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Newly Published Articles Claim Mexican Calendar Derives from Chinese Original

9/9/2016

34 Comments

 
An article by Tara MacIsaac published both in Ancient Origins and the Epoch Times this week reports on a three-decade-old diffusionist article by David H. Kelley, newly published in the subscription diffusionist publication Pre-Columbiana. The piece was originally written for a “major” science journal in the 1980s and was allegedly rejected, according to Pre-Columbiana, for being too scholarly. Kelley’s article alleges that the similarities between the Maya and Chinese calendars show that they could only have derived from a single source.
Kelley’s claims join a long list of calendrical claims for the Mesoamerican calendrical system, which claimants have previously tied to the Egyptian calendar and either pre-Christian or post-Christian versions of the Julian calendar.
 
Kelley was born here in Albany, New York. He had a long and distinguished career as an archaeologist and epigrapher, working to decipher the Maya hieroglyphs. He also was a diffusionist who believed that Barry Fell had on occasion correctly identified Ogham Irish writing in the New World, using it as evidence for what he described in 1990 as an “extensive European presence in the New World” in ancient times.
 
Kelley died in 2011.

​Since I am not a subscriber to Pre-Columbiana, I can only go by what MacIsaac has presented in her article.
 
According to MacIsaac, in his posthumous article, Kelley compared the Maya calendar with the Chinese zodiac. This comparison is actually quite old, and it dates back to Alexander von Humboldt, from whose work Kelley’s comparison appear to be lifted. Both Humboldt and Kelley, for example, draw comparisons between the same set of calendars: Mexican, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian. Both men similarly identify the names of the days and their animal signs across these calendars. Both men also draw the same conclusion, namely that all of these calendars are corruptions of one ancient and perfect zodiac. So popular was this view that no less of an authority than the Encyclopedia Britannica claimed, for decades in the nineteenth century, that Mexico had been an outpost of Chinese civilization. Among many other reasons, they cited this:
Humboldt has shown that the Mexican calendar is identical in its principles, which are very artificial and complicated, with that which was in use among the Chinese, Japanese, Thibetians, Hindoos, and Tartars; and he has rendered it probable that the names of their days are borrowed from an extinct zodiac of 27 or 28 houses, anciently familiar to the same nations. (7th ed., s.v. “America”)
Remember, kids: Academics like the encyclopedia writers were trying to suppress the truth.
 
But by the end of the nineteenth century scholars had concluded that Humboldt was full of it, and he had correlated only the most superficial aspects of the calendars, namely the animals, finding connections between birds, mammals, and reptiles that were more likely coincidental. Historian Edward John Payne explained the problem in his unfinished volume on the Western Hemisphere, A History of the New World Called America (1892-1899), where he explained in detail (though with forgivable errors based on knowledge of the time) that the mechanics of each system were fundamentally different:
The reader is now in a position to judge for himself whether the Chinese and Mexican calendars, regarded in their substance, the method in which the days are coördinated with the longer natural units of time, or incorporated into artificial ones, have such a resemblance as to justify the inference that the one has been derived from the other, or indeed any resemblance whatever. The Chinese calendar is not merely lunisolar, but exhibits the lunisolar reckoning in its most advanced form; the Mexican takes no account whatever of the moon, and shows no trace of the most rudimentary attempt at coördination of the day with the lunation, or of the lunation with the year. In dividing the year into smaller periods it proceeds on a purely arithmetical principle, by the vicenary system; the arithmetic of China, so far as is known, has never been other than denary. The Chinese calendar presumes a knowledge of the year as a period of 365¼ days nearly; and this figure is incorporated as a fundamental element in the reckoning. The Mexican year, if our conclusions are right, was an uncorrected cycle of 365 days perpetually. The Mexican reckoning is in substance based on the number 13 as its corner-stone. Neither this, nor the other numbers (4 and 20) employed in the Mexican calculation of time, enters into the Chinese calendar in any way; conversely, no number used in the Chinese calculation of time enters into the Mexican calendar. The Chinese have at different times and for different purposes employed noctidiurnal cycles of 7, 10, 12, 28, and 60 days, and calculated periods of 12, 28, 60, 76, and 80 years; all these numbers are foreign to the reckoning of Mexico. The Chinese have from early times possessed considerable knowledge of astronomy, and have applied it to an accurate division of the noctidiurnal period of 24 hours into 12 equal parts. The Mexicans were wholly ignorant of the rudiments of astronomy, and possessed no means whatever of dividing the day into equal parts. The use of the technical term ‘cycle of years’ in comparing the Mexican period of 52 years with the Chinese period of 60 years, or any period founded on a coördination of the motions of the moon with those of the sun, is in itself misleading. Nothing was coördinated in the Mexican cycle of 52 years but two reckonings of days—two concurrent noctidiurnal cycles, each founded on the arithmetical process of simple multiplication, though each approximated, as nearly as current knowledge and modes of reckoning permitted, to a natural period. Such an arrangement is manifestly not a ‘cycle of years,’ in the sense given to that term by chronologists.
 
