Speaking at the Young America’s Foundation on Monday, former senator and current CNN pundit Rick Santorum raised eyebrows when he appeared to denigrate Native Americans by suggesting the United States had been terra nullius when white English colonists established the country as a Judeo-Christian religious republic. “We birthed a nation from nothing,” he said. “I mean, there was nothing here. I mean, yes we have Native Americans but candidly there isn’t much Native American culture in American culture. It was born of the people that came here.” As, should be obvious, there were Native cultures from one end of the Americas to the other prior to the colonial era. The myth of an empty continent peopled only with savages was always a bit of European propaganda used to justify colonization and conquest. While I don’t fully endorse the claim (supported by a 1988 Senate resolution) that the U.S. Constitution was inspired by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy—its specifics were more directly the Roman Republic and various European systems—it is nevertheless true that the colonial generation did look to Native groups as examples of alternatives to European-style monarchy in actual living practice. Santorum’s remarks are on the surface obviously wrong, but also the same myth that white Americans have bought into since the colonial era. As I documented in my book The Mound Builder Myth (University of Oklahoma, 2020), the myth of savage, uncultured Native Americans served to justify white Americans’ oppression of Native peoples and the destruction of their cultures, eventually leading to the Trail of Tears and the Indian Wars. Andrew Jackson made it quite plain when he told Congress in 1830 that he dreamed of filling the land with “a dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters.” Santorum continues a very old myth, almost entirely ignorant of its origins or consequences. Jackson’s description of America as a largely unoccupied wilderness came with a corollary. He believed that a lost white race has once lived on the continent, before Native Americans killed them all in a white genocide thus justifying their own extinction: “In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the west, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated, or has disappeared, to make room for the existing savage tribes.” Like Santorum, he extolled white civilization’s dominance over primitive Natives: Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages, to our extensive republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms; embellished with all the improvements which art can devise, or industry execute; occupied by more than twelve millions of happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion! The hunt for the lost white race would seemingly be confined to myth after archaeologists proved that the monuments of ancient America were the work of Native peoples. But no such lucky break prevents fake history from repeating.
In The Mound Builder Myth I describe how a New York talk radio personality, now podcaster, called Frank from Queens, who was once described as “racist” in New York Magazine, has embraced the myth that America had been populated by a lost white race of ancient Iberians, the Solutreans, who were massacred by Native Americans, whom he derisively calls “Beringians.” (The scientific hypothesis of Solutrean contract with ancient America is not supported by most scientists and does not involve white people since the real Solutreans lived before white skin evolved.) Well, Frank discovered The Mound Builder Myth and discussed it in the April 23 episode of his rightwing podcast, TRP Show, which labeled my book a “piece of Neo-Bolsheviki trash.” Frank called my book a “vicious attack” on him (he was in a paragraph of a 300-page book) and claimed that as a member of the “radical Left” I am somehow attacking his “God-given right” to speak his mind. “Don’t attack me because I posit the Solutrean hypothesis,” he said. “I guess that’s a crime with the Left,” he added, citing Immanuel Velikovsky, the catastrophist speculator of the 1950s, as his model. He used words like “vile” to describe me before railing against the “Bolshevist scumbags” who taught him when he was in college half a century ago and going on a McCarthyite rant about communism, and it was all rather much, especially since the podcast went on for four hours. You’ll forgive me if I didn’t listen to all four hours. Frank developed his own white nationalist holiday, World Solutrean Day, to coincide with Hitler’s birthday. This episode was timed to the holiday. Frank previously awarded the History Channel’s Scott Wolter the “Solutrean Man of the Year” award, which Wolter accepted on a previous World Solutrean Day broadcast. “Scott Wolter… real nice guy!” Frank said this week. “He’s stuck on the Templars. Everything comes back to the Templars with him.”
110 Comments
Rock Knocker
4/26/2021 11:35:52 pm
Note to Rick and Frank: “Better to be thought a fool than to open your mouth and remove all doubt....”
Reply
Anthony G.
