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Review of Scott Creighton's "The Great Pyramid Hoax" (Part 2)

9/23/2016

21 Comments

 
Yesterday I presented the first half of my review of Scott Creighton’s new book The Great Pyramid Hoax (Bear & Company, 2017), a book that takes a chapter from his previous 2015 book The Secret Chamber of Osiris and expands it to ten times its original size. Stripped of context and purpose, this inflated chapter becomes mostly unreadable as a book, an incomplete indictment of the “quarry marks” in the relieving chambers of the Great Pyramid that Creighton never bothers to give much in terms of purpose. Aside from a few vague assurances that discrediting these marks would leave the Great Pyramid’s builder uncertain, he never uses that assertion to build a case for anything, nor does he suggest, as he did in his previous book, that the Pyramid is anything but an Old Kingdom construction. If one were not already a reader of Scott Creighton’s books, I imagine this now volume would seem dry and pointless.
As we move in to the back two-thirds of the book, Creighton attempts to marshal evidence to support the tentative hypothesis that he proposed in the first section of the book. It remains unconvincing. One chapter argues that the three red splotches photographed by Rudolph Gantenbrink’s robot at the top of one of the Queen’s Chamber “air” shafts in 1993 are orthographically dissimilar to the quarry marks in the Kings’ Chamber relieving chamber, thus indicating that the relieving chamber marks were made later. There are too many problems to count here: (a) The marks in the air shaft have only tentatively been identified and are not certain, so orthography can’t be determined. (b) Since we don’t know what the characters were, we can’t conclude that the project “required” the same writing style on every stone for “efficiency.” Etc. etc.
 
Next, Creighton attempts to show that Vyse was lying about having discovered quarry marks showing Khufu’s name. His argument is again circumstantial: Vyse’s journal of March 30, 1837 records his initial impressions: “In Wellington’s chamber, there are marks in the area of the stones like quarry marks of red paint, also the figure of a bird near them, but nothing like hieroglyphics.” Creighton takes this to mean that the cartouches were not present, not that Vyse reconsidered his opinion after more careful viewing and analysis.
 
Following this, he introduces into evidence a confusing bit of hearsay. After Zecharia Sitchin accused Vyse of forgery, a man named Walter M. Allen of Pittsburgh claimed in 1983 that his elderly relatives had told him that his great-grandfather, Humphries Brewer, was one of Vyse’s companions and believed that some of the “faint” quarry marks had been repainted and “some were new.” This testimony is suspect since it is both third-hand (Allen’s account of elderly people’s memories of something someone might once have said decades after the fact about an event from more than a century earlier) and conveniently timed after Sitchin created a controversy. While Allen made his claims verbally in 1983, a written version was not published until Sitchin himself did so in 2007, after Allen was conveniently dead. At that time, Sitchin presented a log book recording Allen’s conversations with his elderly relatives. Allen claimed that these notes were written in 1954, which even if true would not make the claims within them true, if for no other reason than for the same reasons Creighton attributes to Vyse: potential motivation to support some preexisting idea at odds with the facts. Indeed, the suggestion that the marks were too faint to clearly see actually argues against Creighton’s claim that Vyse could not possibly have overlooked the marks on his first survey of the relieving chambers.
 
Brewer’s name does not appear in Vyse’s records, and Creighton explains that this is because Vyse tried to expunge any record of him to hide the forgery. At the same time, he says that he might have found Brewer’s name in photographs of Vyse’s notebooks, but he said that it was impossible to tell because of Vyse’s bad handwriting. He declined to cite the page or provide a copy of the relevant words to let readers judge for themselves, despite having provided the same evidence for other excerpts of the journals. He says only that the name appears in the “relevant” section of the 600+ page journal. One might ask why he declined to share proof, but I fear the answer is probably clear.
 
