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On the Political and Cultural Uses of the Myth of an Ancient Muslim Discovery of America

11/3/2014

48 Comments

 
In his monthly column in the Columbus Dispatch, archaeologist Brad Lepper writes about the wave of claims that assert Muslim exploration of the New World prior to Columbus, and, in some cases, even prior to Leif Erikson. Lepper expands upon the column on his blog, and there isn’t a whole lot I can add to it, so I encourage you to visit both and read what Lepper has to say. His piece is predicated on a recent article by Richard V. Francaviglia of Willamette University, who wrote about the issue in the September 2014 edition of Terrae Incognitae (46, no. 2). 
Francaviglia traces the idea back to Leo Wiener in 1922 and notes the close connection between the claim of Islamic discovery and Afrocentrism—tying the emergence of both to African American cultural revitalization during the 1920s through the Civil Rights era, and their growth to anti-colonialism following the collapse of the European imperial system. Francaviglia’s article covers everything from Ivan Van Sertima to Barry Fell to the Piri Reis map and is a great read. (Francaviglia, it should be noted, feels that transatlantic contact with Africa was quite possible, but can find no proof to support the idea that it actually happened.)

It’s a fascinating subject—not because there is any evidence for an Islamic presence in pre-Columbian America but because of the sociology behind the myth. Francaviglia discusses the case of the so-called “hip-hop imam” Abdur-Rashid, who argues that “Muslim explorers came to the land of the Original Americans, met them, peacefully interacted with them, traded with them, intermarried with them, and perhaps even gave another relative handful of them dawah.” Does it sound familiar? What if we changed the terms involved. Consider exactly how close it is to Scott Wolter’s contention that the Knights Templar came to the land of Native Americans, met them, peacefully interacted with them, traded with them, intermarried with them, and gave them the secret rituals of Freemasonry.

And both claims rest on equally dubious evidence. In the case of the Templars, the entire edifice rests on a “confession,” extracted under torture in 1308, from a Templar named Jean de Châlons who claimed that some of the Templars fled persecution by setting sail in eighteen small dinghies (Vatican Secret Archives, Registra Avenionensia 48, f450r), later misinterpreted as oceangoing vessels when modern authors confused medieval galeae for eighteenth century galleons. Similarly, the claims for Muslim adventures across the Atlantis come from similarly massaged historical sources, which I covered in a series last years. These include testimony from Christopher Columbus comparing a hill to a mosque (Journal of the First Voyage, entry for October 29, 1492) and al-Mas‘udi’s Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems (12), in which a sailor named Khashkhash traveled over the ocean and returned with booty.

Interestingly, both Abdur-Rashid and Scott Wolter share another similarity. Abdur-Rashid rails against those mainstream scholars who fail to appreciate the patent obviousness of Muslim exploration of ancient America: “those who study the evidence and continue to deny the obvious, reveal themselves to be rooted in the old racist European renditions of American history.” Compare this to Wolter’s claims that the evidence for his revisionist history of America is “overwhelming” and that scholars are “willfully ignoring” this evidence in order to support what he incorrectly terms “Manifest Destiny,” a Eurocentric approach to American history.

Since there is such a similarity, does it not follow that Francaviglia’s analysis of the motives behind the claims of an Islamic discovery of America is applicable to an extent to claims of a Templar discovery of America in the name of a New Age Jesus myth?
In addition to stifling further study, this imam’s line of reasoning does at least three things. First, it renders Islam as a greater force in exploration than European expansion. Second, it depicts Islam as kinder and gentler on the natives than Christianity was known to be. And, third, it brands as bigots those who disagree. In no uncertain terms, the premise has become part of – and sustains – the culture wars between East and West.
There is a political dimension to both claims, and in the case of the New Age Templars, it allows believers to identify with a non-standard Christianity that frees them from the consequences of the Conquest and its devastation of Native populations. It also gives believers a way of sustaining a different type of culture war—between what they see as a corrupt, overbearing, and conservative mainstream American culture and the more enlightened New Age values they would prefer.

Heck, both even make dramatic claims of ownership over America: Islamic extremists argue that because of these phantom Muslim voyages, the Americas are part of the ummah, the worldwide Muslim community, and therefore potentially subject to a global caliphate. Templar fanatics, following Scott Wolter, believe that most of North America “belongs” to the Templars in some sense because of an alleged land claim on the Kensington Rune Stone—and the rest from other, hidden land claims that Wolter asserts exist in secret. (He recently, for example, claimed on his blog that the Kensington Rune Stone may have a still-buried second half with a larger land claim.)

