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Review of Scott Creighton's "The Great Pyramid Hoax" (Part 1)

9/22/2016

21 Comments

 
At the end of 2014, I reviewed Scott Creighton’s book The Secret Chamber of Osiris (Bear & Company, 2015), in which the author admitted that he borrowed his background conceit—that Egypt’s monuments were antediluvian and intended to preserve knowledge from the Flood—from medieval Arabic pyramid lore. Now, two years later, Creighton is about to release another new book, The Great Pyramid Hoax (Bear & Company, 2017) in which he builds on his earlier acceptance of medieval mythology to posit a vast conspiracy to “hide” the true history of the pyramids from the public by fabricating Khufu’s name in one of the relieving chambers above the Great Pyramid’s King’s Chamber in order to suppress the antediluvian reality.
Creighton explored this material in his earlier book, but it wasn’t relevant to his argument then, so I did not discuss it in detail.
 
The new book opens with a foreword by Laird Scranton, whose credentials are described as being “a frequent guest on radio programs such as Coast to Coast AM and Red Ice Radio.” An ancient astronaut theorist (who has occasionally contacted me for criticism, and thanked me for it in one of his books), he praises Creighton for taking on the cadre of Egyptologists that he believes unfairly controls perceptions of Egyptian history.
 
Creighton begins his book by thanking Zecharia Sitchin for proposing that Col. Richard William Howard Vyse forged the painted cartouche bearing Khufu’s name while exploring the relieving chambers of the Great Pyramid in 1837. At least Creighton is smart enough to know that Sitchin’s claims received scathing criticism. Unfortunately, Creighton hopes to resurrect them with different evidence, and for an illogical reason: “At a stroke, the Great Pyramid is removed almost entirely from the historical context that conventional Egyptology has effectively shoehorned the structure into.” This is, of course, false: It does not follow that if the cartouche is fake that the pyramid is therefore antediluvian, or that nothing ties it to the culture of the Fourth Dynasty that produced it. Creighton believes that the only evidence that connects the Pyramid to the era of 2500 BCE is this single cartouche, which ignores all of the archaeology done in and around Giza for two centuries.
 
The opening arguments also have very strange framing. The scholars who have done academic work on the relieving chambers are simply lumped together as “Egyptologists” or “the mainstream” with few if any names noted, but the shades of difference among “respected authors” of the fringe, like Robert Schoch, Graham Hancock, Robert Bauval, and Zecharia Sitchin, are discussed in detail. In other words, Creighton is steeped in fringe literature and seems to consider speculation to be coequal to research. It will surprise no one that Creighton includes no modern academic work on the relieving chambers at all in his bibliography, or modern work in Egyptology in general from this century (he mostly cites work from the 1880s-1950s), but does feature several postings from the Graham Hancock website message board alongside a list of fringe books.
 
Across his earlier and current books Creighton seems to argue an impossible point, that we cannot trust the claims of the Egyptians themselves but can trust those of the Arab historians writing thousands of years later. Thus, he rejects the Egyptian priest Manetho’s description of Suphis (a Greek corruption of Khufu) building the pyramid, taken from records as known to the Egyptians in the Hellenstic period: “Suphis reigned 63 years. He built the largest pyramid, which Herodotus says was constructed by Cheops. He was arrogant toward the gods, and wrote the sacred book; which is regarded by the Egyptians as a work of great importance.” But, in his previous book, he announced that he is open to the medieval myth that Surid built the pyramids in primeval times, before the Flood.
 
The evidence for forgery is unimpressive, comprised primarily of hypotheticals. In this case, Creighton argues that Vyse could have copied Khufu’s cartouches from Ippolito Rosellini’s 1832 book I Monumenti Dell’Egitto e Della Nubia, that he could have recognized the cartouches reading “Khufu” and “Khnum-Khuf” (another of Khufu’s names) as referring to the same man, and therefore would have used both in fabricating the inscriptions, and that he also unknowing copied a third name of Khufu that would not be identified until long after simply because he was using “a cache of authentic, old hieratic texts (perhaps painted onto stone or written with ink on papyrus) somewhere outside the Great Pyramid,” a claim he borrows from fringe historian Alan Alford.
 