4/27/2021 01:17:42 am
European Explorers have been in America since at least 1025AD. Very likely before this time but, this is where the earliest cartographic evidence starts. One thing is universally true about all sailors. They have sex. Whether their children or descendants survived to be genetically tested or not is another matter. Then there are the citizens of Vinland. Their fate has yet to be determined. Leif Erikson was a Christian missionary so the place likely existed before he showed up. The earliest evidence is still the 1025-1050 Anglo-Saxon Mappa Mundi Cotton World Map owned by the British Library. This is not the only medieval map in their possession showing North America. Funny. Have offered evidence for the authenticity of the Vinland map only for it to be irrelevant by at least 415 years.
Reply
Paul
4/28/2021 09:24:48 am
Anthony, someone might pay attention to what you have to say if you understood the definition of legitimate. Otherwise, you ramblings are those of a clown.
Reply
Anthony G.
4/29/2021 06:12:36 pm
Thousands of very intelligent people around the world are paying attention, Paul. What is it you don't get? Did I lose you at sex? Have you ever published anything on academia.edu which achieved anything in the top 5%.? How about 2%? Surely not Top 1%?
An Over-Educated Grunt
4/30/2021 10:23:42 am
As Abraham Lincoln said in his seminal philology text, "No Diggity in G Minor," you can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time. Search engine optimization games on Academia aren't exactly proof of anything, and the fact that thousands of people on a planet of billions is statistically meaningless, irrelevant to the veracity of your idea, and reminiscent of the fact that Piltdown Man was once accepted as a legitimate find.
Anthony G.
4/30/2021 12:35:38 pm
OEG,
Jim
4/30/2021 01:29:54 pm
An Over-Educated Grunt, if you want a real laugh check out what Anthony and Patrick proclaim to be the Newport Tower in various (hundreds ?) old maps, it's like pareidolia on steroids.
Paul
4/30/2021 07:00:46 pm
My god, Anthony. Cell phone pictures of old maps with coffee, tea, wine, ink and who knows what other stains don’t prove whatever it you think you’re saying. Just because you put something on the internet doesn’t make it so. Your Newport tower claims are crap, that is crap, C-R-A-P. There is no reasonable way to attack the message so I will just reiterate, you’re an idiot.
An Over-Educated Grunt
5/1/2021 11:01:07 am
Anthony, have you considered the possibility that your claims simply fail to persuade? The state of navigation and ship building in the mid eleventh century doesn't support reliable transatlantic travel. It barely supported reliable travel from Norway to Iceland. Your maps don't look anything like other tenth century maps. The amount of special pleading required isn't supported by the evidence and your response to poor evidence quality is to get more shrill and effort to varieties of appeal to popularity. You need better evidence, like artifacts found in an undisturbed context, but none of the sites you're looking at are going to provide that.
Paul
5/1/2021 03:50:18 pm
Also, Anthony, the highest number of views on Shekleton’s Academia nonsense seems to be 380 something on Academia. A great many have 0 or 1 view. Not widely read by any stretch of the imagination so suggestion for you, go stretch yours again.
Anthony G.
5/1/2021 08:33:03 pm
"My god, Anthony. Cell phone pictures of old maps with coffee, tea, wine, ink and who knows what other stains don’t prove whatever it you think you’re saying."
Anthony G.
5/3/2021 06:46:53 pm
https://www.academia.edu/47943494/1510_Pedro_Reinel_Chart_Cartographic_Evidence_of_the_Pre_Colonial_Newport_Tower
Reply
Hmm, Rick Santorum is right. "There was nothing here" in the sense he immediately explains: "there isn’t much Native American culture in American culture." It is only true. He does not talk of an "empty continent". That is not what he said. He is talking of culture, and the culture of the evolving America did indeed take over almost nothing from the Indians' culture.
Reply
Jim
4/27/2021 09:47:17 pm
Good lord Franke, just because the white newcomers didn't adapt to native culture doesn't mean there wasn't any !
Reply
Jim, the intellectual level of your contribution has reached the bottom line again. You say "the white newcomers" ... now let us meditate about your words ... where all "newcomers" white? And did really all of them think like that? Did they think so right from the beginning, or were there ups and downs? And the silly sentence that "many of the democratic principles" allegedly go back to Indian traditions? Do you really believe this?! Are you mad!? How old are you?!
Jim
4/30/2021 01:05:07 pm
T Franke:
Jim
5/1/2021 12:48:51 pm
"Your comment is becoming personal"
kent
5/1/2021 01:47:25 pm
Wow, Jim. Jim. You're making me side with Mr. Atlantis.