The two claims are mirror images of one another, each seeking to empower a different group by finding a deeper connection to an America that seems disconnected from their everyday lived experience. It is impossible not to see reflected in either claim an effort to rejuvenate one’s cultural heritage, whether it be Black Muslim (conflating African American and Islamic) or northern European. 


But the interesting question is this: What does it say that so many can easily recognize the political and cultural motivations behind Islamic revisionist history yet turn red with anger at any suggestion that New Age Eurocentrism is in any way similar?
48 Comments
Marius
11/3/2014 07:13:18 am

Weird and funny how various moon battery compares.

Reply
titus pullo
11/3/2014 08:40:53 am

I think I like the US being owned so to speak by it's citizens and ruled by our Constitution and Bill of Rights in a Republic. At the height of the empiral Islamic world, they did keep the lights on in terms of mathmatics and literature and to some degree science but their ocean going vessels were oar driven and could not turn the horn of Africa let alone sale across the Atlantic..at the Battle of Duma the Portugese fleet pretty much showed how poor of ocean going vessels they had. I have a better story, peoples from Siberia came to America around 20K or more years ago, they formed some remarkable cultures, then European explorers came bringing with them eventually Western African's as slaves. While the results were not always humane or good, modern republics were formed and successful nation states based on the very unique idea of liberty and freedom, that all men and women were created equal. Not that this new nation could always live up to that but it did a better job than any previously. English common law formed the based of this new nation's rule of law...something even those Americans from other nations came to recognize as the cornerstone of liberty.

Sorry you guys but America has a great story already and it doesn't need Templars..

Reply
EP
11/3/2014 10:38:51 am

I had no idea you've written about Leo Weiner. Cool!

I'm not sure where the date of 1922 comes from, however. Volume I of Weiner's "Africa and the Disovery of America" came out in 1920. (Equally minor correction: He speaks of 'fetichism', not 'fetishism'.)

Reply
Jason Colavito link
11/3/2014 10:44:33 am

Presumably, Francaviglia was giving the date when the final volume was published and the work was complete. The three volumes were published from 1920 to 1922.

Reply
EP
11/3/2014 10:52:26 am

You should look into the rest of Wiener's craziness if you haven't already. It is SO much more than just Pre-Columbian Africans in America! :D

Only Me
11/3/2014 10:59:41 am

I agree with Mr. Lepper on this. It has always been mentioned how Arabic maps and record keeping were exceptional, yet the absence of knowledge about North America from both sources *should* disprove the idea of pre-Columbian explorations by Muslims...and yet, it doesn't.

It seems revisionists and conspiracists are indeed birds of a feather.

Reply
EP
11/3/2014 11:08:28 am

Afrocentrists are less creepy and more unintentionally hilarious, however. Which is a big part of why I am such an advocate of paying more attention to them :)

Reply
Byron DeLear
11/4/2014 04:21:49 am

@Only Me... I would concur with your conclusion. I've lately been studying quite a bit of early Islamic eschatological writings drawn from primary sources for an assignment. Although there are a considerable amount of fanciful depictions of various supernatural phenomena of a religious nature (particularly with regard to the Shia apocalyptists, a canon generated around 100-150 years after most of the Sunni eschatology) and all sorts of dealings with various contemporary peoples from around the region, there are absolutely no intimations about North America whatsoever. China is dealt with a bit, but I've seen nothing about any Western lands, etc. Now most of this content is from an early stage, but I think it remains a fact that there aren't any credible references from the Islamic Golden Age about the Western Hemisphere either. Within this canon, there certainly doesn’t seem to be any constraints or strictures on the scope of these mythological fantasies and wild imaginings—point being, it’s evident that the Western Hemisphere simply did not exist in the minds of these writers.

Reply
Only Me
11/4/2014 05:41:37 am

Byron, if it isn't too much trouble, could you let us know if you find anything in the sources you're studying that might possibly be misconstrued as evidence of Muslim journeys to the New World? I think it's a foregone conclusion that we can't rely on the claimants to be forthcoming in their research.

EP
11/4/2014 07:28:07 am

"we can't rely on the claimants to be forthcoming in their research"

Though we can (often enough) rely on them at least to allude to the sources they are misconstruing...

Byron DeLear
11/4/2014 12:13:24 pm

@Only Me, will do.

EP
11/3/2014 01:26:31 pm

Leo Wiener's responses to his critics are amazing, but the way. He reminds me of someone... :)

"As one reads Meillet's attack on my personality and on Harvard University, one has the lurking suspicion that in his frenzy his only purpose was to scare weak-kneed University Publication boards into refusing the printing of my books. If any birds of his feather have been affected by him, so much the worse for them. In any case, Harvard University does not withdraw from me the use of its motto Veritas, and in its name many a victory will be recorded in time."

