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Nazi Archaeology and the Oera Linda Book

5/3/2014

25 Comments

 
One of the reasons students of conspiracy culture and fringe history study the most extreme cases is because they demonstrate the ease with which bad ideas can drive out good ideas, and how political and social concerns can lead to the willful suppression of truth in favor of lies. The white minority government of Rhodesia put enormous political pressure on archaeologists to conclude that Great Zimbabwe had been built by anyone other than black Africans for obvious political and racial reasons. In fact, from roughly 1960 down to the end of white minority rule, the Rhodesian government engaged in official censorship.
Here is how Paul Sinclair, the curator of archaeology at Great Zimbabwe, described the situation when he was interviewed in 1990:
Censorship of guidebooks, museum displays, school textbooks, radio programmes, newspapers and films was a daily occurrence. Once a member of the Museum Board of Trustees threatened me with losing my job if I said publicly that blacks had built Zimbabwe. He said it was okay to say the yellow people had built it, but I wasn't allowed to mention radio carbon dates... It was the first time since Germany in the thirties that archaeology has been so directly censored.
Sinclair brings up the specter of Nazi archaeology, and the outlines of that disaster are well-known. As in Rhodesia, the Nazis suppressed archaeological sites that did not clearly demonstrate Aryan supremacy and appropriated for themselves the achievements of other cultures, for example annexing ancient Greece as a Germanic culture.

The Nazis, like the Rhodesians, developed an ahistorical—or rather, ant-historical—view of the past and ordered their scholars to support it. They sent archaeologists around the world to search for lost white races and the Aryan homeland, and these archaeologists knew that they had no choice but to return the results that their bosses back in Berlin wanted to hear. Professional archaeologists were of course outraged by the perversion of science and at first very few were willing to participate, but the leading Nazi archaeological group, the Ahnenerbe, simply replaced them with amateurs, cranks, and fringe thinkers who would be more amenable to producing the correct results.

A good chunk of this is covered in Christopher Hale’s excellent book Himmler’s Crusade (2002), particularly in terms of efforts to find in Tibet the original Aryan homeland, where the purest members of the white race escaped from the Great Flood.

One of the tenets of Nazi archaeology was the concept of Deutsche Reinheit, or in English, “Pure German Man.” Under this concept, the official line was that Germans originated among the survivors of a great natural disaster, be it the Flood, the fall of Atlantis, the Ice Age—the details were still open to debate—and that the migrated from this lost Aryan homeland to Germany, in so doing developing a high culture that could be discovered through archaeological remains of “Germanic” artifacts across Europe and beyond.

Such beliefs, of course, didn’t emerge out of nothing. They had spent decades festering in the fringe, crank, and speculative literature of Germany, and the Nazis simply appropriated them when they were most useful for their propaganda and political purposes. In this, their effort was little different from the way the Rhodesians adopted crank ideas about Zimbabwe, or, for that matter, the United States’ government’s use of the myth of the Mound Builders to support Indian removal in the 1830s. The Nazis appropriated the work of Edmund Kiss, an architect who claimed to have studied archaeology at university, despite having produced no evidence of this. In 1928 Kiss traveled to Tiahuanaco in Bolivia, and under the Nazi regime he published a massive tome of pseudo-archaeology in which he argued that the cyclopean architecture of the site was too similar to that of Europe to be anything but an ancient Nordic habitation, and he argued that the site was far older than anyone had thought—perhaps millions of years older. Himmler asked him to do more work on his Atlantis, Thule, and Tiahuanaco theories, and although this never came to pass, the inclusion of Kiss’s work in Morning of the Magicians (1960) guaranteed that each new generation of fringe thinkers would take over these claims for Tiahuanaco, which even today fringe thinkers want to attribute to a lost white race or space aliens (the Nordic, humanoid ones of course, not the evil Greys) and place at least as far back as the Ice Age. Although Kiss is often credited with originating these ideas, in fact Ignatius Donnelly had already done the same in 1882, when he declared that Tiahuanaco was evidence that South America was settled by white men from Atlantis.

