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Roundup: Pharaohs' Curse on "Today," Greek Myths in the Bronze Age, and More

4/5/2021

15 Comments

 
The following was cross-posted in my Substack newsletter.

This week, I am experimenting with a newsletter format, featuring a longer piece of writing divided into shorter articles rather than separate posts. In this issue, we’ll look at the Today show’s promotion of the curse of the pharaohs, a new article about ancient Greek mythology’s connection to the Bronze Age, and we’ll review a historical piece by a famous writer linking American mounds to Atlantis.
Picture
The Golden Parade (Experience Egypt)
Curse of the Today Show
To begin, we should mention the April 5 Today show story about the recent Golden Parade in Egypt that moved almost two dozen royal mummies to their new home in a recently constructed state-of-the-art museum. In a report during the 7:30 ET half-hour of Today, NBC News reporter Keir Simmons twice referred to the mummies as “cursed,” citing random Twitter users’ tweets about the so-called “curse of the pharaohs.” While he did quote Egyptologist Zahi Hawass to the effect that the curse isn’t real, NBC gave it credibility by referencing the allege curse as though it were a genuine ancient legend.
 
As I discuss in my new book Legends of the Pyramids, out this August from Red Lightning Books, the so-called curse is a modern fake, cobbled together from Victorian pulp fiction, sensational newspapers stories, and novelist Marie Corelli’s misremembered references to the medieval account of the living statues and ghostly guardians who murdered those who acted immorally in the pyramids in Murtaḍā ibn al-ʻAfīf’s thirteenth-century history of Egypt. I previously wrote about this on my website.
 
It’s disappointing that NBC News would pretend that a twentieth century fantasy was an ancient fact, but this wasn’t the only bad take about ancient history in the news this week.
 
Greek Memories of the Bronze Age
This past week, Josho Brouwers, the editor-in-chief of Ancient World magazine, published an article against the popular notion that Heroic Age of ancient Greek mythology could be identified with the Late Bronze Age known to archaeology. In so doing, he denied that there is a connection between the Greek mythology known from Homer onward and the Mycenaean culture occupying Greece in the late Bronze Age. His argument is a rather literal one, that Greek myths do not contain details perfectly matching the Bronze Age archaeological record, and no myths exist on Mycenaean Linear B tablets to demonstrate that any Greek stories go back to the Bronze Age:
By far the earliest mythological thing recognizable to us is a Centaur recovered from the site of Lefkandi and dated to ca. 950 BC, which may – based on a wound to the knee – may be identified as the Centaur Chiron, who, according to later Greek myth, had served as a teacher to a number of heroes, including Achilles and Jason. But nothing recognizable stretches back to the Bronze Age, though we do encounter familiar names of gods in the Mycenaean Linear B tablets.
This material is rather reductive. Jason’s own name may be on a Linear B tablet, though it is not certain whether the hero was meant. However, regardless of this, because Brouwers is an archaeologist, he focuses on the material aspects and therefore ignores the classic work on the Mycenaean origins of Greek mythology and religion in done by Martin Nilsson (whose 1932 book was literally titled The Mycenaean Origins of Greek Mythology), Walter Burkert, M. L. West, and others.
 
Aside from clear survivals of the Bronze Age in myth, such as the famous boar’s tusk helmet found in Homer and exactly matching a real one from the Bronze Age recovered by archaeologists, the internal evidence of the myths points to a Bronze Age origin for some parts of Greek mythology. For example, Homer already knew the epic of Jason and the Argonauts, which therefore had to predate him, likely by a long period. That he is associated with a centaur already known in 950 BCE demonstrates that the story likely stretches back still further. If the Linear B evidence is correct, it is a Bronze Age story at its core, however elaborated and revised over the centuries.
 
Nilsson collated all of the mentions of toponyms in myths of the Heroic Age and found that they had an almost 1:1 correlation with Mycenaean power centers, not with later Archaic or Classical Greek settlements, and he correctly predicted places where Mycenaean ruins would later be found by studying places in heroic myths that did not yet have archaeological evidence attached to them. He also noted the prevalence of Mycenaean name forms, those ending in –eus, in Heroic Age myths, in contrast to Archaic and Classical Greek style.
 
Burkert was able to trace Greek religious practices to Mycenean Linear B records, showing continuity, and therefore strongly suggesting the myths attached to those practices had their kernel in Bronze Age practice.
 
Bouwers does not discuss these data-driven conclusions (Brouwers told me via Twitter that he discounts Nilsson’s work because it is “outdated,” even though Classics scholars still cite the book in contemporary scholarship), instead suggesting that the stories of Greek mythology appeared ex nihilo among a people fundamentally disconnected from their own Mycenaean ancestors:
This is a key point to stress. While the stories were set in the past, the ancient Greeks had no idea what that past looked like. There were no archaeologists in the first millennium BC. But they did come across stuff that was clearly older, from the fortifications already mentioned to ancient tombs, like the tholos or beehive tombs in mainland Greece that date back to the Bronze Age (archaeologically speaking) and which the ancient Greeks tried to explain as having belonged to the kings and princes of an imagined age.
He is literally correct that the Greeks couldn’t imagine the past the way we do, and their mythology was constantly revised to reflect the Greek present. So while it is true that they didn’t imagine the Heroic Age as being the Bronze Age as we would envision it today, it isn’t right to say that it has no connection to the Bronze Age, nor that there is no continuity between the Bronze Age and Classical Greece.
 