"The philologist of the University of Chicago, Wood... appeals to the scientists of the country to stop my utterances. I reciprocate by a similar appeal to the scientists of the country and the world not to interfere with Wood's elucubrations, and beg the waste-paper periodicals to print them as fast as they are cackled, because nothing will bring greater discredit on the old school than Wood's writings, even though it is a pity that they lead to an inanity of doctors' theses unparalleled in University annals... The cause for Mr. Wood's frenzy in the face of my work is obvious: he knows that my method will put a stop to philological work of the Packing-House variety, and hence his appeal to the scientists."

"A critic who blunders so egregiously on matters of good taste, common sense, and primary facts, is, indeed, not qualified to be a critic of a book of which he understands neither the contents nor the purpose. It would seem that stupidity could not go any further, but it
actually outdid itself in the case of Mr. Henry Bradley. Mr. Bradley, the guardian angel of the Oxford Dictionary, is a gentleman of the blunderbussing type... [T]he wretched etymologies contained in the Oxford Dictionary, which are of the "you-pay-your-money-and-you-take-your-choice" variety, convinced me that Mr. Bradley, who is more than anyone else responsible for them, was temperamentally unfit to handle so delicate a subject... In spite of his obvious incapacity I should have left Mr. Bradley to oblivion, for the sake of the little good he may have done in life, had he not been significantly devoid of the basic elements of an English gentleman, those of fair play. As it is, he has himself to blame for my record of his quarter of a century of blundering, which makes his acting as a critic of my works impossible."

Reply
Only Me
11/3/2014 02:16:40 pm

So, even the typical response of fringe figureheads is unoriginal and borrowed from earlier times.

1) Consider any and all criticism as a personal attack
2) Employ personal attacks rather than answer the criticism, then bemoan the "questionable" character of critics/skeptics
3) Use the existence of such criticism as proof one's Narcissistic belief he/she is the only one that "get's it" is indisputable

I'm wouldn't be surprised if this reminds my fellow readers of a *lot* of personalities previously discussed.

Reply
EP
11/3/2014 02:51:30 pm

I very much doubt any of them (aside from a few Afrocentrists) have ever heard of Wiener, but he seriously reads like he belongs on H2. Which is scary because he *was* a Harvard professor.

Shane Sullivan
11/3/2014 05:48:36 pm

"Which is scary because he *was* a Harvard professor."

Sun-Ra taught a class at UC Berkley called "Black Man in the Cosmos", with Helena Blavatsky and the Book of Oahspe on the reading list. That is my response to that. =P

EP
11/3/2014 07:27:25 pm

Sun Ra was an Artist-in-Residence at Berkeley. In 1971. That doesn't count. They were constantly rioting and/or on drugs.

No, seriously: Do you have ANY idea how fucking on drugs they all were?

Shane Sullivan
11/4/2014 05:32:31 am

I hear final exams were a drug test. If you passed the drug test, you failed the course.

EP
11/4/2014 07:28:43 am

I tried to think of an affirmative action joke, but nothing tasteful came to mind :)

Coridan
11/3/2014 03:39:48 pm

Yet another culture to come to Precolumbian America and give them secret rituals but not ironworking or even writing.

Reply
Shane Sullivan
11/3/2014 06:01:07 pm

Sad as it is, there's almost certainly someone out there who believes that Maya script was imported by Malian explorers--although it does predate Islam.

Reply
EP
11/3/2014 07:36:06 pm

"it does predate Islam"

Not according to Professor Wiener :)

Shane Sullivan
11/4/2014 10:39:39 am

I see in Mayan and Mexican Origins he says the Maya were West African, but did he really think they Muslim?

EP
11/4/2014 11:19:17 am

He thought that West African shamanic religion was actually *derived* from Islam via Arab traders and the Gypsies (seriously).

Also, he thought there was no evidence of *any* pre-1200s American civilizations.

Seriously.

Shane Sullivan
11/4/2014 01:42:33 pm

Yikes. That's a sharp contrast with Byron Cummings' (inaccurate, but roughly contemporaneous) estimate that cultural layers at Cuicuilco dated to roughly 4500 BC.

EP
11/4/2014 02:27:43 pm

I think you mean "a sharp contrast with any sane view of reality".

JaredMithrandir link
11/4/2014 08:53:51 am

Yet certain Afro-centrist claims are completely Mainstream in our modern Western Society. Like claiming Cleopatra was Black.