In sum, Creighton’s forgery claim is based on an unprovable assumption for which there is no evidence, and which would require almost a greater discovery than the painted cartouches in the pyramid, namely a trove of authentic Fourth Dynasty texts of such length and complexity as to have allowed for the forgery. Oh, and for good measure Creighton proposes that most of the markings in the relieving chambers except for Khufu’s cartouches—both the ones Vyse would have recognized and the one he would not—are actually authentic.
 
Creighton believes that Vyse bribed his way into Parliament and was ruthless enough to commit fraud whenever it suited him. Beyond this, Creighton says that Vyse was a biblical literalist and therefore wanted to fake the inscriptions to prove that the pyramids had been built shortly after the Flood. Creighton doesn’t bother to analyze this logically: The Flood, in 1837, was assumed to have taken place in 2348 BCE in the chronology of James Ussher, give or take a century according to different chronologists. Because this date fits in general terms with the reign of Khufu, the evidence is a wash: It might suggest a motive, but it equally well supports the idea that Vyse would not have seen a contradiction between Egyptian and Biblical chronology and had no reason to want to fake anything. Thus, if one allowed for Manetho’s pharaohs from the first dynasty on to be real, you would have pre- and post-Flood pharaohs and would not, as Creighton thinks, stress out about finding artifacts in the Pyramid that contradicted the Bible.
 
Just as a note: Creighton, as I mentioned, accepts Islamic views on the Pyramid, which place it before the Flood, filled with the magical knowledge of the Nephilim. Such views managed to fit into the theology of the Qur’an as well as the Nephilim-centric view of Genesis. What, pray tell, could be in the Pyramid that would “contradict” Scripture?
 
For Creighton, the fear was that the Pyramid could predate Creation in 4004 BCE, which he wrongly views as an absolute date that no person before Darwin would dared have question. This is false. The Comte de Buffon famously calculated the Earth’s age at 75,000 years. Theologians argued about the length of time between Creation and Adam, and how best to calculate the time between Adam and Noah. Estimates varied wildly, and no particular set of dates was definitive. But even in ancient times no Christian scholar believed Manetho’s antediluvian kings truly reigned for the millennia attributed to them, and early chronologists like Julius Africanus, Eusebius, and George Syncellus spilled much ink cramming mythic history into Christian chronology. It really wasn’t a problem for nineteenth century Englishmen, not even those of deep Biblical belief. Some awareness of this on the part of Creighton would have been nice rather than an imaginary imposition of Church doctrine onto Egyptology.
 
Tomorrow I will conclude my look at Creighton’s book with the second half and the conclusion.
21 Comments
Only Me
9/22/2016 12:10:42 pm

Is this guy for real? Rejecting actual history in favor of "Muh fringe."

Long on speculation, short on fact. It saddens me people will read this trash and think they've learned something.

Reply
Templar Secrets
9/22/2016 12:52:10 pm

We only know the pyramid of Cheops had anything to do with that pharaoh because of graffiti left by the masons.
It's only because of that.

Reply
David Bradbury
9/22/2016 02:02:29 pm

Evidence please

Only Me
9/22/2016 02:10:02 pm

In 2013, ancient papyri were discovered.

[Astonishingly, the papyri were written by men who participated in the building of the Great Pyramid, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu, the first and largest of the three colossal pyramids at Giza just outside modern Cairo. Among the papyri was the journal of a previously unknown official named Merer, who led a crew of some 200 men who traveled from one end of Egypt to the other picking up and delivering goods of one kind or another. Merer, who accounted for his time in half-day increments, mentions stopping at Tura, a town along the Nile famous for its limestone quarry, filling his boat with stone and taking it up the Nile River to Giza. In fact, Merer mentions reporting to “the noble Ankh-haf,” who was known to be the half-brother of the Pharaoh Khufu and now, for the first time, was definitively identified as overseeing some of the construction of the Great Pyramid. And since the pharaohs used the Tura limestone for the pyramids’ outer casing, and Merer’s journal chronicles the last known year of Khufu’s reign, the entries provide a never-before-seen snapshot of the ancients putting finishing touches on the Great Pyramid.]

Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/#v61wMYHCsVlEKxSE.99


Templar Secrets
9/22/2016 03:17:25 pm

2011

Quote:

>>Merer mentions reporting to “the noble Ankh-haf,” who was known to be the half-brother of the Pharaoh Khufu and now, for the first time<<

Even Cheops is not mentioned in that papyri, a casual reference to his half-brother is a second piece of evidence alongside the graffiti etched on the outside of the Great Pyramid,

Only Me
9/22/2016 03:24:24 pm

Don't you mean inside? The mason's marks were found inside the relieving chambers.