Kiss’s work wasn’t all that the Nazis borrowed from the crank fringe of archaeology. Himmler was particularly interested in a Victorian-era hoax known as the Oera Linda Book, which had been written in Old Frisian and claimed to tell the dramatic story of how the Frisians migrated from Atlantis to Germany in the most ancient of days. Here is the passage that so excited Himmler:
During the whole summer the sun had been hid behind the clouds, as if unwilling to look upon the earth. There was perpetual calm, and the damp mist hung like a wet sail over the houses and the marshes. The air was heavy and oppressive, and in men’s hearts was neither joy nor cheerfulness. In the midst of this stillness the earth began to tremble as if she was dying. The mountains opened to vomit forth fire and flames. Some sank into the bosom of the earth, and in other places mountains rose out of the plain. Aldland, called by the seafaring people, Atland, disappeared, and the wild waves rose so high over hill and dale that everything was buried in the sea. Many people were swallowed up by the earth, and others who had escaped the fire perished in the water.

It was not only in Finda’s land that the earth vomited fire, but also in Twiskland (Germany). Whole forests were burned one after the other, and when the wind blew from that quarter our land was covered with ashes. Rivers changed their course, and at their mouths new islands were formed of sand and drift.

During three years this continued, but at length it ceased, and forests became visible. Many countries were submerged, and in other places land rose above the sea, and the wood was destroyed through the half of Twiskland (Germany). Troops of Finda’s people came and settled in the empty places. Our dispersed people were exterminated or made slaves. Then watchfulness was doubly impressed upon us, and time taught us that union is force. (trans. William R. Sandbach)
The brief reference to Atland is quite obviously intended as a reference to Plato’s Atlantis, and Himmler saw in it confirmation that the Aryans were the people of Atlantis.

The supposedly ancient manuscript for the Oera Linda Book came to light in 1867, with a Dutch translation in 1872 and an English translation in 1876, and heated debate arose over its authenticity. By 1879, nearly all scholars recognized the book as a fake, with the very paper on which it was written sourced to a German supplier from 1850. Nevertheless, the German nationalist Herman Wirth christened the book the “Nordic Bible” and argued for its authenticity in a book published in 1933, the first year of the Hitler regime. Heinrich Himmler became convinced that the Oera Linda Book was legitimate, and soon enough the text became known as “Himmler’s Bible.”

Now here’s the scary part: Himmler’s archaeological organization, the Ahnenerbe, emerged directly from this hoax because Wirth’s efforts in 1934 to defend the text drew him into Himmler’s orbit. The two men worked together to found the Ahnenerbe because Himmler was outraged that a public debate at the University of Berlin over the book’s authenticity on May 4 led to a humiliating defeat for crank history when Arthur Hübner argued against the book and made public the evidence for the hoax. Himmler decided then and there that esoteric Nazism and cult archaeology needed the force of government to impose the “truth” on dogmatic academics.

Thanks to Himmler’s efforts, the Oera Linda Book retained a patina of “forbidden knowledge.” Beginning in the 1970s, Robert Scrutton used it as evidence for Atlantis, Tony Steele used it to support neo-paganism, and some Neo-Nazi groups continue to accept it, largely because Himmler loved it.

But the use of pseudo-archaeology and pseudo-history was by no means confined only to Germany. In France, a parallel movement called “Celticism” held sway, positing pretty much everything the Germans did about the superiority of white people but swapping Celts for Nordics. Robert Charroux adopted Celticism’s racial theories, and in the 1960s he imported into his ancient astronaut books elaborate discussions of lost white races and prehistoric white hegemony.

The Soviets, as I have noted before, were happy to twist science to meet their ideological ends. A 1950s-era experiment in appropriating ufology as a “materialist” explanation for religion led directly to the florescence of the ancient astronaut theory in Western Europe in the 1960s. Under Peter Kolosimo (a communist) and the writing team of Jacques Bergier and Louis Pauwels (then a “pagan” socialist, later a Catholic conservative), the first generation of ancient astronaut theorists had a distinctly socialist cast—so much so that Erich von Däniken became disgusted with the socialist implications and injected into his rewrite of their ideas his own brand of anticommunist, conservative politics: “I have asked myself again and again: what is there that we can set over against the cummunist/socialist (sic) ideology?” he wrote to U.S. president Gerald Ford in 1976.

