/8/2018 11:01:24 pm

Getting closer to origins....

Found this randomly, perhaps more fragments are cited here

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-masar-jafar-b

Reply
orlando romero link
9/9/2018 10:01:17 am

I agree with Mr, Pyramid's comment. Context is everything...especially in archeology.

Reply
HUGH'S POO
9/9/2018 12:19:06 pm

Phew! i laid a couple of 'Pillars Of Wisdom' earlier;
I felt at least 3 stones lighter afterwards!
Might squeeze a few Pyramids out later too....
Ah such simple joys of life;
Plopping outdoors at some of the world's ancient sites.
Sigh........

Ps: earth energies, Giants etc etc.

Reply
Americancool"Disco"Dan
9/9/2018 04:26:16 pm

If only you could squeeze out Thousands...

Reply
THOUSANDS
9/9/2018 09:16:46 pm

THOUSANDS OF JESUS CRUCIFIED TURDS
THAT TURD DIED FOR MY SINS

Hugh’s poo
9/10/2018 10:45:33 pm

Yes we should all drop big piles here because this blog needs wiped clean and flushed.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/9/2018 03:24:42 pm

While it is not ESSENTIAL TO JASON'S WORK, anyone who has enjoyed Nilson's Himlavalvets Sällsamheter would likely find this Wikipedia article provides valuable context for this article. It does not shy away from citing critics of Santillana and von Dechend's work.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet%27s_Mill

Reply
JaredMithrandir link
9/9/2018 11:15:37 pm

I feel like pointing that Skeptic who think the Flood Legend was actually inspire by a Local Mesopotamian Flood that destroyed the city of Shuruppak, are probably effectively placing The Flood after at least some of the Pyramids.

Reply
Americancool"disco"dan
9/9/2018 11:38:35 pm

It doesn't matter since there was no Flood. Looking at your website you seem to be an advocate of huggery-tuggery and say the Bible doesn't command us to kill homos.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
9/10/2018 02:44:29 pm

Hi Dan -

In reality, there were multiple floods, usually impact mega-tsunamis.

What became of the memories of those floods...

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/10/2018 06:42:35 pm

Please to be explaining how the tsunami got to Babylon.

JaredMithrandir link
9/10/2018 08:48:06 pm

Correct, The Bible does not Condemn Homosexuality.

Even Secular Scientists believe the Earth's Population experienced some major bottleneck event a few thousand years ago. I simply place it a little bit more recently then they do.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/10/2018 09:02:39 pm

"Leviticus 20:13 New Living Translation (NLT)
13 “If a man practices homosexuality, having sex with another man as with a woman, both men have committed a detestable act. They must both be put to death, for they are guilty of a capital offense."

It's the "put to death" part that I read as a condemnation. Help me understand your thinking here.

JaredMithrandir link
9/14/2018 08:20:48 am

That Translation is wrong, the Hebrew is first of all talking about something involving a Woman or Wife's Bed. Whether or not the ac tin question was a Homsoexual act it can't be applied to all Same Sex activity.

Geodude
10/7/2020 05:54:31 am

You know you can be homo without taking it up the bum right? You can rub one out, blow the horn, etc. The bible doesn't command us to kill homos, it commands us to kill people who engage in anal sex (or whatever else "lay with a man as [you would] with a woman") means).

E.P. Grondine
9/10/2018 02:47:23 pm

Hi Jason -

You need to read about the transmission of Hermetic lore at Harran, set out here by Frederico Bruzone

https://www.quora.com/What-did-pagan-resistance-to-Christianization-look-like-during-the-time-of-the-Roman-Empire

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/10/2018 04:09:22 pm

You're gonna keep strokin' away at that, huh Chief?

Hi Jason -

You need to read this Cliff Notes version:

Hermeticism is only mentioned in the last paragraph. The Cliff Notes version of the last two paragraphs is:

Some pagans claimed to be Sabians so the Religion of Peace wouldn't cut their heads off and had to say "We like the Corpus Hermeticum" to keep up the scam.

REPLY
E.P. GRONDINE
9/7/2018 08:44:06 am
The transmission of Greek texts in Babylon is well known.
The start of this transmission in Harran is not.
This fact is essential to Jason's work.

AMERICANCOOL"DISCO"DAN
9/7/2018 03:53:47 pm
"The transmission of Greek texts in Babylon is well known.
The start of this transmission in Harran is not.
This fact is essential to Jason's work."

You are endlessly amusing, old man. The subject is covered in more detail in the already existing Wikipedia article on the Sabians, and it doesn't involve "they made up a story to keep their heads from getting cut off" like your source,

IT'S ESSENTIAL TO JASON'S WORK!!!!

It's like you think Jason hasn't read the Wikipedia article on the Sabians, which cites a lot of scholarly sources and not just one guy working on his Master's degree like your Quora essay, and it DEFINITELY seems like YOU haven't read the Wikipedia article.

But you do love telling Jason how to write don't you?

AMERICANCOOL"DISCO"DAN
9/7/2018 05:56:18 pm
Sometimes "news" isn't news.

Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, 1987, page 13.

