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Ibn Khuradadhbeh and the Inscriptions on the Great Pyramid

3/14/2019

13 Comments

 
​As I have been writing my book about the myths and legends associated with the Giza pyramids, I have run across a few facts I wasn’t previously aware of, or which were right in front of my face but which I didn’t fully understand. One of the more interesting I just discovered by accident this past week. It concerns a passage found in the historian al-Maqrizi’s Al-Khitat, which al-Maqrizi composed around 1400 CE. In the passage he relates what at first seems like a rather standard summary of another writer’s views about the pyramids of Khufu and Khafre:
Ibn Khuradadhbeh said in The Marvels of Construction: Both Egyptian pyramids each have a width of 400 cubits, and the more they rise, the more their width shrinks. Both are made of alabaster and marble, and their height is 400 cubits by 400 cubits wide. On their faces texts about the art of magic and all the wonderful secrets of medicine were etched by hand. There is also this entry: “I am the one who built these. Let him who proclaims himself a powerful king destroy them, for to destroy is easier than to build!” An estimate of the expenditure required for this work has been established, and it has been recognized that the income of the whole world would not be enough. (my trans.)
​I admit to thinking very little about this particular passage because it is a rather brief summary of stories given in fuller form in other works. For example, the claim about the secrets of magic and medicine being carved on the surface of the pyramids appears in several other writers, and the quoted boast on its surface is better known from any number of later texts. The historian al-Mas‘udi, writing between 947 and 956, offers this version: “We are the ones who built the pyramids. Let him who wishes to equal our authority, to obtain our power, and to overthrow our throne, knock down these edifices, and efface all traces of them, though it is easier to break down than to build, and to disperse materials than to unite them” (my trans.). The Akhbar al-zaman of c. 950-1000 CE gives the same passage this way: “I, Sūrīd, the king, built these pyramids at such and such a time. I completed the building in six years. Let anyone who would come after me and believe himself a king as great as I destroy them in six years, for all know that it is easier to destroy than to build. I also covered the pyramids in silk: Let those who come after me cover them in turn” (my trans.). This last version is given as part of the famous story of how Sūrīd had a vision of the coming Flood and built the Great Pyramid to protect science from its waters.
 
Given the more elaborate and colorful forms of the story, I didn’t give much mind to the brief form. Nor was I able to identify Ibn Khuradadhbeh when I translated al-Maqrizi five years ago. It can be very difficult to locate information about Islamic writers due to the wide variation in transliteration. Of course, he now has a Wikipedia article, but I didn’t know about that then. His name is also transliterated as Ebn Kordadbeh and Ibn Khurradādhbih. You can see why I had trouble guessing who he was from the French transliteration that I was working with.
 
That’s why I was surprised to run across Ibn Khuradadhbeh’s name when reading a decade-old article about the incorporation of the pyramids into medieval Arabic geographic treatises as part of my research. I hadn’t thought about Ibn Khuradadhbeh much at all, but I recognized the name. When I read that he flourished a century before the Akhbar al-zaman was written, that caught my attention. He lived from c. 820 to 912 CE.
 
This means that the alleged inscription (almost certainly a fake) attributed to the pyramid-builders predates the story of Sūrīd by nearly a century, since the story of Sūrīd building the pyramids first appears in print with the Akhbar al-zaman, and the oldest mention of Sūrīd, by Ibn Wahshiyya around 900 CE, knows him only as a philosopher.
 
It’s not the most mind-blowing discovery, but it suggests that there was some preexisting pyramid lore, probably of Late Antique origin, that was incorporated into the Sūrīd story as it took shape in the 900s. This gives more support to the notion that the various parts of the story derive from Late Antique and early medieval antecedents of various origins.
 
The only hitch in this is that al-Maqrizi attributes the quotation to a book called The Marvels of Construction (i.e., Amazing Buildings) that doesn’t appear in standard accounts of Ibn Khuradadhbeh’s many works. It is unclear, therefore, if this is a genuine work of his or a spurious later work attributed to him. That’s why I went the extra mile and checked Ibn Khuradadhbeh’s extant works to find out if the passage appears in them. And it does! It’s in his On Geography (Kitāb al-masālik wa’l-mamālik), where the passage reads:
The pyramids of Egypt are constructed of granite and marble; their height is 400 cubits; it is also the measure of their length and width. All kinds of medical formulae and wonderful talismans are engraved on them. On one we also read: “Let the king who claims to be powerful try to destroy them, although it is easier to destroy than to build. And, indeed, the income of the whole world would not be enough for this work of destruction…..” (my trans. from the French edition of Charles Barbier de Meynard)
​Give or take a few words and the placement of the quotation marks, al-Maqrizi and Ibn Khuradadhbeh have the same text. There are three possible reasons for the discrepancy, aside from translator error. First, al-Maqrizi might have altered the text for explanatory reasons. Second, he might have made a mistake. Third, the difference might be due to the fact that he was working from the original, while we possess a later abridgement, in which there may have been differences in the text. For what it is worth, the French translator of Ibn Khuradadhbeh said in his notes on this chapter that al-Maqrizi likely had a longer and more accurate text than the one in the abridgment. It turns out that “Amazing Buildings” is the title of the chapter on the pyramids in Ibn Khuradadhbeh’s book.
 
The passage was written perhaps as early as the first edition of 846-847, which would place it earlier than Abu Ma’shar’s discussion of Hermes Trismegistus building the temples and pyramids of upper Egypt to preserve science from the Flood, or it could have been added for the 885-886 second edition. It’s fascinating to see the way different bits and pieces of myth and legend slowly converged into a single new story, which in time became the template for all manner of pyramidiocy and the claim that Atlantis or space aliens built the pyramids.
13 Comments
Hanslune
3/14/2019 10:20:27 am

An interesting tid-bit indeed!