Creighton devotes enormous space to trying to prove that Allen’s notes are not a forgery—but a forgery of what? They are secondhand recollections of what someone supposedly had read in now-lost papers ages ago. Even so, Creighton argues that the notes must be correct because they contain details a forger would not have readily known: the existence of Prussia (really?), the geographical extent of the Austrian Empire (has he seen a map?), and the fact that a certain Mr. Raven was part of the discussion of the quarry marks. Not to put too fine a point on it, but if the text were a forgery, it could have been forged from entries for May 1837 in Vyse’s book Operations Carried on at the Great Pyramid, where Vyse states that Raven was left alone at the pyramid while he was away, between the time of the discovery of the quarry marks in one chamber (entry for May 9) and when Vyse’s team signed a statement attesting to the accuracy of the copies made from them (entry for May 19). Thus a forger might have thought to finger him as fabricating some of them, even if the chronology doesn’t work out perfectly for the uppermost chamber. This isn’t to say the text is a forgery, only that Creighton’s argument for their authenticity doesn’t follow absolutely from the written evidence. If the text is not a forgery, it still only proves that Brewer suspected Raven of manipulating the quarry marks while Vyse was away.
 
His next piece of evidence is the fact that one of Vyse’s assistants, the man who drew copies of the marks, signed two of twenty-four drawings on the wrong side, thus “proving” that they were made before the quarry marks were painted onto the wall in a different and/or incorrect direction. He claims that an analysis of photographs of the paint suggest that the signs were written left-to-right and while the blocks were upright, in contravention of Egyptological consensus, a consensus he doesn’t seem to be able to cite or discuss with sources outside other fringe books’ summaries. Creighton, who likes to cite the Graham Hancock website forum, discussed these claims on the board in 2014 and received extensive criticism from Martin Stower, which made no impression on him.
 
Weirdly, the book then returns to repeat the same material from earlier about Vyse’s journal—because he is lightly rewriting a chapter from his last book, mostly point for point—and Creighton makes it sound like it was the result of careful sleuthing that he found the document. It shouldn’t have taken much effort. It’s held in a museum and listed online in its holdings. It’s not hiding. In the journal, Creighton finds that Vyse made several attempts at copying the cartouches of Khufu, each time getting some of the details wrong until he finally made a correct copy. Creighton instead reads this as progressive efforts to draft a fake cartouche to forge, with the final details—specifically three horizontal lines in the circle within the cartouche—hastily added at the end to “fix” the spelling of Khufu due to late-breaking discoveries elsewhere at Giza that month.
 
Creighton, recapping his last book without mentioning the fact, says that the following lines from the journal prove that Vyse ordered his henchman to fabricate Khufu’s cartouche, and he claims it as a new discovery despite having published the same text in his 2015 book:
The chamber was 39 long, by 19.10 broad: as it was within “Campbell’s Chamber May 27, 1837.” “For Raven & Hill.” These were my marks from cartouche to inscribe over any plain, low trussing. 
Picture
Low-quality reproduction of the text from Vyse's journal, as it appears in Creighton's book.
This doesn’t make much sense as written, and for good reason. In 2015, Creighton wasn’t sure of many word readings and scattered question marks throughout his transcript. They’re all gone now even though the text isn’t any clearer. (He concedes the point a few pages later.)
 
I’m not confident in many of his readings because the provided photo isn’t sharp enough to confirm them. The words “For Raven & Hill” more closely seem to read “H Raven & Hill,” which are the words actually painted in the chamber. The words “low trussing” do not seems to appear in the photograph he provided, though I cannot read the squiggle in their place. (Vyse did not use the word “trussing” in his published work.) For that matter, the word Creighton reads as “inscribe” seems to have a loop at the start rather than Vyse’s distinctive dotted “i.”
 
Regardless, though, the meaning seems to be that Vyse was recording a dedication of “H Raven & Hill” painted in the chamber along with the existing cartouche that he had copied into his notes. Creighton reads this instead as orders to forge a cartouche, too. Because he does not transcribe the surrounding lines, Creighton left out too much of the context to support his reading of the line he claims to be a smoking gun.
 