Templar Secrets
9/22/2016 03:30:04 pm

Pierre Tallet, Gregory Marouard, The Harbour of Khufu on the Red Sea Coast at Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt Near Eastern Archaeology 77 (2014), pages 8-12

http://www.academia.edu/6248978/THE_HARBOR_OF_KHUFU_on_the_Red_Sea_Coast_at_Wadi_al-Jarf_Egypt_NEA_77_1_

Only Me
9/22/2016 04:59:07 pm

So, to sum up:

1) The Giza necropolis, which includes the pyramid complex, was named Akhet-Khufu, "horizon of Khufu".
2) His mortuary temple is connected to the Great Pyramid.
3) Five boat pits were found near the Great Pyramid, two containing intact ships.
4) Dipinti on jars, control marks, sealings, papyr and limestone blocksi have been found at the harbor at Wadi al-Jarf bearing Khufu's name.
5) Mason's marks found inside the relieving chambers of the Great Pyramid include a cartouche identified with him.
6) The Great Pyramid was finished in the last year of Khufu's reign.

Circumstantial evidence? Probably. But who, besides the pharaoh, would have the power and influence to approve and fund all the projects? If the Great Pyramid wasn't for Khufu, who was it for?

Templar Secrets
9/23/2016 01:41:45 am

So to sum up. mainstream archaeology is full of guesswork due to historical vacuums and refuses to address the importance of hallucinogenics in early civilizations like Ancient Egypt.

There are lots of sculptures (or bas-reliefs) of Mesopotamian origin showing hallucinogens without the corresponding inscriptions available in English translation.

David Bradbury
9/23/2016 03:13:03 am

An amusing side-note. Herodotus, who was told the names associated with the Pyramids by local priests, typically uses the form Χέοπα rather than the hypothetical Greek root form Χέοψ. Given that the Greek Χ is the Ch of "Christ" rather than the Ch of "Church" what Herodotus was usually writing was thus closer to "Khufu" than to the traditional Anglicisation "Cheops".

Mark L
9/23/2016 05:00:00 am

A century of painstaking work and attempts to build understanding = "guesswork".

Freddie Rey
9/17/2017 06:23:55 am

I am very familiar with the papayri mentioned below that he claims was written by men who worked on the "tomb". It DOES NOT say they worked on the pyramid. That is a LIE put out by Zawi Hawas and we all now how honest he is right? There has been suspicions that they were also faked.

It only speaks of men at a quarry. That is ALL! I loath Sitchen he is a liar a this guy should never have mentioned him BUT, this article writer is also not honest. Laird Scranton is NO UFO guy. He will not go there! He does not believe in that stuff so you smeared a true SERIOUSLY educated man and researcher with lies.You lie also by omission.
THERE IS WAY TOO MUCH PROOF, SCIENTIFIC PROOF , THOSE ARE NOT TOMBS. Check out Christopher Dunn's work.

Irna link
9/22/2016 01:39:33 pm

"Creighton argues that Vyse could have copied Khufu’s cartouches from Ippolito Rosellini’s 1832 book I Monumenti Dell’Egitto e Della Nubia,"
As I pointed to Mr. Creighton a few years ago, the two names that he says Vyse copied from 'Monumenti', Rosellini thought that they belonged to two different kings (Kheops and Khephren): http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/topic/172788-sitchins-folly-graffiti-in-the-pyramid/?page=8#comment-4742960

Reply
Shane Sullivan
9/22/2016 01:41:34 pm

Looking forward to the conclusion. I always enjoy your book reviews.

Reply
Killbuck
9/22/2016 09:50:40 pm

Pardon my poor paraphrase....

"Those with the most alarming claims will often win out over those who have all the facts on their side."

Far too many have taken advantage of the general, innocent ignorance of the culture and theology of the Egyptian civilization, and have festooned it with all manner of mystical trappings completely unassociated with the culture. The Victorian parlor room hogwash of the early fringe writers seems indelible and is regurgitated over and over.

The fringe writers today tout the line that Egyptologists cabal a party line, while ignoring two centuries of spirited and continued debate on even larger aspects of the story.

Lastly, these sloppy rag writers continue to deface and dishonor the intellect, capacity and ingenuity of a real people, with biblical literalist musical chair games based on nothing.

May the Curse of Kufu be upon them.

