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Jordan Peterson and the Babylonian Creation Myth

4/9/2019

16 Comments

 
​On Sunday, Expedition Unknown broadcasted a live special in which host Josh Gates presided over the opening of an Egyptian sarcophagus containing the mortal remains of a priest of the god Thoth. Gates took to Twitter to share his excitement, declaring the dead man to be “a stunner.” I get the idea of being excited by digging up a mummy, but it makes me uncomfortable to turn a corpse into entertainment.

The mummy revealed. What a stunner. The world’s first look at a 2,500 year-old burial of a high-priest of the Egyptian god Thoth. To viewers around the world who joined us tonight LIVE - thanks for being a part of the team. @discovery #ExpeditionUnknown #EgyptLIVE pic.twitter.com/7Prt1cLabO

— Josh Gates (@joshuagates) April 8, 2019
​What is interesting to me is how we decide as a society which corpses are worthy of solemnity and respect, and which can have a multi-hour TV special to use them as entertainment. Could you imagine, for example, a special in which the Discovery Channel unearthed Mark Twain’s grave to see if it still had a white mustache and then promised to put his clothes on display? Or consider the fuss that attended the exhumation of Jesse James’s grave, which was also a bit of a media circus but was treated as an exhumation rather than a festival and party. The difference seems to be that we see some dead people as still human beings, and others as basically objects. It’s hard to imagine putting Shakespeare’s skull on display in the Folger Shakespeare Library the way Egyptian mummies are laid out in the Egyptian Room of innumerable museums.
 
Meanwhile, a recent post at Medium by writer and art history lecturer Emily Pothast has some interesting things to say about the way Jordan Peterson misuses ancient mythology in his bestselling books. Pothast specifically takes on his use of the Enuma Elish to defend his controversial patriarchal view that “consciousness” is male, while the irrational and chaotic are female.
 
I will let you read the piece for yourself, but in summary, Pothast notes that Peterson intentionally dismisses the political context of the Babylonian creation myth. The story serves as a mythological justification for the dominance of Babylon in Mesopotamia by justifying Marduk’s position of preeminence among the gods and making him into the head of the pantheon. The Enuma Elish rewrites earlier stories to give Marduk a role originally held by other gods. To that extent, the story is an intentional pastiche rather than an organically developed myth. Peterson, however, treats it as a development from the collective unconscious, despite the fact that the three sources he cites for his understanding of the story all take pains to explain the broader context:
Even though the political function of Enuma Elish is obvious and important enough to have been mentioned by three of Peterson’s own sources—Heidel, Campbell, and Neumann—it figures into Maps of Meaning only as a dismissive footnote that misses the point of what it dismisses. In 12 Rules for Life, that dismissal resurfaces as a fatuous argument that utterly fails to engage with the history all three of his sources referenced. By Peterson’s own admission, his interest lies not in accurately grasping the historical context of myth, but in using myth to support preconceived notions about archetypes as “eternal ‘categories’ of imagination.” And yet his evidence for the primacy of those categories comes from the myths themselves, leaving us with a tail-biting bout of circular reasoning that calls to mind the illustration of the ouroboros that Peterson uses to illustrate the concept of chaos.
​Far be it from me to defend Jordan Peterson, but Pothast’s criticism goes a little bit too far. Peterson’s intention was to use the myth of Marduk slaying the primal goddess Tiamat to justify a broader Jungian archetype of the masculine spirit overcoming the “Terrible Mother.” That much is a vestigial survival from the depths of twentieth-century psychoanalysis, but that doesn’t mean that Peterson misunderstood the Enuma Elish, ​at least not as Pothast believes he did. The reason for that is that the story that it tells existed even before Marduk was wedged into it. The Kutha Creation Legend, for example, gives a similar story, but with Nergal as the hero who slayed Tiamat. For Peterson’s purposes, it simply does not matter which god killed Tiamat, since he is interested in the action of male god or order slaying female chaos goddess.
 
Nevertheless, despite this, Pothast is fundamentally right about her main conclusion, that Peterson ignores the concept of context and instead imagines that myths precipitate out of a realm of archetypes:
He’s wrong about mapping the universe of human experience onto this story for the same reason fundamentalist Christians often have incorrect notions about the Bible: He completely ignores how the stories developed and imagines instead that they are simply evidence of some cosmic eternal truth that just so happens to line up with his politics.
​As Pothast notes, Peterson’s understanding of myth is weirdly divorced from modern scholarship. He relies on the Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell and a bunch of midcentury writers whose work, while important at the time, is now out of date at best and superseded by better knowledge in many cases.
 