Frankly, even if we accepted all of Creighton’s evidence at face value, it would mostly suggest that Vyse’s team tried to make some markings easier to read by repainting them and Brewer thought they did so bad a job that it essentially made them into new figures. I don’t think this is what happened, but there are many interpretations of the evidence short of intentional forgery that Creighton failed to consider.
 
The final chapter simply repeats all the previous chapters’ arguments, which themselves had already been restated in summaries at the end of each chapter. These, in turn, were recycling material from The Secret Chamber of Osiris. A lot of this book is repetition and recycling. Worse, there are consistency errors as the author brings up points for later discussion that vanish, and repeats earlier points as though presenting them for the first time.
 
Overall, the book is downright uninteresting. It has nothing new to say to readers of his earlier book. It is obsessed with minutiae to the exclusion of context, arguing for a forgery without establishing a compelling motive and by making assumptions about “secret” texts that Vyse must first have found and somehow chose not to report, even though such a discovery would itself have been cause for celebration. (Not to mention confirmation of the inscriptions in the Pyramid.) Creighton’s argument asks us to share his own ignorance about the political, social, cultural, and archaeological contexts in which Vyse operated, and it expects readers to come to the book already accepting the notion that there is no other reason to believe the pyramids to be of dynastic Egyptian origin except for the quarry marks found within them.
21 Comments
Martin Stower
9/23/2016 12:53:35 pm

I find it encouraging that you’ve spotted what the “Raven & Hill” reference really is. I take it that others will do likewise, or at least spot the quotation marks, which are surely obvious even in a poor quality image of Vyse’s near impenetrable handwriting. Funny how they escaped his various listed helpers, “handwriting experts” included.

Bizarrely, Creighton drew attention to the relevant inscription in the pyramid:

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,344774,344774#msg-344774&v=t

I gave him what is surely the heaviest of heavy hints as to (a) his error and (b) the truth of the matter:

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,344774,345236#msg-345236&v=t

—and this was with respect (?) to his last book. How this can remain a selling point for this one escapes me, but as such it has been presented. I gather that he has made the significant advance of dropping all the caveats.

Perhaps more to follow.

Reply
Only Me
9/23/2016 01:48:38 pm

Relevant photo from the discussion. Fellow readers, look for H Raven & Hill above Martin.

http://lagrandeguerre.blog.lemonde.fr/files/2014/04/13.jpg

Thanks for sharing, Martin.

Reply
Only Me
9/23/2016 01:36:37 pm

After this, I can safely say Creighton is in the bantamweight division of fringe authorship.

Reply
Jean Stone
9/23/2016 02:53:06 pm

This whole thing puts me in mind of the original Stargate movie with Daniel presenting his arguments for, essentially, ancient aliens, including criticizing Vyse and I remember the novelisation actually expanded that argument. Wonder which fringe source they got it from. I also wonder if any people were inspired into fringe-y beliefs from that film. Not that it was new in its use of those elements, but what is in this field anyways?

Of course, if Creighton's argument (or at least working premise) is that the pyramids are supposed to be some sort of repositories of pre-Flood knowledge, shouldn't he start out by trying to demonstrate that it actually happened? Oh, right...

Anyways, thanks for the review Jason!

Reply
Martin Stower
9/23/2016 09:17:43 pm

Year of the original was 1994, which suggests that they got it direct from Sitchin, as not so many had repeated the claim by then.

