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"No Irish Need Apply": A Teen Girl Upends a Scholarly Claim with a Simple Google Search

8/3/2015

25 Comments

 
Now that the August 1 embargo on discussing it has passed, I can share with you a book review that Invented Knowledge author Ronald Fritze of Athens State University ran in the American Library Association’s Choices journal about my book Foundations of Atlantis, Ancient Astronauts and Other Alternative Pasts (McFarland, 2015):
Picture
BUY THE BOOK
Fringe history has long been a staple of the publishing industry. As one editor noted, “Bunk sells, debunking doesn’t.” In the realm of television, documentaries dealing with topics of fringe history, e.g., Ancient Aliens, get far more airtime than mainstream historical documentaries. Though it might not have been so in the past, current books and documentaries about fringe history exhibit high production values. It all looks pretty impressive and convincing to many members of the general public. The problem is that fringe history is ultimately based on flimsy to irrelevant to misinterpreted or misconstrued evidence. References to legitimate primary sources that support theories are vague to nonexistent. To demonstrate these contentions, Colavito gathered 148 documents commonly cited by fringe historians, annotated them, provided full bibliographic citations, and supplied a commentary of their context. Interested readers can study the origins of fringe theories and better judge their validity and plausibility. A fine piece of scholarly editing of historical documents and a welcome resource for studying and teaching critical thinking and the methodology of historical research.

--R. Fritze, Athens State University

Summing Up: Essential. All public and academic levels/libraries.
No Critical Thinking Need Apply
A story published in the Daily Beast this past weekend left me dumbfounded. It’s a little outside my usual territory, but it is closely related in theme, if not substance. According to the story, a teenager has successfully challenged the growing academic consensus that widespread discrimination against Irish immigrants never occurred in the United States and was a myth designed to promote ethnic solidarity. That alone stopped me cold, for I had no idea how anyone could believe such a thing. It is prima facie ridiculous to anyone who has read nineteenth century media in any detail. For example, the Scottish writer James Macaulay, writing in Across the Ferry in the 1860s, said that “It is common in advertisements for servants in New York, as in London, to append ‘No Irish need apply.’ The words grate rather harshly on the ear in a land where all are supposed to be ‘free and equal.’” As a Scot he had no particular reason to lie about this, and the hundreds of similar testaments should have made the reality of anti-Irish discrimination quite clear.

But according to the Beast, scholars abdicated their responsibility to work with primary sources as soon as a respected professor announced that the Irish were not subject to overt racial discrimination. Richard J. Jensen, a professor at the University of Illinois-Chicago published “No Irish Need Apply: A Myth of Victimization” in the Journal of Social History in 2002, in which he argued that the type of advertisement I referenced above was exceptionally rare, and that prejudice against the Irish was highly exaggerated by a literate elite drawing on English models, where discrimination against the Irish was widespread. He believes that the 1862 song “No Irish Need Apply” created rather than reflected a perception of widespread discrimination.
The NINA [“No Irish Need Apply”] myth fostered among the Irish a misperception or gross exaggeration that other Americans were prejudiced against them, and were deliberately holding back their economic progress. Hence the “chip on the shoulder” mentality that many observers and historians have noted. As for the question of anti-Irish prejudice: it existed but it was basically anti-Catholic or anti-anti-republican. There have been no documented instances of job discrimination against Irish men.
I’ll take the last point to be false just from a few seconds of searching: The New-York Daily Tribune ran a front page ad on May 14, 1852 in which the advertiser asked for a coachman and appended “No Irish need apply.” I believe that would be “discrimination” against a “man” for a “job” and also “documented.” Worse: The same paper, on June 25, 1843 carried an ad for an entire (male) skilled work crew and specified that “None but good sober people, nor no Irish need apply.” Now, let us stipulate the situation is not clear-cut: It’s not like the papers were chock-a-block with anti-Irish ads day in and day out. However, when paying by the word it’s unlikely that the mildly prejudiced would have specified in print, so the frequency of their appearance must speak to a larger issue. Certainly, too, anti-Catholicism was an important factor; ads specifying Protestant applicants vastly outnumber those restricting Irish ones, though given the demographics involved, the two were not exactly dissimilar in effect.

Jensen also claimed that there was no contemporary evidence of any business ever having a No Irish Need Apply sign, and the crux of his argument revolves round whether such signs were displayed in windows, and whether the exact phrase “No Irish Need Apply” (rather than a variant) was used in his electronic search of various databases, which he conducted in the early 2000s when digitizing newspapers was in its infancy. Clearly, databases have improved since 2002, and today similar searches yield different results.