Judah Benzion Segal, The Sabian Mysteries. The Planet Cult of Ancient Harran, Vanished Civilizations, ed. by E. Bacon, London 1963

Daniel Chwolson, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (Sabians and Sabianism), 1856, I, 112; II, 543, cited by Salmon.

Extracts from Ethel Stefana Drower, 1937, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran

Green, Tamara M. The City of the Moon God. Published by E.J. Brill. 1992. pp. 106-112

from 2013: https://clavisjournal.com/the-shadow-of-harran/

from 2000: http://www.annine-pansophia.nl/annine_van_der_meer/wp-content/uploads/THE-HARRAN-OF-THE-SABIANS-IN-THE-FIRST-MILLENNIUM-ad-DEF.hermesharran3.pdf

from 2000: http://www.oocities.org/mandaeans/Sabians6.html

from 2009: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-02-63.html

I could go on for days, but....

IT'S ESSENTIAL!!!

Reply
E.P. Grondine
9/11/2018 06:27:35 am

Hi Dan -

The Sabians lived in the Hurrian area:

https://cosmictusk.com/song-of-ullikummi-grondine-unpacks-broze-age-myth-revealing-courty-impact-event/

If you remember that sterile soil level common in the ANE, often cited as evidence of Noah's flood in the last century, and consider that it may have been mega-tsunami deposit rather than a "normal" flood deposit, you have your answer.

Astrology was the astronomy of the time.

Mimic
9/11/2018 12:51:38 pm

It’s Americanego just with another name. Still acting pretentious and assholish still. At least you contribute to the conversation though.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/11/2018 04:45:57 pm

Yes, once again I'm the asshole (one of Chief's favorite terms) because I read the newspaper and don't falsely claim to be an Injun.

E.P. Grondine
9/12/2018 08:19:10 am

Hi Dan -

I am still 1/8 Shawnee, despite the Denning's objections.

E.P. Grondine
9/11/2018 10:10:38 am

Hi Dan -

From the evidence, Abu Ma‘shar would be a waypoint in a long tradition that extends far back in time. You may have noticed that much of our Greek and Latin corpus was recovered from Arabic transmissions.

It is likely to be the same case here for works of astrology/astronomy. If Jason is expecting modern understanding in those ancient materials, he will be disappointed.

If you are not familiar with impact mega-tsunami, see the work of Ted Bryant and the work of Bruce Masse.

I've had a stroke, and trying to recover Shawnee astronomy is quite enough work for myself and my colleague Fletcher Wilson.

Personally, I'd rather be in Tuscany, the Greek Islands, coastal Turkey, or in Hollywood trying to sell the Kieninger piece.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"dan
9/11/2018 02:17:38 pm

Yes, you've dined out on that stroke for some years now. The point is that you present ONE LINE in a Quora essay by a master's degree candidate as if it's new groundbreaking information when there's decades of easily available and readily known scholarship by actual scholars on a subject you claim is ESSENTIAL TO JASON'S WORK, yet you seem not to have looked at Wikipedia.

And in fact the source you cite says the people involved were LYING about being Sabians.

You constantly call your own research skills into question.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
9/12/2018 08:24:29 am

The transmission of Greek and Roman texts via Harran is essential to Jason's work. I've never seen him mention it.
Astrology was the astronomy of those days.

Pops
9/11/2018 12:46:44 pm

This might feel out of place but it is related to the overall conversation. The problem is that there is history illiteracy among the the general populace. To fix it from the root means the improved education of the Humanities and Social Sciences to children and college students. I’m always disappointed that fellow skeptics ignore or even belittle the Humanities despite its great importance. (The ancient alien trolls prove what happens when one is historically illiterate) It’s good science literacy is making some headway but that everything else is ignored is criminal. Conservative and Libertarian pundits don’t make it any better claiming that history or other fields within the Humanities are of little use because of the “free market” or some junk like that. Jason, If you haven’t already please bring these issues to the forefront. Degrees for historical studies is declining, colleges are slashing history departments, and scholars are getting paid less than a dental assistant. This and more are the reasons scholars expertise’s are being ignored and why these insane fringe ideas on history are becoming more widespread. It’s time that advocacy for history and the Humanities be given the same attention like the STEM fields.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/11/2018 02:33:24 pm

There's humanities and there's humanities. There's history and then there's art history. In another example, Sociology is part of the Holy Trinity of Majors for the Dull-witted, the other legs of the tripod being Criminal Justice and Geology.

I would like to think we are in the Golden Age of the Autodidact, but my mental jury is still out on that. I'm reminded of a recent discussion here about how "Wolter's not a historian!" because he lacks a degree in the subject. I believe Wolter COULD be a historian if only he had average intelligence. He could BE a historian simply by studying history, but again, there's the troublesome lack of average intelligence.

If I understand your point correctly I'm agreeing with it. We don't need a society of 100% STEM drones, and when I was young we called it "programming" not "coding".

Reply

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      • Religious Conspiracies >
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        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
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        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
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          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
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          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
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        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
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        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
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        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
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        • Fabulous Zoology
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      • Extreme History >
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        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
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        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
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        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
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      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
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        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
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      • Flying Saucers Are Real
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    • The Supernatural >
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      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
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      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
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      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Scrapbook
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
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