In America, U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace lost his chance at the presidency because of his connections with another fringe thinker, Russian émigré artist Nicholas Roerich. Wallace spent years in thrall to Roerich, who preached an offshoot of Theosophy predicated on a belief in the imminent end of the world. Wallace wrote letters to Roerich reveling in his excitement that the Theosophical space aliens from the planes of the Moon and Venus would soon come to take over the world. In 1944, party leaders dumped Wallace as vice president in favor of Harry S Truman, who duly succeeded FDR upon the latter’s death the following April. But during his time in high office, Wallace—while serving as Secretary of Agriculture—used his government connections to send Roerich to the USSR to go in search of the relics of ancient astronauts (“Ascended Masters”) in central Asia under the cover of collecting rare plants.

25 Comments
Erik G
5/3/2014 10:08:28 am

Ah no, Jason... I received my early education in Northern Rhodesia (which became Zambia in 1964) just across the Zambesi from Southern Rhodesia (later Rhodesia) and in the late '60s I had a regular vacation job as research assistant at the Livingstone Museum, which was a hub for archaeologists, anthropologists and other scientists working in Central Africa. My main task was to collate and summarize historical reports and publications about the area, so I got to know quite a bit about its past and met many of the experts working there -- an experience which I still find valuable.

I had never heard of Paul Sinclair until today. It is possible that he worked in Rhodesia after 1970, which was when I left Zambia, and it is also possible that it was after this date that Ian Smith and his clique of nutcases sought to "whitewash" Great Zimbabwe -- but at no time during my education and my stints at the Museum was I taught or told that Great Zimbabwe was built by anyone other than Black Africans. It was a given that Africans had built it. There were a number of hypotheses that it may have had links with Ancient Egypt, or maybe even formed part of mythical Punt -- but these were not taken too seriously. Another hypothesis, which was taken more seriously as I remember, was that it may have been a stronghold on an Arab trading route.

Education in both Zambia and Rhodesia was virtually identical in the 60s, as the curricula were set by the UK, and final year exams were marked there. I was taught that Great Zimbabwe was built by Black Africans (i.e. not Egyptian Africans) and not by anyone else. To the best of my knowledge, not even apartheid South Africa believed that was not the case. If anything, certain archaeological academic circles in the UK were the ones who did not believe that Black Africans had moved south into the Zambesi river valley before the 10th or 11th centuries AD -- which was later disproved by an archaeologist I worked for (Joseph O. Vogel) at the Livingstone Museum -- but I suspect that this was an academic belief and not one based on racist grounds.

Sinclair's assertion that he was censored may well have happened, especially in the 70s, but I suspect that he's overdoing it -- especially with regard to textbooks and education. The original Great Zimbabwe University back in the Smith days may well have been a private concern run by the church and may not have had the support of the state. The current Great Zimbabwe University was originally the Masvingo University College, an extension of the University of Zimbabwe, and adopted its new name when the private institution failed. This may or may not be important -- but if Sinclair worked for the church-sponsored university, there may well be some bias in his recollections. as there was always considerable animosity between the Smith government and various churches -- and vice versa.

What bugs me is that you have used only one source here to push your thesis about Rhodesia's similarity to the Nazis in the suppression of truth. I find Sinclair's statements overblown -- why would the Rhodesians even think of "yellow" people as preferable to African? Was it because Sinclair's specialty appears to be Indian Ocean trade with Central Africa? (Yes, I looked him up.) Sinclair's interview (no source given) was in 1990 -- ten years after Rhodesia ended.

What I'm getting at here is that at no time during my education and my time with archaeologists, in my interactions with Rhodesians and South Africans, in my reading of popular books and magazines, textbooks and journals, did I come across attempts to portray the founders of Great Zimbabwe as being anyone other than Black Africans. Fringe activists have different views, obviously, and to them Great Zimbabwe may have been a summer home for Nibiruan expat gold miners, but that's what you'd expect from them.

Reply
For What It's Worth
5/3/2014 01:00:32 pm

First, I would argue that Jason's "thesis" is that a variety of governments (European, "New World", etc.) have engaged in similar forms of revisionist and propagandistic "history", NOT "Rhodesia's similarity to the NAZIs". Furthermore, that one ought to be on guard, as such institutionalized forgery and falsehoods could lead one into believing things that are not true based on an appeal to authority, and cannot simply be relegated to just "those silly NAZIs...".