Reply
David Bradbury
9/23/2016 03:01:21 pm

Any readers live near Aylesbury?
Catalogue entry from the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies:

Ref No D 121/2
Title Journal of Colonel Richard William Howard Howard-Vyse (covering his travels in Malta, also Cairo, Luxor and the Pyramids)
Description [51 Folded foolscap sheets of paper in manuscript, numbered 67 to 117 (inclusive)]
Access_Status Open
Date 13 Oct 1836 - 7 Sep 1837

Reply
Martin Stower
9/23/2016 08:05:00 pm

That’s the one. I examined it in 1998. Could do with a return visit.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/23/2016 03:16:08 pm

Concerning Creighton’s suggesting that the name “Brewer” appears in the manuscript journal, when he presented the relevant image (now missing) on GHMB, it was cropped to such an extent that the word was barely shown adequately and all and any context which might help us determine if it is a name was excluded. Vyse would typically write “Mr. Brewer” and the names of those who took part in the operations (as Brewer allegedly did)—Hill, Raven, Perring, Brettell—appear many times and not just once.

I set out the several objections here:

http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,347187,347258#msg-347258&v=t

—and Creighton replied to the post, so he can scarcely claim not to be aware of them.

Even if the word were the name “Brewer”, it’s scarcely an uncommon name and there is no reason to suppose that any such Mr. Brewer is Humphries Brewer, absent a context which supports this identification.

We could scarcely call this even weak.

Reply
Only Me
9/23/2016 07:29:53 pm

One of the participants on the post you linked to included this gem:

>>>Graham Hancock said in a recent blog: "Those of us working on an alternative history of humanity need to hold ourselves to standards of evidence AT LEAST AS HIGH as is demanded of mainstream scholars if we are ever to get history rewritten."<<<

I laughed long and hard after reading that.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/23/2016 08:16:34 pm

“These were my marks from cartouche to inscribe over any plain, low trussing.” Such a natural thing to say! About as convincing as the messages people hear when they listen to records played backwards.

For the passage Creighton transcribes, I hazard the following:

‘The chamber was 39 long, by 19.10 broad: ?in it was written “Campbell’s Chamber May 27, 1837.” “HRaven & Hill” ?there ?were ?many marks ?and [a] Cartouch[e] [sketch of the cartouche] ?the ?marks ?were ?very plain, ?but ?many ?had ? off . . .’

No false modesty: I contend that my transcription is closer to what a literate human being on planet Earth might actually have written —and I don’t need to be right. All I need be is as warranted in my transcription as he is in his, to deny it the evidential weight he would have us give it. Note that I even agree with him on some of the words.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/24/2016 03:39:54 pm

Considering this again, I gather that since he gave this an outing in his last book, he’s spotted the quotation marks—which makes it all the more odd that he fails even now to understand the implications of their presence.

Weird.

Reply
Martin stower
9/25/2016 10:10:47 am

“. . . Creighton argues that the notes must be correct because they contain details a forger would not have readily known . . .”

Which is a Bizarro caricature of a serious argument against the “quarry marks” being forgeries—which remains cogent, despite his efforts to revive Alford’s workaround. A forger operating without knowledge would need to get so much right by dumb luck that it’s just not worth considering.

Reply
Peter Robertson
9/26/2016 05:56:46 am

Mr Colavito, you finish your 'review' with the following comment:

"...it [Creighton's Great Pyramid Hoax] expects readers to come to the book already accepting the notion that there is no other reason to believe the pyramids to be of dynastic Egyptian origin except for the quarry marks found within them."

http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-scott-creightons-the-great-pyramid-hoax-part-two

I am puzzled - why shouldn't Creighton take this approach? After all, the significance and importance of these marks as being the primary means in helping Egyptology determine the provenance of the Great Pyramid appears to be something that YOU (from your comment below) seem to have bought into and agree with:

"Who Built the Great Pyramid?

The Great Pyramid is largely anonymous, but controversial hieroglyphs hidden above the King's Chamber say who built the pyramid. We look at efforts to discredit the glyphs.

by Jason Colavito"

http://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/id10.html

So, you are effectively saying in your comment above that the Great Pyramid is "anonymous but [for] controversial hieroglyphs hidden above the King's Chamber".