Jensen’s argument was quickly caricatured as claiming anti-Irish discrimination never occurred, and as such it apparently became widespread across the Anglosphere, where in parts of the British Commonwealth prejudice against the Irish as IRA terrorists apparently persists. (I had no idea, but it is what the Daily Beast tell us.) Vox magazine, well-known for its track record of error, declared the No Irish signs fake only a few months ago, based on Jensen’s work, and claimed that the No Irish hoax is still casting an unfair shadow on American immigration policy. Yes, even this obscure claim has a direct political effect.

As with so many pseudo-historical claims, a study of primary sources uncovered the truth. A fourteen-year-old girl named Rebecca Fried, reading the Vox article at her father’s behest, decided to try to confirm Jensen’s claim. She used the power of Google to search primary sources—old newspapers—and quickly discovered a wealth of “No Irish Need Apply” advertisements such as the ones I found this morning and mentioned above. Indeed, as I found there were also editorials in the 1860s, such as an 1864 editorial from the Philadelphia Herald excoriating journalists for accepting such prejudiced advertisements for the sake of making an extra twenty-five cents. According to Kerby Miller, a retired history professor who tried and failed to oppose Jensen’s claim, “for various reasons, most historians, social scientists, journalists, et cetera accepted or even embraced Jensen’s arguments.” Miller says that Jensen’s claims played into a particular political ideology, and that acknowledging Irish victimization was risky because it made the advocate seem like an IRA sympathizer, or as anti-American. “A lot of people were getting sick of this, but were afraid to speak out,” he said, noting that scholars either did not want to challenge Jensen or felt unable to do so. Miller said that when he tried to criticize him, Jensen accused him of political bias on account of being Irish and Catholic. Miller is not Irish or Catholic.

Fried collected scores of examples of No Irish advertisements, and she worked with Miller to present them in an academic article published in the Oxford Journal of Social History this summer. Jensen denied that Fried’s article refuted his thesis, arguing that she failed to find a single window sign, despite collecting scores of newspaper advertisements. She had, in fact, found enough material on window signs to appear on two pages of her article. “You began this conversation by stating that the article ‘did not claim to find a single window sign anywhere in the USA,’” she wrote back. “I think we now agree at least that this is not correct.”

This is a weird and somewhat disturbing case study because it seems to confirm the worst about what fringe historians assert about academia: that it is dogmatic, hierarchical, and beholden to untruths passed off as collective wisdom in service of some obscure agenda. Yet at the same time, it also demonstrates that better arguments will find a voice and legitimacy if presented appropriately. 

25 Comments
tituspullo
8/3/2015 07:46:10 am

I would suggest the reason is Irish are "white" and any discrimination against anyone other than the current politically correct minorities just detracts from the narrative ('white males evil"). Other than African Americans who are a special case due to slavery and Jim Crow, most other immigrant groups faced some degree of discrimination. But in the world of "quotas" and "diversity" some groups are more equal than others. As an American of Italian background, I've noticed this whenever I debate some HR manager at a company I work for regarding quotas and they tell me I"m "white" and hence those quotas don't apply to me. Then again Irish, Jews, Russian, Greeks, Italians don't fit the narrative (America is so racist you can only get ahead with govt set asides), so any historical racism must be myth. Academia is very sensitive to the politically correct tyrants...so this isn't surprising. Luckily hard science is usually exempt from this dogma

Reply
David Bradbury
8/3/2015 07:55:01 am

The "New Monthly Magazine" (1836, p 358) adds a twist:
"Advertisements frequently run in these terms:- "Wanted, so and so.- No Irish need apply." But the usual phraseology is- "Wanted, an English or American," &c."

I have to agree with your last paragraph. Arrogance and aggressive defensiveness like Jensen's gives academia a bad name.

Reply
John
8/6/2015 08:48:20 am

I wonder what these people would say about the sacking of a Catholic girls school and convent in Charlestown, MA (then an independent city but now part of Boston) in 1834. While the mob was mostly anti-Catholic, in those days almost all the Catholics in Boston were Irish with a few French Canadians. The handful of rioters that were tried for the crime were found not guilty and the Mother Superior was soon ostracized and banished to New Orleans. The Catholic cathedral was threatened with being burned down as well and the church was never repaid for the damages. The succesor school to the one sacked is Ursuline Academy in Dedham, MA. Two of my sisters went there so it is now thriving.
The Know Nothing movement which thrived in the 1850s after the fall of the Whigs and before the rise of the Republicans contained many Abolutionists such as the father of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin) who was a Protestant minister in Boston who approved of the convent attack. Ironically the school at the time was a ritzy finishing school for girls with money based on a French model.