Last cry:
Jim
5/2/2021 04:25:24 pm
Kent:
Cal
5/4/2021 11:38:36 am
Influence= "The capacity to effect the character, development, or behavior of someone or something..."
Kent
5/5/2021 01:30:27 pm
""Chased down to Washington? Uh, yeah, no. The British sailed UPRIVER via the Chesapeake Bay""
Ricky
5/6/2021 04:00:57 am
You better eat your porridge or the original Canadian white slavers are going to sneak down here from Toronto and grab you.
Doc Rock
4/27/2021 10:23:11 pm
Santorum's comments are ill-timed given that there has been recent controversy over the Boys Scouts of America's cultural appropriation of Native American culture. So there's that.
Reply
Doc Rock,
Doc Rock
4/29/2021 05:23:38 pm
Mr. Franke,
Doc Roc,
Jim
5/7/2021 12:33:29 pm
T Franke" The idea to define WASP as a concept of race and not of culture, or to nail down the term Anglo-Saxon to the Angles and Saxons from once upon a time .... is wrong and childish. This would be like ridiculing the use of the term "German" by nailing it down to a supposed "Germanic race" or to the once-upon-a-time Germanic culture. Only fools do that.
Jim
5/15/2021 10:32:17 am
T Franke says:
Sachem Obvious
4/29/2021 09:16:39 am
There are about 400 colleges and universities in the U.S. that have Lacrosse teams. Over 1200 high schools have Lacrosse teams. A professional Lacrosse league was recently formed in the U.S.
Reply
Doc Rock
4/30/2021 11:31:01 am
From what I have seen here we have words, sports, gardening, music, literature, film, television, popular figures, material culture. Could throw in the fact that Native American legends in the form of characters such as Wendingo and Skinwalkers have had a significant impact on contemporary American urban legends, folklore, and pop culture.
Reply
Old McDonald Obvious
5/1/2021 01:16:37 pm
Interest in Indian culture and imitation of it in Germany over the last several generations has been described as obsessive.
Doc Rock
5/2/2021 03:40:33 pm
Mr. Old MacDonald,
"He is no position to comment on Indian influences on American culture."
Speaking of germany
5/4/2021 05:02:17 pm
From Wikipedia:
Candy O
5/5/2021 12:01:20 pm
The German scholar Hartmut Lutz coined the term Indianthusiasm to describe the preoccupation by Germans with all things Indian.
Kent
5/6/2021 05:23:46 pm
So now with potatoes and tomatoes we see the influence of Amerindian culture on Irish and Italian cultures.
Potato Famine Victim obvious
5/7/2021 08:55:42 pm
It is well known among the educated and sane that the potato and tomato are examples of Native American culture on any given culture that uses said products.
Decolonize white minds
4/30/2021 03:39:16 pm
" the culture of the evolving America did indeed take over almost nothing from the Indians' culture."
Reply
Kent
4/27/2021 02:29:26 pm
"“I mean, there was nothing here. I mean, yes we have Native Americans but candidly there isn’t much Native American culture in American culture. It was born of the people that came here.”
Reply
4/28/2021 10:50:32 am
Bennie Franklin said idea of federal government, in which certain powers are given to a central government and
Reply
Kent
4/28/2021 04:59:55 pm
Good Lord, or Wematanye, calm the heck down. I'll revisit whatever it was you posted next time I'm playing Canasta in my pajamas on my veranda after tiffin. Know what the Russian word for garage is? Garage.
Joanna, most of what you say is reasonable.
Steve Jones
4/29/2021 02:33:22 am
Johnny Cash was NOT born of Indian descent, but he was a great and influential activist for Native Americans.
Running Bare
4/29/2021 06:50:41 am
Johnny Cash believed himself to be of partial First Nation descent, but it has never been proven. However, he was inspired to develop the First Nation-centered album Bitter Tears. One song from it, the Ballad of Ira Hayes is considered to be a Country Music classic. The album has influenced other musicians to produce similar work. Look Again to the Wind is a tribute to Johnny Cash's work on Bitter Tears. Another example is Marty Stuarts album Badlands: Ballads of the Lakota.