It must surely follow then that if these fourth dynasty chamber markings are shown to have been faked as Creighton claims, where then does that leave your assertion given that you evidently rely upon these marks to identify the pyramid's owner (and, by extension, its age)?

It renders your argument above utterly mute; in your own words, without these glyphs the Great Pyramid becomes an anonymous structure. Which, if my understanding is correct, is precisely Creighton's point.

Mr Colavito, you cannot have it both ways.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/26/2016 12:41:40 pm

Not sure why you’ve included the URL of this page. Were you planning to post this elsewhere?

Anyway, the material here:

http://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/id10.html

I draw your attention to the caveat on this page:

http://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/

“This site contains articles written between 2001 and 2010. It is no longer being updated and is being maintained for archival purposes. For the latest about me and my writing, including new content and free eBooks, please visit my author site: www.JasonColavito.com.”

My recollection is that the article “Who Built the Great Pyramid?” is among the earliest Jason put on the Web: the copyright notice specifies 2001–2003 and “id10” may be a clue.

Are you suggesting that Jason is not entitled to change or modify his views, over a period which might be as long as 15 years?

Curiously enough, the only parallel I can readily find is Scott Creighton’s idea that Vyse was committed for life to his first recorded impressions of the “quarry marks”.

Reply
Peter Robertson
9/26/2016 12:59:30 pm

Thank you Mr Stower. But my question was directed towards Jason and I am sure he is more than able to speak for himself.

Martin Stower
9/26/2016 01:29:45 pm

For Peter Robinson:

Perhaps you are unfamiliar with the conventions of the Comments section. If so, the button marked “Reply” may be a clue.

I’d suggest also that the caveat I quoted (Jason’s words) covered your point in advance.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/26/2016 02:00:13 pm

Robertson, Robinson . . .

Reply
Peter Robertson
9/27/2016 06:33:54 am

Mr Colavito,

You write (above):

“His next piece of evidence is the fact that one of Vyse’s assistants, the man who drew copies of the marks, signed two of twenty-four drawings on the wrong side, thus “proving” that they were made before the quarry marks were painted onto the wall in a different and/or incorrect direction.”

I have read Creighton’s interpretation of that particular piece of evidence (in his previous book) and, I feel compelled to say, your review here of it in no way reflects what Creighton has written or, indeed, the point he was making. (I presume he makes the same point in his latest offering).

As I understand it, the point Creighton was making in his last book with this particular evidence was to argue that Vyse’s assistant, Mr J R Hill, seems to have used his signature to lock in the orientation of the drawings he was making so that, when they were sent back to London, the academics there would know the chamber orientation of the signs Hill had drawn i.e. when rotating a particular sheet so that Mr Hill’s signature could properly be read, then this would rotate the signs on the sheet to the particular orientation they held in the various chambers. It is a credible point Creighton makes that such a scheme would have been needed and employed by Hill since the signs were painted into the chambers with a jumble of orientations.

Creighton then points out that Mr Hill’s signature recorded the wrong orientation for the Khufu cartouche (and some other signs). Creighton asks, quite reasonably, why Hill’s signature, when used as his 'compass' would correctly lock in the orientation of all his other drawings but not the Khufu drawing. Creighton speculates that one reason for this might be that Hill originally copied the Khufu name from some other source where it had been drawn horizontally, hence why Hill signed it in that fashion, failing to realise that simply rotating this already signed horizontal drawing to paint it vertically into the chamber would betray his deception.

Your simplistic “signed two of twenty-four drawings on the wrong side“ serves only to misguide, obscure and gloss over the actual point Creighton was making and I feel is a great disservice to responsible and reliable critical review.

You continue (above):

“Creighton finds that Vyse made several attempts at copying the cartouches of Khufu, each time getting some of the details wrong until he finally made a correct copy. Creighton instead reads this as progressive efforts to draft a fake cartouche to forge, with the final details—specifically three horizontal lines in the circle within the cartouche—hastily added at the end to “fix” the spelling of Khufu due to late-breaking discoveries elsewhere at Giza that month.”