This fundamental fallacy affects the whole argument of Humboldt. The supposed resemblances on which his contention for imported advancement is based are wholly derived from the external aspect of the two calendars as two ‘cycles of years’ compared with each other; they are, in fact, neither more nor less than that in each case the ‘cycle of years’ is computed by two series of names or symbols, combined in the way above indicated, and that in each case some of the names used are those of animals. 
The long and short of it is that Payne debunked Kelley more than eight decades before Kelley put pen to paper, refuting his key arguments.

While David H. Kelley more or less modernized Humboldt, a linguist from Tokyo named David B. Kelley tried to defend the other Kelley’s work in the same issue of Pre-Columbiana by using a computer program to correlate the Mexican and Chinese calendars in order to determine how often they would name the same animal on the same day. He found that when comparing the calendars from the Maya start date of August 11, 3114 BCE, the same animal names the day nine times out of sixty, which by my calculation would be 15% of the time, which does not seem statistically significant given the limited range of animals used to designate calendrical events in both cultures. Kelley was able to raise the correlation to 30 out of 60 by shifting the “start date” for the calendar to a random figure of no significance to Chinese or Maya cosmology.
 
The complexities of this correlation aren’t really worth getting into, but there are 20 days in a Mexican cycle, building into larger units in a 52-year cycle, while the Chinese calendar of the contemporary Han dynasty had 10-day weeks combined into 30-day cycles in a 60-year period. The Mexican calendars had names (animal, mineral, vegetable, or conceptual) for the days and the years, while the Chinese calendar names only years for animals. There are more than 100 variant Chinese calendars, so I am generalizing greatly, and since the Shang dynasty the ten-day week had for names the Ten Heavenly Stems (which are not animal names) that became astrological terms in the Han dynasty, according to vol. 3 of Joseph Needham’s Science and Civilisation in Ancient China (1959) and other sources. As Payne had written, the two calendars just don’t line up, their similarity being primarily that both cultures used a sort of “cog-wheel” calendar of interlocking cycles, albeit totally different.
 
The other Kelley had alleged, following Humboldt, that East Asian and Mesoamerican calendar animals derived from a “prototypical list” because of their similarities. Rabbits and monkeys were easy enough to correlate, but he dug deeper to prove his assumptions where they did not match clearly. He correlated the Mexican crocodile with the Chinese dragon. When one group in Guatemala had a turtle in its nineteenth position, but the Chinese did not, he still scored it a hit because the Malay people listed the turtle in the nineteenth position. The Aztec and most Maya did not have the turtle there but rather a lightning goddess, while the Hindus of India have a dog. This is all still a hit because an Aztec myth of no certain date says that this goddess was turned into a dog, and Buddhists depicted on one manuscript a dog sitting on a turtle. He says that the “lightning dog is found in Asia throughout the areas of Buddhist influence and is also found in Mexico.”  Thus dog, turtle, and lightning must be the same because of a story unattested outside of central Mexico.
 
I wasn’t able to find any reference to a Buddhist “lightning dog,” which Kelley claimed was common. I found a few references to “thunder dogs,” the sidekicks of various storm gods, who personify thunder and lightning, but they seem to be an Austronesian concept. But even if it were common, so what? Pre-Christian European mythologies gave the Wild Huntsman a set of barking thunder-dogs who precede his Wild Hunt.  The people of the Lower Congo also depicted lightning as a dog, and an Afro-Cuban folk tale originating in the Congo has a story of a turtle (or tortoise) pulling a fast one on a dog. Does that mean that the Congolese peoples are heirs to the same inheritance?
 