Jim
4/29/2021 11:30:14 am
Let's not forget about how much the canoe and the Natives themselves contributed to the opening up of North America.
Doc Rock
4/29/2021 05:48:40 pm
This topic has me racking my brain in terms of materials that I used to teach and write on the topic of acculturation a long time ago.
Anthony G.
4/29/2021 06:06:33 pm
You all should watch the episode of "Finding Your Roots" with Dr Henry Louis Gates Jr featuring Roseanne Cash. Some of you are talking out your backsides.
Jim
5/2/2021 05:04:48 pm
T Franke: Jim, the rest of the quote makes no difference, therefore I rightly omitted it. It is just a condescending sentence by Benjamin Franklin, and not a proof that this confederacy was the role model for the US constitution. Of course, you can repeat your dogma once more, now, but this will not make it anymore true ...
Jim
5/5/2021 10:42:54 am
T Franke:
Jim: "Jebus, you are trying to tell me that the author of the piece titled: 'The Native American Government That Inspired the US Constitution' quoted Benjamin Franklin to prove himself wrong !"
Paul
4/28/2021 04:21:24 pm
What is quite interesting is that indigenous folks have oral history and some ill defined historical context. But it is mainly white academia and white archaeologists and anthropologists that are giving indigenous folks their deep history.
Reply
Normandie Kent
6/8/2021 03:33:53 am
Umm no, traditional Native Americans have paid no mind or merit to what Anthros, Archaeologists, or geneticists have to say about their ancient ancestors or history. They go by oral history that has been passed down to their modern day descendants of their creation, where they have traveled, disasters, floods, ect. Do you honestly think they read the latest anthropological theory or hypothesis on the ancestral origins? A very small amount would take anything these anthros have to say about THEIR cultural patrimony. Kent, what about the traces of Indian culture in literature? All the Wild West stories ...... good and bad, old and young. For me as a German, the literary figure of Winnetou will always be a role model, and it cannot be otherwise. Surely, it is a literary figure, not a real Indian. But aren't there some traits shining through the broken mirror in which we are looking from the past into the future? Stories for being told at the campfire is not the worst heritage.
Reply
Doc Rock
4/29/2021 06:03:53 pm
Mr. Franke,
Doc Rock
4/30/2021 11:35:50 am
While you are reading up, you might want to take a look at the literature on Native American influences on the modern American environmental movement.
Darold knowles
4/30/2021 08:18:28 pm
“Over a period of thousands of years, Native Americans purposefully transformed maize through special cultivation techniques.”
Reply
Phil
4/27/2021 04:53:37 pm
I listened to the podcast. Where did he mention you or your book??? Never heard it.
Reply
Phil
4/27/2021 06:46:20 pm
Sorry, it was around 2:50 in when they started talking about suing you for libel.
Reply
Bob Jase
4/28/2021 01:29:40 pm
Bolsheviki? Is the guy campaigning for Herbert Hoover?
Reply
Iroqois? Switzerland!
Reply
The Atlantis Expert
4/28/2021 06:34:09 pm
What have conservatives contributed to American culture? Almost nothing. Culture is created by liberals.
Reply
Darold knowles
4/29/2021 01:35:30 am
It’s funny that the same people who proudly declare that America was founded on principles directly opposed to the old Europe of absolute monarchies, forced state religions, and static feudal social systems are also the first people to brag that America was founded solely on superior European principles when someone suggests a non-European influence.
Reply
Doc Rock
5/2/2021 10:55:42 am
There is an irony at work here. The rise of "European" civilization is heavily rooted in the Greek city states and Rome. Yet, in the early 20th century people from these areas were not particularly welcome in the U.S. as immigrants. Emphasis had shifted to Anglo-Saxon imagery even though the ancestors of these folks were bare-assed barbarians living in mud huts compared to what had developed in Rome and Greece and then later influenced greater Europe.
Reply
Darold knowles
5/2/2021 11:34:19 pm
They’re also the same people who in one breath will tell you that the use of Native Americans as mascots for sports teams is meant to honor and celebrate the tribes’ traditions and culture, while in the next breath they will insist that Native culture is worthless and had no impact on modern America.