Reply
Shane Sullivan
8/3/2015 07:56:52 am

I don't even want to know what Jensen has to say about the Alhambra Decree, or Apartheid...

Well, thanks for setting the record straight, Ms. Fried.

And Jason, it's good to see that Foundations was well-recieved.

Reply
Not the Comte de Saint Germain
8/3/2015 08:06:01 am

Bizarre. I'd never heard that an academic consensus against Irish discrimination was emerging. The way I've always understood discrimination against the Irish is as a sign of how the US has expanded its inclusiveness over time. Anti-Catholicism in the mid-19th century, epitomized by the Know-Nothing Party, was originally aimed against recent Irish and German immigrants. It was gradually overshadowed by xenophobia toward the flood of Eastern European immigrants, especially Jews, who arrived toward the end of the century.

The one constant in American ethnic discrimination seems to be that African Americans are at the bottom of the pile. While discrimination against the Irish was at its peak, they were sometimes even compared to blacks. There's a whole book on this subject: How the Irish Became White. I haven't read it and can't judge its accuracy, but there's a useful summary here: http://www.pitt.edu/~hirtle/uujec/white.html.

Reply
Shane Sullivan
8/3/2015 08:22:04 am

"While discrimination against the Irish was at its peak, they were sometimes even compared to blacks."

This page shows an old illustration to that effect: http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/01/28/irish-apes-tactics-of-de-humanization/

It's the fifth from the top.

Reply
Duke of URL
8/4/2015 03:58:54 am

Thank you, Shane - very interesting page.

David Bradbury
8/3/2015 08:12:48 am

"Foundations of Atlantis" may be the most expensive Kindle book I've ever bought- but a first glance suggests it's very likely to be worth it!

Reply
Clete
8/3/2015 08:23:03 am

It is nice to see that someone with a basic junior high school education actually produces someone who can do basic research and reach valid conclusions. A fourteen year old girl has the ability to research primary sources that academic historians failed to do. I sometimes wonder about the level of historical and scientific education in this country. I am a retired accountant who worked for a major university and one time on November 11th, the school newspaper asked twenty random students wandering around the campus what was the orginal reason why there was veterans day, fourteen of them didn't know. All of them, however, knew who Kanye West was.

Reply
tm
8/3/2015 08:28:21 am

Great review. I especially liked that he mentioned using the book to study critical thinking. One of the reasons I enjoy your blog is that it reminds me of how important critical thinking skills are in every part of my life. Bravo!

Reply
Crash55
8/3/2015 10:50:13 am

I didn't realize that anyone was trying to refute "No Irish Need Apply." What this does show though is that in the academic community differences are fought out in the journals and usually the truth comes out. That is how science is supposed to work.

Reply
A.D.
8/3/2015 11:11:24 am

I have Fritze's book along with Feder's.I will be checking out your book Jason and adding it to my fringe history debunking shelf.The section on the fake white gods mythos will the most anticipated chapter for me as this topic keeps being brought up by racist who've I've dealt with online..

Reply
Hypatia
8/3/2015 01:54:02 pm

I don't get it. Why is it so important whether it appeared on a window sign when we know it appeared in advertisements in general? That is kind of a fairly minor difference that might be noted by scholars but otherwise has no real impact as to showing the discrimination against the Irish. Is the discrimination greater if there were window signs instead of newspaper ads? Either way, it should show there wasn't a myth of discrimination as the newspaper ads show people were willing to pay to have an extra part in an ad saying that no Irish need apply or something similar to that effect. Especially as it would be fairly easy and likely cheaper to just discriminate outside of the newspaper ad.

The whole situation sounds like he is doing that thing where a person makes a broad statement that proves easy to show is full of it and then keeps minimizing the statement until there is nothing of any substance left.

Also, how would you differentiate between anti-Catholicism and anti-Irish sentiment if the two were very closely linked in the USA at the time? The Catholics who weren't Irish weren't a major immigrant group for most of that time period or at least were generally far outnumber by the Irish Catholics.

Reply
Decimus
8/3/2015 03:39:52 pm

I knew OF Jensen but I'd read his article and found his methodology incredibly scanty and unreliable, so I am astonished anyone took him seriously.

Reply
Matthew R. X. Dentith link
8/3/2015 05:30:35 pm

This is a great example of (a) the peer review process and (b) an issue with the peer review process.

With respect to (a); this is how things play out. Someone comes up with a novel hypothesis, it gets reviewed by field-relevant peers, and then published. With respect to (b) once an idea gets published it gains traction and often critiques end up being on the backfoot; after all, the hypothesis survived the first round of peer review, so it's just considered prima facie unlikely that it won't survive the next round, so why bother?