Pothast, of course, has her own ax to grind, writing in the article about feminist readings of Mesopotamian mythology as well as issues of social justice. The difference, as she notes, is that Peterson presents his ideology as universal truths so self-evident as to be beyond ideology. And that is a dangerous perversion. Even the Babylonians understood that their myths were political in nature, not merely spiritual. Jordan Peterson would benefit from being at least as insightful as the ancients whose beliefs he mines.
16 Comments
William Fitzgerald
4/9/2019 09:57:47 am

I previously commented on this artictle over on Medium. Thank you Jason, for validating by assertion!

Reply
Kent
4/9/2019 10:37:44 am

On doit bear in mind that both the Old Testament and the Qur`an promoted one god to supremacy among many; this is SOP. The First Commandment implicitly acknowledges the existence of other gods and some Jews even today adhere to the old concept of a male and female deity. "Allah" was a Quraysh-specific local deity. It could be argued that Christianity carved out a new position and assigned it to Jayzoos, similar to G.W. Bush creating the Department of Homeland Security.

Reply
Harvey the White Rabbit
4/9/2019 10:49:27 am

What do you mean not viewing corpses as entertainment? I mean, the televising of Senate and house committees are really be viewed as simply other versions of the hit show "The Walking Dead".

Reply
Kent
4/9/2019 11:01:08 am

The Egyptians went out of their way to make their corpses interesting via mummification. Honi soit qui may y pense. The other people who died 2500 or more years ago are already in a "safe space" and will not be "made to feel less than" or "deprived of agency". Welcome to Plunderdome,

Reply
Machala
4/9/2019 01:47:06 pm

" ...I get the idea of being excited by digging up a mummy, but it makes me uncomfortable to turn a corpse into entertainment."


There is always a fine line isn't there, between scientific investigation and "scientific" exploitation ? We haven't anvanced that far from the days when medical autopsy was a theatrical exposition for the viewing experience of the intellectual elite within the public general, as well as those in the medical professionals and students.
Doctor Joseph Bell, (who was Arthur Conan Doyle's inspiration for Sherlock Holmes), was famous for his lectures and observations during autopsies at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Much of Holmes' astute observations and deductions were patterned after Bell's methods of diagnosis - often deliverd in a theatrical manner while performing an autopsy.

I am more uncomfortable with the outrageous exploitation and desecration of Peruvian mummies by Jaime Maussan and L.A. Marzulli than what is being done under the direction of the Egyptian Dept. of Antiquities.

Reply
V
4/9/2019 02:30:03 pm

Jason, you mention Mark Twain and Shakespeare as if it's unimaginable that they could be used as entertainment, but there was a HUGE TV special, that did specifically show the testing of the remains several times, about the finding of Richard III, and the remains of at least three colonists from the Jamestown Colony are on display at the Jamestown Archeological Museum--just like any Egyptian Room. Andre the Giant's skeleton is on display at the Mutter Museum in Philadelphia, along with a soap mummy, among other things. Human remains have been treated as objects all over, regardless of age, race, or culture. And really, we treat living people like objects, so it should be no surprise that remains are treated similarly.

Plus, I think it's entirely possible to treat remains respectfully AND still examine them and even display them. Certainly every Egyptian Room I've ever been to has been chock full of putting these things into their proper context, and what little I saw of that special did the same. The weren't exactly Belzoni.

As for the Peterson stuff, I went over to read the article from your link, fully expecting a large feminist rant on this--and got TWO PARAGRAPHS about feminism, that solely seem to exist in order to show that Peterson's reading of mythology is in no way the only one, and with the same amount of justification--ie, counterpoints to Peterson's own narrative that "female == chaos" is a universal archetype. *shrugs* Sorry, I can't see that as a "feminist axe to grind," but only as basic Boolean logic: if there's even one case where something is not true, the entire premise is false.

Reply
Clint Knapp
4/11/2019 05:37:12 pm

Minor correction, V:

Andre was cremated and his ashes spread over his ranch in North Carolina when he died in 1993.

If you are referring to the "American Giant" exhibit, which stands a full two inches taller than Andre at his 7'4" peak, that skeleton is displayed with no identification, and has been since at least 1898- though the story is that it was purchased in 1877.