Darold Knowles,
Darold knowles
5/5/2021 04:46:45 pm
I didn’t mention Rick Santorum in any of my comments, although you seem to be imputing the characteristics that I described to him — that’s your problem, not mine.
Doc Rock
5/6/2021 04:19:27 pm
Mr. Franke,
the real captain obvious
5/2/2021 08:08:35 pm
"Native Americans had no freedom" LOL.
Reply
The Real Captain Obvious,
Reply
The real captain obvious
5/4/2021 11:54:54 pm
Women in the Iroquois Confederacy had great personal freedom and played a wide range of leadership and official advisory roles, and had significant control of property, technology, and resources. In fact they influenced the American women's movement. See:
Candy O
5/5/2021 11:55:43 am
At the time of European/Euro-American contact women in various Indian tribes had rights and freedoms that would not be achieved in Germany until the social and political reforms of the Weimar Republic in the early 20th century. Even after reforms, progress toward gender equity was slower in the predominantly Catholic regions of Germany.
"You are uneducated."
Jim
5/7/2021 05:41:31 pm
No Frank, it is you who are uneducated !
L-1 English speaker obvious
5/7/2021 09:10:03 pm
"You are putting forth minor aspects of culture..."
Jim
5/8/2021 10:05:10 am
Regarding my last comment above, I forgot this link, sorry.
Kent
5/8/2021 12:41:31 pm
Sorry to burst your bubble but the Boy Scouts were invented in England by the pederast Baden-Powell. The Indian tradition of pederasty lives on to this day through the BSA. Oops.
Dont eat the leaves
5/9/2021 12:41:20 pm
Joe kent;
Kent
5/23/2021 07:14:25 pm
"Proper cultivation techniques"???? I grew tomatos as a child with no Indian assistance. Put the seed in the ground, Wait for the tomato plant to appear. Easy to the peasy. It's literally not rocket science. Another thing that didn't come from Indians.
Moby
5/27/2021 08:10:30 pm
When I was 8 i put a goldfish in a glass bowl and it lived for over a year. But that doesn't mean that aquaculture is easy to the peasy.
Jim
5/28/2021 03:32:56 pm
Kent;
Kent
5/28/2021 06:24:51 pm
That is perhaps the stupidest counterargument ever. When a tomato plant dies, assuming it has fruited, multiple tomato plants arise. When a goldfish dies you have a snack.
Kent
5/29/2021 08:08:49 am
Oh Jim.
Old McDonald Obvious
5/30/2021 08:36:02 am
Planting a seed with the acquired knowledge that it will yield a particular edible fruit or vegetable is a cultural act originally learned from Native Americans. What kind of idiot uses this example to try to refute Native American influences?
Jim
5/30/2021 10:20:50 am
Kent:
Marty Simmon
6/1/2021 02:13:02 pm
I think you are confused Kent. In the gardening world the tomato is often referred to as a tender perennial and most of these types of plants are grown as an annual outside of their original environment. If i could drop a tomato seed on the ground here in Illinois and do nothing more than wait for it to grow tomatoees and die and regenerate and produce the same volume of tomatoes reliably on an annual basis it would have saved me a lot of time, effort, and expense over the last 21 years.
marty simmon
6/3/2021 07:41:31 am
Old Macdonald Obvious I did not see your post mentioning volunter tomato plants. That is the viable way to possibly produce additional tomato plants from a single plant. That is, if simply dropping a seed in the ground results in a viable plant to begin with. And that plant produces fruit that is left in place to rot and drop seeds in place.It is a roll of the dice. No volunteers may sprout or several may sprout clustered together. They would still require care by culling and spacing plants and the use of water and fertilizer and periodic weeding as needed. The tomato is a tender perennial and cannot be expected to automatically grow out of a single planting like a Hosta.
Little Big Man
5/4/2021 02:26:33 pm
Santorum walks back comments.
Reply
No, Rick Santorum did not walk back his comments.
Reply
Jim
5/5/2021 01:10:07 am
T Franke:
Kent
5/5/2021 06:17:57 pm
Someone who was good at editing would have replaced the period with an ellipsis. But who am I kidding? Jim.