But more even then that, no one takes seriously the idea of an African Queen of Sheba, yet that's what Hollywood always defaults to.

Reply
EP
11/4/2014 09:04:25 am

If anything, the idea of Black Jesus is a lot more "mainstream" than Black Cleopatra:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORIICgi-0GI

Reply
JaredMithrandir link
11/4/2014 05:39:35 pm

No major Hollywood film has gone there yet, but respected actors like Elba keep making stupid comments about her.

EP
11/4/2014 06:16:05 pm

Yes, I too realize that shifting the goal posts is easier than explaining how being an satirized on Family Guy is not mainstream.

Also, someone who believes in Biblical dinosaurs (e.g., JaredMithrandir) does not get to accuse others of making stupid comments.

Only Me
11/4/2014 10:34:22 pm

Jared, are you referring to this quote from Idris Elba's interview at Rutgers University on February of 2011, in regards to him being cast as Heimdall in "Thor"?

"We have a man [Thor] who has a flying hammer and wears horns on his head. And yet me being an actor of African descent playing a Norse god is unbelievable? I mean, Cleopatra was played by Elizabeth Taylor, and Gandhi was played by Ben Kingsley."

In that context, his remark was definitely NOT stupid. He was making a point about actors/actresses of one ethnic group portraying characters/people of another, something that has obviously been going on for some time in Hollywood.

Marius
11/5/2014 02:01:53 am

Elba's comment wasn't dumb, Taylor was obviously not a hyper inbred Macedonian.

JaredMithrandir link
11/5/2014 02:35:11 pm

His intent is clearly that "obviously Cleopatra was black because she lived in Africa" and not about Elizabeht Taylor being anglo saxon rather then Greek.

Only Me
11/5/2014 03:49:52 pm

I'm not so sure you know what Mr. Elba's "intent" is. It's also troublesome that I provided his exact quote and you seem to be unable to understand the point he was making.

For everyone else, here's something to check out:

http://driis.com/blog/2011/04/13/cleopatra-on-film/

Yes, it's a blog by Mr. Elba himself, and he links to an interesting essay written by Thomas Ikimi.

EP
11/5/2014 06:21:48 pm

"Interesting" is a polite way to describe that essay, I'd say. This passage is both uninformed and self-contradictory, for example:

"Can it be questioned that ancient egyptians were black? Before migration, the African continent was populated by black people, so the fact that few if any big budget movies set in ancient Egypt have had a realistic contingent of black characters is clearly a false representation of the times."

And then there are pearls like these:

"We simply don’t really know what is or is not true. I mean, it isn’t like ancient egyptians kept historical and genealogical records like we do."

"To compound things, the conspiracy theories are rife with the absence of noses on the Sphinx's attributed to an effort to conceal the wide african nature of those appendages."

"The reality is, Cleopatra could have been a green skinned alien from outer space and the pyramids could be fossilized spaceships for all we know. Leaning on historical accounts that were made after the fact is a dubious platform to stand on."

I'll stop here. What a bunch of ignorant windbaggery!

Only Me
11/5/2014 06:46:31 pm

Well, I *was* trying to be polite. :)

I provided that link because Mr. Elba considered it thought-provoking and invited discussion of its content. I haven't found anything where he reveals his personal belief concerning whether Cleopatra was black or not.

I'm thinking this may be a reason JaredMithrandir is attributing "stupid comments" to him and defining his "intent", without knowing anything about Mr. Elba's beliefs.

EP
11/6/2014 02:03:54 am

"I provided that link because..."

If only we had reason to believe you! But, unfortunately, "we simply don’t really know what is or is not true". :)

Only Me
11/6/2014 02:53:43 pm

@EP

You...you...monster! XD

Clint Knapp
11/5/2014 02:38:48 am

Care to elucidate exactly which films you're referencing as mainstream examples of Afrocentrism? I haven't seen a black Cleopatra yet. In fact, the most recent news is Angelina Jolie playing her and the only people making an uproar are those who do believe Cleopatra to have been black.

Your Queen of Sheba comment is even less lucid, as the most famous example is the 1921 The Queen of Sheba; a silent film in which the titular character is portrayed by Betty Blythe, a decidedly un-African actress.

Reply
JaredMithrandir link
11/6/2014 05:32:35 am

Any film featuring the Queen of Sheba made ore recently then 1990 has had be African. Before that the kept the Arabian identification but used White Actresses, which was annoying but at leas ton paper accurate.

The last time there was a filmed version of Caesar and Cleopatra that had her be black there too.

I really want to see Cleopatra played by a Ginger Actress for a change, because that's what Ancient historians say she actually looked like.