Second, you offer a lot of really great counterpoints and, at least at face value, some important contrary evidence to claims and statements made by Jason. Unfortunately, you also leave out some very important details. Taking for granted your education in Northern Rhodesia / Zambia...were you wealthy, or poor? were you European, or indigenous Zimbabwean / Zambian? Was it a public school, or a private school? Where would one verify your employment / duties / exposure to the academic circles of both the pre-Commonwealth U.K. and those operating within Rhodesia? I ask because you make claims based on information that one simply cannot verify. Even assuming everything you say is true, which I don't have a reason not to, two children can attend the same school and have wildly different experiences. I would have to assume that the European "rulers" had a far different lifestyle (and outlook, and "history") than those who'd rightfully lived off those lands for generations.

Challenging claims is important and serves to either make them better, or cast them out as false / untenable ... but one needs more than "Hey! That's not the way I remember it!"... especially when we're dealing with 40-50 year old memories.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
5/3/2014 01:07:00 pm

The book in which Sinclair was quoted was called "None but Ourselves" and was published in 1990, but I see that it was a reprint of a 1982 volume. To be fair, it was published in Harare, and the Mugabe government did have reasons to demonize its predecessor. That said, there are plenty of papers and books that talk about colonial efforts to whitewash Great Zimbabwe. Here's one from the early 1980s:

http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4213/1/Preben_Kaarsholm_-_The_past_as_battlefield_in_Rhodesia_and_Zimbabwe.pdf

Henrika Kuklick also documented the Rhodesian government's efforts to suppress radiocarbon dates and African origin evidence in an article called "Contested Monuments" in George Stocking's "Colonial Situations." According to her, the period of official denial lasted from the late 1960s through 1980, not coincidentally the same period as the nationalist movement to oust the white minority government.

So, your experience is quite true: No one denied Africans built the place from 1914 to, say, 1968. After that, the Rhodesian government tried and failed to impose a non-African origin.

Reply
Dr.Dpin
5/4/2014 05:36:50 am

Thats Jason for you...always throwing loose crap facts around and twisting them to suit his needs .. just like a certain TV show he hates so much ... lol... still he's always an interesting read...

Reply
Snarkula
5/4/2014 01:19:10 pm

spoken like a true troll!

Steve StC
5/5/2014 12:59:37 am

This is one of the more interesting series of comments I've seen at the bottom of one of Jason-and-his-keyboard's blog posts. It shows just how uncritical his acolytes are. In "For What It's Worth"'s case, the desperation to defend Jason-and-his-keyboard against facts on the ground is so utterly transparent, it can only be called slobbering.

Here we see that Jason-and-his-keyboard using Google search trumps years of experience on the ground. On Jason-and-his-keyboard's part, the sheer arrogance of this is astounding. Did Jason-and-his-keyboard ask "Erik G" a single follow-up question so as to learn from his years of experience in Rhodesia? Of course not. Why bother? He's got Google. And he's up on his racism soap box.

Erik G wrote that he was a "research assistant at the Livingstone Museum" and his "main task was to collate and summarize historical reports and publications about the area…" Not good enough for the one acolyte who leaped to Jason-and-his-keyboard's defense.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
5/5/2014 01:16:18 am

Your reading comprehension speaks eloquently to your analysis, Steve, and I'm thrilled that you read my agreement with Erik as opposition, and feel that the resources I provided documenting the changes in S. Rhodesian policy after 1968 (almost a decade after Erik left the country) are somehow nothing more than a "Google" search, as though academic journals and texts are just random racists' opinions. But since when do facts matter to you?

Snarkimodo
5/5/2014 04:18:30 pm

Steve's attempts at attacking Jason just get more pathetic all the time.

Frank
5/3/2014 12:44:39 pm

Erik, Something about comment piqued my curiosity,

I did a little digging. and found an article which stated that the archeologists Peter Garlake and Roger Summers complained of censorship and left the country
The sources cited at the end of the article lead to an extract on Rhodesia from Professor Antoon De Baets'
Censorship of Historical Thought: a World Guide 1945–2000,
Hosted at the University of Groningen

http://arts.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/publications/general/Historical/2002/debaets_censor/_censorship.pdf

So now you have another source. . .