As you point out, this is also from Creighton’s previous book which I read some time ago. (In passing, why should you object to him repeating this piece of evidence in his latest book if the focus of the new offering is entirely on this possible forgery in the Great Pyramid, presenting more evidence to back up the original contention? I am sure there will be many who will pick up his new book and will not have read the single chapter in the previous work. I fear you are nit-picking here for no other reason than to nit-pick and it is tedious).

Once again, your assessment of this piece of evidence Creighton presents is woefully inadequate and presents an entirely false impression. Creighton does not argue that “Vyse made several attempts at copying the cartouches of Khufu, each time getting some of the details wrong until he finally made a correct copy”. This is a complete misrepresentation of the actual point Creighton is making.

Vyse is copying into his diary what was supposed to be in the chamber. So why, Creighton rightly asks, did he record the Khufu cartouche into his diary incorrectly on TWO occasions? That is the reasonable and valid question Creighton is asking.

Finally, Vyse does make a correct copy of the Khufu name with circle and lines in his diary. So why, Creighton asks, did he not correctly draw it with his first or second attempts? Creighton points out that Vyse, in his first two copies of the Khufu cartouche, managed to see and copy two tiny dots in the name but somehow managed to miss the much larger detail of the triple lines in the circle. How is that reasonably possible? It is a fair question Creighton asks given that Vyse tells us in his very own words that he examined this chamber in minute detail.

Personally, I do not think with the evidence in the chapter from his previous book that Creighton categorically proves forgery took place in these chambers of the Great Pyramid. However, I do believe he has raised some reasonable and legitimate questions. If he now has an entire book on the subject with even more evidence to present then I, for one, will mos

Reply
Peter Robertson
9/27/2016 06:44:10 am

If he now has an entire book on the subject with even more evidence to present then I, for one, will most certainly be taking a look at it. And I say that because, in the first place, I tend not to form my reading list on the opinions of others and especially not when those opinions are at a complete variance from my own experience.

It rather seems to me, Mr Colavito, that in your zeal to conform with mainstream opinion, you have thrown much of your objectivity aside and I fear this will leave your readership wholly uninformed of the actual argument Creighton is making in these books and of the evidence he uses to support it. And, in the long run, that will not be good for your readers, for your blog or, indeed, for your own career as a reliable, reasonable and credible reviewer.

Reply
Martin Stower
9/27/2016 10:04:27 am

Wow, Mr Robertson, you seem pretty zealous (in Scott Creighton’s cause) yourself.

Also remarkably well informed on (and sympathetic to) his arguments.

I’m not sure that the man himself could be more so.

You have much to say in defence of a book which (presumably) you haven’t read. Caution is suggested: you are tending to confirm what Jason has said about the repetition and recycling in this book—its having “nothing new to say to readers of his earlier book”.

You have much in common with someone who posts on GHMB. I suggest you look him up!

Reply
Chris Aitken
10/2/2016 08:39:35 am

I'm just going off the cuff here, as I'm no expert. But it always amazes me how people can't seem to except that people simply evolved. In the case of The Great Pyramid it seems obvious that a) It was built by and ascribed to the correct individual. b) This structure is really the apex of pyramid development in ancient Egypt. There's plenty of evidence of previous failed attempts. Also, since this practice reached a pinnacle at this juncture...there's really nothing as great afterwards...there was one smaller black pyramid built afterwards, but the romans stripped it...thereafter burials moved to the valley of the kings. Basically, pyramids became too ridiculous and expensive, and despite the clever traps became beacons for bandits.

What annoys me the most about these so-called fringe theories is that they not only dumb down these ancient societies, but also deflect the real search for more ancient civilizations yet undiscovered. Humans evolved...even Homo erectus built fires. Is this when civilization begins? Just a thought...

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