That Link provided shows Elba is trying to convince people she at least could be Black.

EP
11/6/2014 06:22:39 am

JaredMithrandir, thanks for directing my attention to your latest generation of blogs. Now I know that in addition to being dense you are a terrible human being.

http://solascripturachristianliberty.blogspot.ca/2014/08/the-evolutionary-science-of-homophobia.html

http://solascripturachristianliberty.blogspot.ca/2014/10/rape-in-bible.html

Clint Knapp
11/6/2014 06:35:40 am

I notice you still aren't bothering to actually back your statements up with real examples. I asked for specifics. Name the films and demonstrate how 'mainstream' they are.

I'll help you get started. From 2005-2007, HBO and the BBC's Rome series had Cleopatra played by English actress Lyndsey Marshal and depicted her as any other member of the Ptolemy Dynasty; of Macedonian Greek origin. A bit bronze of skin, but certainly not black.

You'll have to cite references for the Queen of Sheba comments on your own. I haven't seen her depicted in anything beyond the 1921 film.

It really doesn't matter what Idris Elba would like to believe or espouse. He's an actor, not a historian, and his own article is too rife with inaccuracies to be taken as anything but his personal opinion. Even so, Idris Elba's opinions hardly qualify as a widespread mainstream view, or even a mainstream Hollywood one. He's one man, and while a damn fine actor, not an authority.

EP
11/6/2014 06:37:48 am

And, as long as you're here, I'd love to hear more about the connection between evolutionary theory and homophobia.

JaredMithrandir link
11/6/2014 03:59:02 pm

How do those blog posts make me a horrible person? One is defending Gay rights and the other is condemning Rape. If you want to question anything I say there, leave comments on the posts, I will try to respond to all.

I also have a Blog where I just talk abut being a Nerd, which I'll provide this comments homepage.

The Hollywood film casting thing was about Sheba much more then Cleopatra. But with Cleopatra it is the politically correct thing to say in interview she was obviously black.

One such movie with a black Sheba was part of the series of Bible Movies done in the 90s which sometimes still gets replayed on Hallmark. One of two 90s films with very well known African American actresses in the role.
http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0038277/?ref_=fn_ch_ch_1
Vivca did a very good Job, I haven't seen the one with Halle Barry.

If you've seen the 1921 Sheba film I'm impressed, that movie is lost.

EP
11/6/2014 04:38:25 pm

Clint never said he "saw that film". He said he saw Sheba depicted in that film. Which makes total sense since parts of it survive.

This kind of weasely, dishonest style of argument is huge part what makes your discussions of rape and homophobia so distasteful. And if you're really patting yourself on the back for not defending the most despicable views possible on these issues, then you're beyond help.

Also, no need to link your blogs. Your posts here get more replies than your blogs get comments anyway.

Clint Knapp
11/6/2014 06:03:43 pm

Correct, EP. I should have clarified further, I suppose. Naturally I haven't seen the film itself. The production stills and costume design, however, were so well known that they were a part of an elective film class I took in college that focused on the silent era. The actual clip's discovery a few years ago escaped my notice until this discussion.

Only Me
11/6/2014 05:55:32 pm

Here's the heart of my disagreement with you, Jared. You said:

1) Mr. Elba made "stupid comments" about Cleopatra. I have yet to find anything that supports that statement.
2) "That Link provided shows Elba is trying to convince people she at least could be Black." As the person who provided the link, I feel it necessary to point out two things you omitted. Mr. Elba labeled Mr. Ikimi's essay "though-provoking", clearly his *personal opinion*. He followed that with this: "Discuss." That was an open invitation for others to express their opinions about the subject matter on his blog. That doesn't strike me as someone "trying to convince" anyone of anything.

Let me ask you this. If I posted a link to Scott Wolter's blog, where he wrote a post detailing his belief the Decalogue Stone was a legitimate artifact, following it with "Discuss", would you jump to the conclusion *I* was trying to convince people of the stone's legitimacy?

As it stands now, you're assigning a motive and basically putting words in Mr. Elba's mouth to support your earlier argument "certain Afro-centrist claims are completely Mainstream in our modern Western Society."

Reply
EP
11/7/2014 03:14:43 am

I'm aware I'm the biggest culprit here, but... Why are we arguing with this guy, again?

Reply
G.R.
1/10/2023 08:25:41 am

I would take issue with your translation of "galeae", it seems it should translate as "galley." Not "galleon," as you say, but "dinghy" seems a bit of stretch on your part - while I don't doubt that the term probably could have been used to refer to ships as small as dinghies, I seriously doubt that it had exclusively this meaning.

Reply



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