David H. Kelley and David B. Kelley both argued that Mesoamerican linguistic terms were so similar to Chinese as to be “interchangeable.” That claim I find hard to believe, given that Eugène Beauvois argued that Mesoamerican linguistic terms were so similar to those of Latin and Gaelic that they could only be adaptations of the same. Some of these terms would seem to be the same calendrical terms.
 
David H. Kelley concluded that the Maya adopted the Chinese calendar around 200 CE, which would be a surprise to the Mesoamericans who had been using their own calendrical system since at least 500 BCE, according to modern scholars. 
34 Comments
E.P. Grondine
9/9/2016 11:47:41 am

Hi Jason -

Thanks for the post. What I ran into researching my book was claims relating the Maya calendar to an ancient Cambodian calendar. Since my stroke I can no longer do Mayan dates very well, but rely on others for that. Thus I must pass on any comment
on that hypothesis, but I do find you notes here of use.

On a different topic:
https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2016/09/04/the-higher-intelligence-action-bronson-and-ancient-aliens/ufmQ6Z03iwzK03XhDMqiaL/story.html?p1=Article_Recommended_ReadMore_Pos3

Reply
Frank Johnson
9/9/2016 12:50:06 pm

Oh boy...

I've been listening to an aztec maya thing on Audible from the Great Courses and it talks.about the calendar. No way it was Chinese. The series touches on olmecs a bit too.

Diffusionists should have to listen to that before saying or writing anything

Reply
Only Me
9/9/2016 12:56:11 pm

This was a great read. I find it hilarious that these claims are made with such certainty, only for it to be revealed manipulation or misrepresentation of the data has to occur for the claim to seem valid.

I have no idea what the Mesoamericans did to piss everyone off, but for fuck's sake diffusionists, why is impossible for you to let *any* people of the New World to have ownership of their culture?

Reply
Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 01:19:39 pm

The reason being that the Europeans who discovered the Americas were an advanced race on Planet Earth.


Reply
Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 01:22:19 pm

As Carl Sagan speculated, if there is an advanced extra-terrestrial race capable of interstellar travel across the universe faster than the speed of light, they could invade Planet Earth out of evangelical reasons - so Homo Sapiens could worship THEIR god.

Only Me
9/9/2016 02:18:41 pm

Sorry, but European isn't a race. Europeans weren't the only people to have advanced cultures, depending on the time period being examined. And when those same Europeans came to the Americas, history has shown some of the most prominent Mesoamerican cultures were already in decline.

I'm concerned with diffusionists who try to take away the achievements of other cultures while basing their claims on events or influences they believe happened before Europeans came to the Americas.

Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 02:23:00 pm

Okay, replace the word race with Europe.
Still the same thing.
And I disagree with you.
You are misguided by Political Correctness.

Only Me
9/9/2016 02:45:25 pm

>>>Okay, replace the word race with Europe.<<<

"The reason being that the Europeans who discovered the Americas were an advanced Europe on Planet Earth."

That...actually made the sentence worse.

You can disagree, but I'm not bound by political correctness. Decades of archaeological and anthropological work disprove the notion only people from Europe developed advanced civilizations, again, dependent on the time period being examined.

Weatherwax
9/9/2016 03:02:46 pm

He's "misguided" by scientific facts. Genetically there is one human race on this planet. Different skin colors mean nothing.

Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 03:35:08 pm

>>> Genetically there is one human race on this planet. Different skin colors mean nothing.<<<

Gee, we all know that.
Now start thinking big for a change.
You would never dream of emigrating to Beirut or to Damascus - you know, those places with genetically identical homo sapiens.

Weatherwax
9/9/2016 03:58:48 pm

Oh, so when you say race you mean localized cultural turmoil? If you'd explained you don't actually know what you're talking about in the first place it would have saved us both some time.

Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 04:05:04 pm

It's been repeated enough times.
There are races and countries in the world that just cannot achieve the levels of Western Culture,
I am sure you could draw up the list of countries yourself.
You know, countries where the military cannot afford more than 2 helicopters, etc.