Enrolled and educated
5/5/2021 06:23:48 pm
Principles? Like respect for women and letting them control their own bodies and property or having a say in the political process. Or tolerance for different belief systems? Or LGBT people being treated like humans?. Respect for the environment? Or honoring formal political agreements? Hah! These were not PRINCIPLES but PRACTICES among many Native Americans while white Americans and Europeans were failing to live up to the ideals of the Enlightenment or leaving everyone out who wasn't a straight, white, christian male.
Jim
5/7/2021 05:05:23 pm
Kent:
Dont feed the trolls
5/7/2021 10:39:52 pm
Jesus H. Roosevelt Christ. Have some of you idiots listened to Santorum's entire speech or read the relevant comments in context?
Doc Rock
5/8/2021 12:55:15 pm
This horse is now so thoroughly tenderized that a toothless man could have fine dining. A few observations before bowing out of what is turning into another exercise in silliness.
Kent
5/8/2021 11:11:47 pm
So, as a self-professed drinker, how do you account for the babies born at Auschwitz? Why did it take the notoriously efficient Germans more than nine months to killl tne pregnant Jewesses? And then fail to kill the babies?
Doc Rock, you mix a terrible cocktail of undifferentiated pseudo-history. You go on to confuse cultural and religious specialties and their advantages (and disadvantages) with the ideas of the Enlightenment. You have to be very very uneducated to do this.
Bigoted European Explorer Obvious
5/9/2021 01:24:43 pm
Berdache is a derogatory term introduced to the Americas by Europeans who lacked the understanding or tolerance for indigenous religious and cultural systems that acknowledged transgendered peoples and alternative sexualities.
Jim
5/15/2021 09:45:51 am
T Franke:
cenk obvious
5/16/2021 10:36:33 am
Now Franke and Joe Kent argue that a long list of examples of genocides weren't really genocides.
Jeff Bishop
5/4/2021 04:21:53 pm
Thank you Jason.
Reply
M.D.
5/4/2021 08:35:28 pm
Many Americans would not be alive today if their ancestors had not been able to borrow medical knowledge from Native Americans in the form of the knowledge of the use of plants to treat everything from infection to malaria. Some of this knowledge was used in the development of modern pharmaceuticals.
Reply
Queen Anne
5/15/2021 04:57:44 pm
In the essay by Dina Gilio-Whitaker, "Native American Influence on the founding of the U.S.:
Reply
Ralphie boy
5/28/2021 09:45:16 am
Rick santorum may be an insufferable prick, but you are suffering from the irony of cultivating your own culture of racism here on your site, (And authoring some of the posts yourself) and now being labeled one of ‘them’ by extremists among the racists.
Reply
Bon Scott
5/28/2021 08:10:12 pm
We are just itching to see you offer a coherent commentary that articulates how taking issue here with Santorum's idiotic comments is in any way a manisfestation of racism. Or are you just pissed off and confused without understanding why you are in this state and so just feel obligated to say something?
Reply
Normandie Kent
6/8/2021 02:04:14 am
The Oldest set of remains found Bacho Kiro Cave in Bulgaria Europe were 45,000 yrs old aren’t even ancestral to modern day Europeans, but to modern day Native Americans.. Some of the oldest remains found in both Europe and Asia are more closely related to present day Native Americans. In fact, The modern day Europeans didn’t even exist until a mere 4,500 yrs ago in the late Neolithic, early Bronze Age, so there is literally no way Frank from Queens or Scott Wolter are even distantly related to the Solutrean People, even if his white Solutrean fantasy was true, the Native Americans were already genetically distinct 30,000 years ago and already in the front doorway into the Americas, unlike modern Europeans who wouldn’t even exist for another 25,000 years. They weren’t even a twinkle in their fatherlands eye.🤣🤣🤣 Frank from Queens isn’t even Native to Europe much less the Americas.😂😂😂GTFO!!!
Reply
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorI am an author and researcher focusing on pop culture, science, and history. Bylines: New Republic, Esquire, Slate, etc. There's more about me in the About Jason tab. Newsletters
Enter your email below to subscribe to my newsletter for updates on my latest projects, blog posts, and activities, and subscribe to Culture & Curiosities, my Substack newsletter.
Categories
All
Terms & ConditionsPlease read all applicable terms and conditions before posting a comment on this blog. Posting a comment constitutes your agreement to abide by the terms and conditions linked herein.
Archives
October 2024
|