Peer review is a great system, as long as we understand its flaws. Often debunking a claim requires redoing an entire study, and so I imagine Jensen's view survived as long as it did because until recently it would have been quite hard to generate the mass of data required to show how shaky his claims were. After all, you could redo a study or come up with your own novel hypothesis. The latter is more likely to be published and noticed, which is why the former – whilst an important part of the academic debate – happens so rarely (and why it can take decades for bad ideas to disappear from academic discourse).

Reply
Duke of URL
8/4/2015 03:49:36 am

Jason, I would buy it, but $50 is a wee bit out of my range for a book of that type. I wish you all possible success, though. Hey, see if you can get it on the college professors' You Must Buy This For My Class list!

Reply
Dave
8/4/2015 04:24:33 am

Jensen appears to have made an attempt at re-writing history, however in the age of digitizing documents and providing fairly simple search methods it's easy for people with the desire and drive to research claims being made and, as with Ms. Fried, prove people like Jensen wrong.

I found it hilarious when he tried to defend himself by pointing out she failed to produce a single photograph of a "NINA" sign. He's looking like the pathetic turds on Ancient Aliens.

Reply
PaulN. link
8/4/2015 03:21:55 pm

Sounds like a replay of Michael Bellesiles "Arming of America". An equally flawed thesis with a political agenda. Originally accepted at face value until critics and other historians started digging into his research, and found it either deficient of factual evidence or filled with distorted documents.

Reply
Bob Jase
8/5/2015 01:37:54 am

Clearly the kid has never heard of the town of Rock Ridge.

Reply
Duke of URL
8/5/2015 04:57:46 am

Okay, Bob Jase, I give up. What does a little town in Virginia have to do with the topic?

Reply
Clete
8/5/2015 05:53:05 am

His reference comes from the movie "Blazing Saddles". The townspeople of Rock Ridge are trying to save the town from Hedley Lamarr (That's Headley!) gang of murderers and thieves. Bart, their sheriff enlists the help of Railroad workers if the townspeople will give them a bit of land that they can call their own. One of the townspeople say (and I will clean it up). "Ok, we'll give some land to the Blacks and the Orientals, but we don't want the Irish."

Dave
8/5/2015 07:11:13 am

The Ol' Number 6!

gdave
8/5/2015 06:57:20 am

This whole affair is a great example of just how wrong "fringe historians" are about how mainstream academic historians and archaeologists operate. Far from being stodgy, close-minded old fuddy-duddies, dully defending the historical concensus, historians are, by and large, constantly on the look-out for anything they can use to challenge the current consensus.

Even at what are supposedly teaching colleges, tenure and promotions are often based more on publication history than on teaching ability ("publish or perish"), so there is a great deal of pressure to publish. At the same time, there is a strong bias in academic publishing for "new" research, rather than replication of old research. For historians especially, who rarely find any truly new sources of data, this means trying to find evidence to challenge the existing consensus - it's exciting new ideas, not tired repetitions of the existing "dogma" that gets you published.

In this particular case, a fairly obscure academic from a relatively small, non-prestigious university published a study directly challenging the prevailing consensus on "NINA" signs. The big guns in the field mostly stuck by the consensus, but his paper passed peer review, got published, and formed the basis of a growing counter-consensus.

Then, a complete academic outsider (a fourteen-year old), published a new study using better sources that directly refuted that paper, supporting the previous consensus. She got some help from an academic historian in properly formatting and submitting her work for peer review, but otherwise it was completely her own original work.

Academia was clearly open to claim and counter-claim, whether from an obscure academic or from a rank outsider, and the consensus in the field shifted with the available evidence.

If fringe historical claims ("Giants!" "Viking land claims in Minnesota!" "Mayans in Georgia!" "Templars in America!" etc.) had any solid evidence behind them, the response from academia would not be blanket denial - at the very least, some ambitious young academic trying to make tenure would grab the evidence and run with it, or a old academic, protected by tenure but looking for a new challenge would do so. The worst that a fringe historian with solid evidence might experience is an established academic stealing that research, not the entire academic community ignoring them.

Reply
Steve Winnicki
8/9/2015 02:22:02 am

My next Book "Debunking Colavito" hits the press next month... History channel has already ordered 100,000 copies and Scott Wolter has ordered 1,000,000 ... ;-)

Reply
Heidi HaHa Carter
8/9/2015 09:28:59 am

Is it just me or has the food gone bad? Again? Before I bite off more than I can chew while on my work break, quick question: which Athens State University AND is this the same man (the promoter of this idea should "WE" claim or say...hint hint with my line-train of thought) that also has opined about differing "takes" on Orientalism a la Professor Said?

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