Reply
Kal
4/9/2019 09:38:25 pm

"The only reason for a modern man to claim women as frantic and chaotic, and ergo, they are rock steady and not so, is to pump up their own masculine insecurities. I have seen more men whining and panicking in a situation, whereas the actually level headed women in the same tell them to calm down. It goes back to that old misguided notion from the late 1800s when women were viewed as frail and frantic, so that then their suitors would not have to actually 'educate the fairer sex', and keep the status quo for themselves. It is this arrogant men who need the education."

Reply
Homer Sextown
4/9/2019 09:47:59 pm

I have never viewed women as ergo nor men as less ergo than women.

Reply
Larry
4/10/2019 01:53:20 am

They put an awful lot of effort and time into brushing the dust off of the sarcophagus.

Reply
Kent
4/10/2019 07:34:23 pm

I don't have the time or inclination to research this in any depth but it seems to there are two possibilities if one insists on making assignments:

Order is male and Chaos is female; or
Order is female and Chaos is male.

I have neither a dog nor a cat in this fight, neither a sire nor a tom, neither a bitch nor a pussy.

It should be noted that "chaos" doesn't really mean "chaos" as we understand it today in English.

"Greek χάος means "emptiness, vast void, chasm,[4] abyss", from the verb χαίνω, "gape, be wide open, etc.", from Proto-Indo-European *ǵheh2n-,[5] cognate to Old English geanian, "to gape", whence English yawn."

Is that not feminine imaginary? Yes, I'm referring ultimately to a lady's lady bits.

Nonetheless it bears mentioning that the Greek goddess of disorder, Eris, is obviously female.

Reply
William Fitzgerald
4/10/2019 09:17:19 pm

Third option: it's neither. I tend to think the whole concept is a bit silly, especially in a modern context. But, even in the ancient context, I think these myths tended to be mutable. I am sure it's easy enough to find examples of the "feminine" as representative of chaos; whatever "feminine" actually means anyways. But, the opposite can be found as well, as in the trickster tropes.

Using myths to understand ourselves is interesting and sonetimes useful; one reason the Bible resonates so forcefully. But, any underlying understanding must be placed in context and validated by science.

Chaos as feminine doesn't make a whole lot of sense to me intuitively or scientifically; quite the opposite actually. If we reduce the idea of "femininity" down, what particularly sticks out is child bearing; which, leaving aside the mechanics, and looking at its deeper implications is the opposite of chaos.

It's possible in a male-dominated society there is a fear of "femininity." And in any society there is a fear of chaos. Its further possible the fears get conflated.

I haven't read Peterson to know exactly what he is driving at. Still, I shrug at his idea of "femininity" representing chaos (if that's the case). But, his wider point, I think, is that myths stem from an evolutionary reality. This does sing true to me. And just because Peterson's particular example, as outlined in the Medium article, is a manipulation within a political context (that the Medium author thinks Peterson ignores), doesn't mean it's necessarily invalid. Because the myth still uses motifs that resonated at the time, even if the story was manipulated, as people recognized those deeper and familiar themes.

Reply
Kent
4/10/2019 10:03:01 pm

"Third option: it's neither."

Right out of the gate. I said "if one insists on making assignments".

You don't see the Hag as a Trickster? If you're saying Tricksters are all male you just made an assignment, in a modern context. Well, it takes all kinds.

Don't know what you mean by "in a modern context". Women's Lib? Iron John? S.C.U.M.? The Ally McBeal Unisex?

Because, stealing from Morgan Freeman as Principal Joe Clark, you can barely read, I will repeat it:
______________________________
It should be noted that "chaos" doesn't really mean "chaos" as we understand it today in English.

"Greek χάος means "emptiness, vast void, chasm,[4] abyss", from the verb χαίνω, "gape, be wide open, etc.", from Proto-Indo-European *ǵheh2n-,[5] cognate to Old English geanian, "to gape", whence English yawn."

William Fitzgerald
4/10/2019 11:52:51 pm

"Right out of the gate. I said 'if one insists on making assignments'." Fair, enough.

Male tricksters like Loki and Hermes come to mind. Interesting though that tricksters can take on multiple identities, being tricksters its probably in their nature. No I am not saying all tricksters are male. But, that many tricksters are males in persona and sowers of disorder and creating voids. My larger point in this example is that myths are mutable as are the underlying ideas in some cases.