Reply
MPE
5/3/2014 02:52:37 pm

Erik is obviously more knowledgeable than you (Jason) yet you simply cant aknowledge it? Maybe Wolter is right about your Character.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
5/3/2014 03:00:01 pm

So the fact that I agreed with Eric about his experience before 1970 and documented my sources for post 1968 events somehow translates into me being obtuse because you lack reading comprehension?

Reply
Shawn Flynn
5/3/2014 07:03:02 pm

Ah just like how Wolter always agrees with people who are more knowledgeable about history.

Reply
Snarkenstein
5/4/2014 01:23:09 pm

Another troll!

Reply
Erik G
5/3/2014 11:36:22 pm

To Jason and the others: Thank you for your comments.

Just a brief reply to "For What It's Worth"... My family was not wealthy (my grandfather was a missionary, which should explain why) and the schools I attended were public government-funded schools. I would have preferred not to have to say this, but my education was fully multiracial -- there were only three white kids in my class of thirty during my last year of high school. I am not an elitist; nor was the world I lived in one of colonial mansions and vast velvet lawns, which seems to be the impression many Westerners (especially Americans) have of the colonies in Africa, as if it was the Antebellum Deep South. European rulers? One or two officials out from Britain, all gone by 1964. Not that many whites, either -- and very few were wealthy in any way. Many had come there after WW2 to try and remake lives broken by the war. To go anecdotal for a moment: it was a multiracial live-and-let-live society. Different races lived side by side. In the case of our neighbors, it was Indians on the right, Black Africans on the left. Of course it wasn't perfect, and there were white supremacists about, but when Zambia became independent, they left for Rhodesia where they were forced to fight for their beliefs (and lose a number of sons in the Bush War).

I may have been of European stock but, damn it, I was born there and I was African. I still am. I doubt one can ever shake Africa.

And, For What Its Worth, my memory of those years is pretty good. My interpretation of events may be at fault, but that can be said about all of us and about history in general. I can't prove I did what I did, but I was there, and I haven't forgotten.

Thank you all for the additional sources. My gripe was that Jason had used only one source. I still don't think one should equate Rhodesians and Nazis in any way. The Nazis were evil; the Rhodesians were never evil but very sadly misguided. To try and whitewash Great Zimbabwe was stupid. And I doubt anyone with half a brain believed it then. Or believes it now.



Reply
imoho link
5/4/2014 11:14:00 pm

i agree that "one source journalism" is too sloppy.
i notice that in Jason's blog posts he often quotes
a multiple number of sources, even if he does not
always completely agree with them. i am a PBS fan.

Reply
Varika
5/5/2014 07:08:28 am

Erik, the one thing I take exception to is your own equivalence, that "the Nazis were evil." I feel that this is oversimplified and ignores history.

I'm not going to try and whitewash what was done in the name of Nazism. I am, however, going to point out that they had this nice slow decline into depravity and horror, and a lot of it came out of the fact that they had the power to do what they wanted--much as the Roman emperors, much as Napoleon. For that matter, much as Saddam Hussein and Putin.

With that in mind, ANY government that takes such tacks has the potential to fall into such abuses of power. If the Rhodesians didn't descend into the depths of horror that the Nazis did, perhaps it's because they didn't have the levels of power that the Nazi party did--and perhaps, had Germany been somewhat less terribly impoverished just before WW II (at the hands of the Allies in WW I, let us not forget), the Nazi leadership would have been content with what they had long before the worst horrors were unleashed.

In short, it's my belief that failing to admit that ANY person or group is capable of the deepest of betrayals as well as the highest of altruistic acts is short-sighted, so freaking out because someone points out that two governments (one considered the darkest of evil, the other not so much) engaged in the same negative activities is a knee-jerk reaction that needs to be discarded.

Reply
Fr. Bill Bosh
5/4/2014 07:30:30 am

My FRIEND and COLLEAGUE of 25+ years, Mr. Steve Walker, has *WRITTEN*BOOKS*! How DARE you... SUGGEST... that BOOKS are in ANY WAY associated with NAZIS! My Friend is NOT A NAZI, and IT is SIMPLE... MUCKRAKING... to suggest so!