Only Me
9/9/2016 04:36:48 pm

>>>You would never dream of emigrating to Beirut or to Damascus - you know, those places with genetically identical homo sapiens.<<<

>>>There are races and countries in the world that just cannot achieve the levels of Western Culture...You know, countries where the military cannot afford more than 2 helicopters.<<

Iran and North Korea. Both nations have societies different from yours and mine due to social, political, economic and religious factors. Both possess nuclear power. North Korea has nuclear weapons and Iran is working towards having them. Know who else has a military and nuclear weapons? Pakistan. India. Israel, though they refuse to confirm or deny. Your argument is invalid.

Now, let's get back to the subject. Diffusionists are another group that don't accept people of the New World were capable of forming their own civilizations for many different reasons. However, there are six recognized sites for the rise of independent civilizations:

Mesopotamia, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Yellow River, the Central Andes, and Mesoamerica.

Hey, look at that! Mesoamerica is on the list. I want these diffusionism claimants to provide irrefutable evidence of European influence on New World civilizations prior to Columbus.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 02:33:32 am

This is shocking ignorance,

Western Culture expansion - called diffusion - was due to superiority on multiple levels, Religious evangelism was a main driving force. Natives were transported to the Vatican where it was debated whether or not they had souls,

Only Me
9/10/2016 03:19:39 am

What part of "before Europeans came to the Americas" are you failing to comprehend? You're stuck in this mindset that cultural diffusion didn't occur until post-Columbus. The claim investigated in the blog post allegedly took place well before then, or is "the Maya adopted the Chinese calendar around 200 CE" too hard for you to grasp? Many, if not most, diffusionist claims are about events/influences prior to Columbus.

It's hard to take the claim of Western cultural superiority seriously when it is established, as I said before, "most prominent Mesoamerican cultures were already in decline." If it was so damn superior, why didn't it spread to the Middle East, Africa, China or Japan at the same time as the Americas? I agree, your ignorance is shocking.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 03:54:41 am

I agree with what's contained in the Main Blog article,
But you raised the subject matter of the people of the New World owning their own culture.
What you should have stated was the people of the New World owning their own culture prior to Columbus,

Only Me
9/10/2016 04:27:38 am

People of the New World didn't lose ownership of their culture post-Columbus. They suffered under forced diffusion, yes, but they didn't lose their culture.

If you're going to make that argument, then you must concede the Greeks shared the same fate when they were annexed into the Roman Empire and made a senatorial province. I guess Horace was blowing smoke when he said, "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive."

All I can say is good luck convincing Mesoamerican descendants they no longer have ties to their ancestry, because, you know, they don't own it any more.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 06:41:32 am

Oh yeah ????

Native Americans "don';t want" their country back ???

Aborigines "don't want" Australia back ???

Only Me
9/10/2016 02:34:29 pm

According to your previous argument, no. You are arguing both groups lost ownership of their culture the moment Westerners moved in. If that's true (and it isn't), they are bound to their respective nations through the ties of the new culture they adopted. Why would they want back the very nations they can already claim through those adopted cultural ties?

>>>Native Americans "don';t want" their country back ???<<<
>>>Aborigines "don't want" Australia back ???<<<

These two questions disprove your previous argument, as they clearly imply both groups still identify themselves by their unique cultures. That means they still have ownership of said cultures.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 03:23:55 pm

It proves that the Native Americans and Aborigines remain in their inferior status against the superior European culture.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 03:27:02 pm

Genetic pattern of Homo Sapiens is physical.
The superior Cultural society is derived from psychology that cannot be physically investigated.
There are different psychological calibrations of Homo Sapiens.

Only Me
9/10/2016 03:39:53 pm

>>>It proves that the Native Americans and Aborigines remain in their inferior status against the superior European culture.<<<

Moving the goalposts. You argued they lost ownership of their culture, I proved they didn't. Now you're back to the superiority issue.

>>>The superior Cultural society is derived from psychology that cannot be physically investigated.<<<

That means it can't be proven, so your argument is invalid.

>>>There are different psychological calibrations of Homo Sapiens.<<<

Which, as you said, can't be physically investigated. Therefore, this also can't be proven and your argument is invalid again.