As an aside, I don't know if a hag can be firmly place within the trickster motif. But, a hag can be seen as the decay of femininity in line with entropic decay or chaos, so maybe.

What I mean by "modern contex" is the conditions we find ourselves. What examples do you have for the "feminine" being a sourse of chaos in the modern post-industrial world. The myths linking "feminine" to chaos were created in ancient agracultural world, perhaps Neolithic or older.

"It should be noted that "chaos" doesn't really mean "chaos" as we understand it today in English." Nice try. But in your abysmal shallowness you miss the big picture and the small.

Please respond, I'll make my day.

Reply
A C
4/18/2019 04:55:00 am

Loki is a male figure but his actual narrative role is that of a gender-fluid shapeshifter. His ability to trick people is directly tied to his lack of rigid maleness.

'Chaos' is kind of a vague theme that appears much stronger in comparative mythology than in any one example. The only ancient culture to center an explicit order/disorder dichotomy is Egypt where Maat (order) is feminine while Isfet (disorder but not primordial chaos) has no personification but is tied to Set (male) or Apep (who as a sea serpent has heavy parallels with both Tiamat and Leviathan but is usually assumed to be male).

Primordial chaos is unrelated to disorder in Egyptian thought and is either associated with the male Amun (who is far more of a force of order than chaos) or the male-female pairs of the Ogdoad (which sometimes includes Amun).

In Greek Chaos is male but is a separate concept from disorder which as noted above is represented by a goddess. In latin Eris is called Discordia and paired with Concordia (Harmonia in Greek who isn't paired with Eris as far as I know).

Tiamat is 2nd millennium BC demonisation of the 3rd millennium Namma/Nammu who is associated with primordial chaos but like the Egyptian examples has nothing to do with disorder. The first Mesopotamian myth where slaying a monster is associated with bringing order is the Asag myth where the mountains are personified as a giant who is broken apart and his body given names as various gemstones and ores, so nothing feminine and none of the sea connotations of Tiamat/Namma and Apep. Asag's slayer Ninurta is a prototype for Marduk's role as a monster slayer, Tiamat's army of monsters in Enuma Elish are foes of Ninurta from a non-extant myth referenced in magic incantations.

Reply
A C
4/18/2019 06:08:29 am

"The reason for that is that the story that it tells existed even before Marduk was wedged into it. The Kutha Creation Legend, for example, gives a similar story, but with Nergal as the hero who slayed Tiamat."

Sadly you seem to have come down with the old 'out of date public domain research' bug yourself.

There is no 'Kutha Creation Legend' outside of 19th century scholarship. The source tablets are now translated as 'The Cuthean legend of Naram-Sin' or 'Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes' and are not a creation story and do not contain any references to Nergal slaying anyone.

Tiamat's role in the Cuthean legend is as a wetnurse of monsters (actually human hordes associated with a real world ethnic group in most versions but smells like a euhemerism) like in Enuma Elish, but she's paired with Belet-ili (always a benevolent mother goddess) which goes back to the Sumerian pairing of Ninhursag (Belet-ili) and Namma (Tiamat) in the creation of mankind. Tiamat's death is never described even in A. H. Sayce's translation and he only makes the claim that Nergal slay's Tiamat's 'brood' so your claim here is entirely guesswork based on assuming the reference to Tiamat implied she should have a similar role to in Enuma Elish (which she does but only in the brood of monsters role not the chaoskampf role). Its more likely that Tiamat and Belet-ili are conceived as gods of order punishing mankind than as monsters in this context.

Modern reconstructions differ from A. H. Sayce in assuming that the Seven Kings and their hordes are never defeated as the poem ends with a statement of pacifism. Instead the hordes retreat to be used again as a force of divine punishment (shades of Gog and Magog or the late Jewish legend of one Leviathan being slain at the dawn of time while its mate was spared to die at the end of time) but they're clearly conceptually related to various groups of seven monsters who are defeated by divine heroes so A. H. Sayce was making a good guess, like J. Peterson he just misjudged the flexibility to which mythological themes can be used.

The Cuthean legend is from the 1500s BC so contemporary with Enuma Elish or a few centuries older depending on how you date the Marduk cycle. A. H. Sayce claims it could be 2350 BC in the source you have in your library but he was writing in 1888 and derives that date from the idea that the Cassites ruled at that time which no modern scholar would agree with.

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