Thanks for the research Jason.

Reply
Machala
3/14/2019 10:53:02 am

Very interesting Jason and very well researched.
A thought struck me as I was ready this and I want to ask this question. Would it be probable that because the ability to read and decipher the pyramidic hieroglyphics symbols and the ancient Egyptian writing was lost by the time of Ibn Khuradadhbeh’s book, that his description ".... All kinds of medical formulae and wonderful talismans are engraved on them...." etc. was merely a guess as to what the REAL meaning of the inscriptions meant ?

It is just the sort of thing a tour guide who wanted to sound more knowledgable than he really was, would tell a visitor to the pyramids.
Likewise, the purported quote about its building. The tourist, of couse, would take this for actual fact and report it in their description of these amazing structures.

I've seen native guides make up all sorts of fanciful and colorful stories and embellish legends to entertain and amaze the gullible gringos. Could this not have happened to Ibn Khuradadhbeh and other early Arabs who went sightseeing in Egypt ? What real proof is there that the sides of the pyramids contain secrets of medicine and magic ?

Reply
Jason Colavito link
3/14/2019 11:10:58 am

Basically, yes. We know from Ammianus Marcellinus in the 300s CE that hieroglyphics were assumed to be secret occult writings, and by 850, Abu Ma'shar confirms that they were thought to be the secrets of Egyptian science and magic--in large part because alchemists came up with bonkers occult meanings for the symbols at the famous temple at Akhmim. Similar claims can be seen in the difference between Horapollo's semi-fictional hieroglyphic interpretations and the almost completely false ones of Ibn Wahshiyya four or five centuries later.

The quote about destroying the pyramids is almost identical to one associated with the first caliphs destroying a Persian structure in the 700s, so it is most likely an attempt to parallel Islamic lore in an Egyptian context.

Reply
Machala
3/14/2019 11:27:55 am

Thank you.

Rackham
3/14/2019 12:24:56 pm

The boast is kind of interesting, even if recycled, in the context of the attempt to destroy Menkaure's pyramid in the 12th century.

Reply
William Fitzgerald
3/15/2019 09:13:22 am

"their height is 400 cubits; it is also the measure of their length and width"

Apparently, Ibn Khuradadhbeh was not very good a Geometry.

"Let the king who claims to be powerful try to destroy them, although it is easier to destroy than to build. And, indeed, the income of the whole world would not be enough for this work of destruction…."

While the Pharaoh had a good intuition of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics; but, not a good understanding of Economics.

Reply
Accumulated Wisdom
3/16/2019 04:47:02 am

"That of the Southern pyramid is a naked woman who reveals her natural parts"

This is what Mona Lisa is doing on her sleeve.

"Many people have seen these spirits on numerous occasions around the pyramids in the middle of the day and at sunset."

This sounds like old inscriptions only visible at certain angles of light and shadow. This is similar to inscriptions on the Newport Tower. I am only aware of one inscription on the Great Pyramid. The one found by Howard Vysse. HV allegedly hoaxed this inscription. The idea of inscriptions on the Great Pyramid is interesting. With the casing stones removed, absolutely impossible to prove.

Very interesting to see "silk" where, I have been told was "paint". Anytime, I come across representations of said paint, it looks Babylonian.

"In the middle of a slab was drilled a hole; in this hole was planted vertically an iron pin, and then this was placed on the preceding slab. A second hole for the iron pin penetrated the second slab, and then molten lead was run into the hole around the pin in order to secure the two slabs and make them steadfast."

Other than the "copper nails" found in the shaft, I am only aware of one other use of metal with the construction of the Great Pyramid. The other example of metal use is, usually referred to as "staples". Allegedly made of a "fusion of Nickel, and Tin". This takes a temperature in excess of 3,000°. This process was allegedly not duplicated until the 1930's. I have been searching for more information about these staples for a long time. Woo, or True???


Reply
Hanslune
3/16/2019 10:49:56 pm

There are 7-9 inscriptions showing a name of a work crew plus many other marks in the relieving chamber not just one.

https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/perring1839bd1/0017/image

you can find the rest here

https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/perring1839bd1/0002/thumbs

There is also an inscription found on the outside called the Goyon Ginsells builders mark:

http://www.benben.de/Architektur/Cheops/Grafik/Goyon2.jpg

The staples used in South American are from a natural occurring ore not a man made mixture.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/529806?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Reply
Accumulated Wisdom
3/18/2019 10:47:40 pm

Hanslune,

Thank you for the links! I really appreciate the link to the South American Staples!

Any idea where the Staple from the Great Pyramid is? Someone has to have it.

Richard
3/17/2019 03:38:25 pm

Always a pleasure reading your articles !!

Greatful that the errors and variations in translation did not occur in the religious translations and interputations of the worlds bibles, religious texts and beliefs.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
3/18/2019 12:05:03 pm

I wonder if there was any writing on the facing.

Reply
Hanslune
3/18/2019 10:52:39 pm

I'm not aware of a metal staple associated with the GP. You may thinking of the iron plate that was discovered in the outer core stones.

http://www.catchpenny.org/iron.html

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Accumulated Wisdom
3/22/2019 04:14:50 am

Hanslune,

I can't thank you enough for the links!

I have quite a bit to say but, want to wait until, I find the sources to quote accurately.

The iron of meteoric origin is absolutely fascinating. Transmute the meteoric iron into Steel...Apparent origin of every "magical" blade. In my opinion.

Keep checking back . I WILL find those sources. The Staples were always presented as proof of contact between cultures.

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