Reply
dude... link
5/4/2014 10:50:13 pm

http://video.pbs.org/video/2365163360/ THIS!!!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8X8Q0pzwyw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEccdi_2p_U

dude... i'm a Danny Kaye fan. I also sorta like
the BLUES BROs... but this is aging way fast.
PBS does have that documentary online, now.
-----> Skokie: Invaded But Not Conquered <-----

Reply
danny kaye's youtube link
5/4/2014 10:58:42 pm

this video is well worth ten minutes of your time.
click on that lil arrow, it takes you directly to it.

Steve Walker = prominent Democrat link
5/4/2014 11:25:11 pm

"Walker is a proven political operative and organizer. Walker served as Deputy National Political Director at the DNC during the 2012 campaign. In 2010, Walker was the DNC’s African-American Vote Director.

“Steve is one of the most respected leaders in the Democratic Party,” said iVote Board Member Jeremy Bird. “Steve’s depth of experience and strategic abilities set him apart, and getting someone of his talent and reputation for this effort shows how critical it is."

###



http://www.270strategies.com/news/entry/steven-walker-joins-ivote-as-executive-director

"ABOUT iVOTE --- iVote, a new voting rights campaign dedicated to the powerful notion that every eligible citizen should vote, recently launched an offensive against orchestrated efforts to block people from voting. iVote will target Secretary of State races in Colorado, Nevada, Iowa and Ohio, activating grassroots armies to elect Secretaries of State who will protect every American’s access to voting."

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRxIA91IuDk (((enjoy)))
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
dude... the guy most likely voted for our current sitting president
in the last two elections. he's a tad to the Mittster's left, actually.

Reply
was "bill bosh" trying to slam Gov. Scott Walker? link
5/4/2014 11:33:39 pm

Many GOP people often want him to run for president and
he could be in the future GOP debates in 2o16 as IOWA
looms. Scot Walker, Jeb Bush, Rand Paul + Ted Cruz
are near the top of many polls after the way the bridge in
N.J fiasco hurt Gov. Chris Chistie's gravitas & ambitions.

Clint Knapp
5/5/2014 08:41:26 am

A Simple Plea:

Here's a novel idea. How about everyone sticks to a single alias and doesn't devolve into Phil parodies so J.A. doesn't feel the need to spam Jason's blog with link-ridden nonsense about wildly off-topic subjects that he pretends is "Gonzo"?

Honestly. Phil does a great job of parodying himself, and J.A.'s spam is just getting ridiculous at this point. Is it so much to ask for a modicum of decorum and maturity?

An Over-Educated Grunt
5/6/2014 01:50:11 am

You have a point, and, as the guy who occasionally posts as Father Bill Bosh, I debated how to respond. Eventually, I decided that you're right; one person ruining the blog is enough. Can't predict the future, but for the moment, Father Bill is going into retirement. I made a decision that I wasn't going to respond directly to Phil on any subject at all, but the fact is, like I said, he's ruining the comments section. The reason I walked away for Lent was because I didn't like where I was headed in response to him, and decided to re-evaluate how I responded. I came back and found that he's even more strident and ridiculous than ever before, and rather than engage in some serious self-examination, he just keeps doubling down on his position. My opinion of him, and his positions, hasn't changed, I just decided that I'd rather express it in a vaguely humorous way rather than being one more person dripping venom all over the place. If that choice is giving anyone else headaches, I'll stop that too.

Clint Knapp
5/6/2014 05:19:59 pm

Thanks, Grunt. At this point I honestly wasn't sure who was doing the Phil parodies. It's just been insane around here lately with all the parodies and the outright spam that the comments seem to revolve entirely around them.

I'm all for shining light on the trolls, and countering their nonsense point-for-point at least helps the non-commenting readers see some sense in it all, but I do yearn for the days when we only had Gunn hijacking a thread to talk about his favorite rock to worry about. His obsession aside, Gunn seems like a decent fellow who simply holds strong beliefs and is willing to debate them endlessly. Phil and this new crop are just trolls- plain and simple.

EP
5/9/2014 07:04:10 pm

Jason, you really should find a way to delve deeper into Soviet/Russian ufology and historical revisionism. Their pseudo-scientific efforts weren't as ostentaious as the those of the Nazis, but arguably just as far-reaching and ridiculous.

Coincidentally, the also frowned upon horror as a decadent Western bourgeous genre.

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        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
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      • Science and History >
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        • Prince Henry Sinclair
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        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
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      • H. P. Lovecraft >
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