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 04:05:11 pm

Back to common sense

The Americas and Australia and New Zealand were conquered because of the overwhelming advances culture of Europe.

Period.,

Only Me
9/10/2016 04:37:27 pm

Your last comment does not:

1) Lend credibility to or support for pre-Columbian diffusionist claims.

2) Answer my original question.

3) Meet the requirements I asked for, which I will repeat:

"I want these diffusionism claimants to provide irrefutable evidence of European influence on New World civilizations prior to Columbus."

Kathleen
9/9/2016 02:30:55 pm

OM, perhaps the eurocentric diffussuonists feel that they are on the express lane to knowledge and civilization and everyone else is on the scenic route. I get a sense of pride in their accomplishments and an expectation of a little gratitude, or at least acknowledgement, from those they've enlightened. Too bad that it can be demonstrated that they are on a dead end street.

Reply
Templar Secrets
9/9/2016 03:36:29 pm

I seem to recall reading something somewhere about The Chosen People...

Kathleen
9/9/2016 06:29:10 pm

If earth is selected by Dr. Sagan's extraterrestrials, wouldn't we all be the chosen people?

Templar Secrets
9/10/2016 02:39:53 am

Where did I mention *Sagan's* extra-terrestrials?
Sagan was giving a superficial comment about people who believed in aliens and how superior cultures affected history in the past and how it could equally apply in inter-galactic terms,

And the definition of The Chosen People is one set of people on Earth being superior over all other people by virtue of religion.

Kathleen
9/10/2016 04:25:05 pm

Thanks.

JoJo
9/9/2016 12:57:18 pm

In the end Von Humboldt ascribed these similarities to men simply developing similar forms and motifs independently of each other. That was my interpretation from reading "Cordilleras." It is interesting to see how many far out theories his work inspired. The Hollow Earth phenomena was also inspired by his theory that the magnetic field of the earth dictated that there would be hollows at the poles. This was taken by people like Symmes and turned into the New Age B.S. we see today. Von Humboldt later even apologized that his thoughts had caused such misunderstanding. So trying to toss Von Humboldt into the same morass as other nineteenth century scholars just does not work imo. He was too much of a rationalist.

Reply
Cesar
9/9/2016 04:34:39 pm

Since Joseph Needham was cited in this post, it would be interesting to know that he believed in some calendrical influence going from China to America.

“… the double permutation system of the Maya and other Meso-American calendars in comparison with China is arresting, because the enmeshment principle is not by any means universal in calendar-making. […] If we are right in our suspicion that this arbitrary enmeshment principle occurs only in China and Meso-America, and that the former is very much older, then some measure of trans-Pacific influence becomes almost indubitable”.

Joseph Needham, Trans-Pacific Echoes & Resonances, 1985, p. 32-33.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
9/9/2016 06:41:56 pm

He did indeed say that, and suspected as much back in the 1959 volume I cited. It's still wrong, though, to suggest that similarity equals connection absent evidence.

Reply
Pierre Cloutier
9/11/2016 12:02:49 am

Actually the "start date" of the Mayan Calendar is not the actual start date it is instead the short form of the Mayan calendar date that was used by the Maya to save space rather than record the full date. So August 13, 3114 B.C.E. although of great significance to the Maya was not the true creation date of the Universe among the Maya. instead that date was 28,285,978,483,664,581,446,157,328,238,631 years in the past. In fact before the calendar runs out 43,517,152,096,098,311,708,523,306,538 more years must past. In fact the full length of the Calendar works out to 71,803,130,579,762,893,154,680,634,776 years in length. The c. 15,000,000,000 years age of the Universe seems insignificant by comparison. For more see The Order of Days, by David Stuart, (A noted decipherer of the Mayan Glyphs.), Harmony Books, New York, 2011. (Especially see pp. 230-245 where David Stuart discusses these immense intervals of time along with discusses a Stela found at Coba which has one of the few full long count dates.

Reply
Just some guy, you know?
9/11/2016 01:31:50 am

I wonder how this relates to the claim that the Mayan calendar was particularly accurate in some way - I've heard that assertion several times, never had it explained. How could a calendar with a 365-day year be more accurate than equivalent systems closer to the earth's 365.25 and change year?

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