Where are my Tana Leaves???

Reply
nomuse
9/23/2016 12:45:03 am

Tana leaves not required; the hoax claims are already shambling undead, resurrected with each new generation of the credulous. The "Khufu's name only appears in one cartouche that was probably a forgery" is so hoary already Devlin and Emmerich used it in "Stargate."

Why are there no theories that single out, say, the Red Pyramid, or the Bent Pyramid, or better yet, the burial complex of Djoser? Surely Imhotep could only have gotten the idea of step pyramids from his travels in Belize. Or maybe he visited Monks Mound; either way, what's a few thousand years between friends?

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Killbuck
9/23/2016 09:29:42 pm

I was rather hoping to revive Imhotep and send him slowly off to exact his revenge.

Sean Hunter
1/13/2017 02:11:10 pm

I would stick to reviewing horror fiction in future Jason - it looks pretty clear from this review that you didn't really read this book (or if you did, you've missed some of the fascinating and hugely damning points it makes). I assume you skimmed through a SCRIBD copy of it online? Shocking. In your rush to do another hatchet job on the author, you've exposed yourself as being completely out of your depths on this one.

This book is already causing ripples - not as a piece of "alternative" writing, but as a serious attempt to cast some light on the murky doings of Col. Howard Vyse and the veracity of the evidence upon which we base the dating the of Great Pyramid.

I suggest you get hold of a paper copy and read it again - and read it properly this time. It's clear you couldn't wait to trash the author once more (right in there, pre-publication!!) but this time you've rather made a fool of yourself because your review bears little resemblance to the actual work. You are clearly out of your depth here, so in future you might want to stick to debunking aliens and ancient power plants and leave serious history to the serious historians.

Reply
Judith Dietrich
1/17/2017 11:34:35 am

Mr Colavito - I spent the last few days reading this book and your review of it simply gives no likeness to this book at all. It is like I read a different book from you. I feel Mr Creighton presents his case very well and presents a lot of evidence in support of what he says. Your demand that he consider all other options is simply not credible--no author can do that. It seems to me from reading Creighton's book that he suspected there may have been a fraud committed by H Vyse from Sitchin's early work into this, he followed that uo, investigated it further and found that Sitchin was probably correct about his original claim, even though Sitchin did not find the same evidence Creighton presents. I think it is now upt to scholars to present the evidence thay have to prove the marks in these chambers are indeed real dynastic Egyptian marks. If they don't then Mr Creighton's work will stand unopposed and, in time, will become seen as a truning point in this debate. You must do better in your reviews of books.

Reply
Sean Hunter
1/18/2017 04:31:56 pm

Hi Judith, my thoughts exactly - my overwhelming impression is that Jason skimmed through this book at the first opportunity, when it was available on SCRIBD. I read it there myself, online, which is not the same as reading a paper copy. This "review" is a hatchet job, based on Jason's prejudices concerning Creighton's other works (he has his own theories about the Great Pyramid, which have nothing to do with the Vyse controversy) and the big flaw is treating this work as just another "alternative" theory to be debunked. It is nothing of the sort. Unlike Mr Covalito, I have an BA Honours in History and know this Vyse issue to be a stand-alone crucible of debate every bit as open and fascinating as the Kennedy assassination, and this is (as far as I know) the first and only book that brings every possible element of this case into one, comprehensive context.

What is shameful is that Colavito has hitched his own star to all this by getting his own review in as early as possible, thus ensuring (at the time of writing) that when people Google this subject, his own poor review (and of course his name) is one of the first things that come up in the search results. My guess is that this book is going to make waves - huge waves - that will eventually wash away the snide, dismissive, lazy sniping from the sidelines by people like Colavito, but meantime it is frustrating to see his blog pop up alongside more deserving results in Google. When people can only criticise regardless, it can stick in your craw to see them get a share of the spotlight - and thus clicks on their website blog - they don't deserve. As Dickens put it:

"Oh God! to hear the Insect on the leaf pronouncing on the too much life among his hungry brothers in the dust."

Well Jason, sorry if it annoys, challenges or threatens you, but that life is out here and many of us will always be hungry for the truth. Always.

Reply
Stefano Armanini
9/1/2019 11:21:19 am

Mr. Colavito, you state that "Creighton includes no modern academic work on the relieving chambers at all in his bibliography". Can you be so kind to direct me to any work that you find most relevant? thanks.

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