Speaking of fake Greek stories about the deep past…
 
Mounds of Atlantis
In my book The Mound Builder Myth, I discussed the interconnection between the false claim that Native American earthworks had been the work of a lost race and the developing fantasy of a lost global empire of Atlantis in the middle nineteenth century. Many writers had bent indigenous American myths, legends, and history toward Atlantis, stretching all the way back to Francisco López de Gómara in 1552. In the middle nineteenth century, Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg staunchly advocated for a connection between the native peoples of the Americas and Atlantis, and such beliefs had become commonplace long before Ignatius Donnelly canonized them in 1882 in his Atlantis: The Antediluvian World. Nevertheless, even I am occasionally surprised to discover just who believed this nonsense.
 
Lafcadio Hearn is today best remembered as the Greek-born Irish writer who collected ghost stories and folklore before moving to Japan and changing his name to Koizumi Yakumo while explicating and explaining Japanese history and culture to the West. Less well known, however, is his long residence in the United States in his youth. In his 20s, he lived in Cincinnati, near the heart of Ohio’s native earthworks, during the decades when the mound builder myth reached its apex.
 
As a reporter for the Cincinnati Enquirer and then the Commercial, he was best known as a crime reporter, covering all manner of horrific tragedies with a sensational, yellow coloring. That’s probably why I wasn’t aware that on April 24, 1876, a then-25-year-old Hearn published an article about the mound builders in the Commercial in which he reported that Ohio’s mounds had been built by refugees from Atlantis—and they were a “dead race of giants”!
 
Here is how Hearn describes the origins of the giant mound builders:
A highly interesting theory of the origin of the Mound-builders, is connected with the most awful and most wonderful of all historic traditions — the ancient Legend of Atlantis, whereof Plato and other ancient writers spake weirdly and dreamfully. Even in their day, it was probably but the echo of a most remote tradition, handed down through the ages. Classic travelers said that toward the setting sun, far beyond the pillars of Hercules, lay a great, fair island, in the midst of the Unknown Sea, and beyond, yet another island; and still beyond, the foam-kissed shore of the unknown land which girdled the ocean. The first fair island was called Atlantis, and it contained four great kingdoms, with principalities and palaces innumerable. No such island, as geographically described by these writers, has any place in the world, although the researches of modern travelers confirm many long-doubted statements written in the classic ages. But the Aztecs and other ancient races had a dim tradition of such an island, and of a frightful cataclysm which destroyed it, even as the classic authors had written. And some modern theorists believe that there was an Atlantis, inhabited by mighty and wealthy nations.
This is straight out of Brasseur de Bourbourg, so there is no need to go searching too far for the origins of the young Hearn’s imaginary history of the world. His ideas about mound builder serpent worship came, more or less, from the Serpent Worship (1830) John Bathurst Deane (P. G. Wodehouse’s grandfather!), one of the most important pseudo-historical religious texts of its era. The Serpent Mound of Ohio had long been roped into Deane’s idea that indigenous peoples and prehistoric cultures worshiped Satan in serpent form before the coming of Christianity. Hearn simply follows conventional wisdom in repeating the idea.
 
But it is noteworthy that he can’t imagine that the Atlanteans could be any other color than white. First, he describes them as coming from the Teutonic regions of Europe: “It is likewise supposed that it was from Northern Europe to Atlantis, and thence overland, or by short sea-journeys, to the continent beyond — that the Mound-builders came with their cattle.”  Then, he argues (from a nineteenth-century idea) that the climate of America was too warm to sustain their glorious whiteness, shriveling the magnificent ivory giants into Native Americans: “Perhaps those pale-skinned strangers were the emigrant Mound-builders, and perhaps thousands upon thousands of years in this western climate permanently bronzed the skins and sharpened the features, and dwarfed the physique of their progeny.” This is only a smidge more scientific than the Mormons’ claim that Native Americans emerged when God smote America’s original white people with dark skin for some sin or another.
 
While Hearn’s piece is entirely in keeping with the tenor of its era, it is nevertheless a fascinating sidelight in the career of a man who in his final years had cast aside many of those early racist ideas as he immersed himself in Japan, became Buddhist, and embraced Eastern culture.
15 Comments
Cesar
4/5/2021 08:22:20 pm

“The Immoralists” is onde of the best pieces you ever wrote, you was very brave when exposing the tendency to flatter sacred cows whose personal behavior is inexcusable. But it seems that even this strong piece did not generate many comments in jasoncolavito.substack. Why?

Reply
Jason Colavito link
4/5/2021 10:28:13 pm

Thank you for the compliment. I couldn't say why it generated so few comments. Five times as many people read my Substack as read this blog, but it seems that most readers think of Substack more like a magazine to read than a place for discussion.

Reply
Cesar
4/5/2021 09:08:47 pm

Please Jason correct "you was".

Reply
T. Franke link
4/6/2021 08:55:22 am

Very well argued, the Greeks couldn’t imagine the past the way we do, but nevertheless there was a continuitiy of tradition.

Concerning Atlantis, it is always interesting to see what 19th century authors think that Plato allegedly had written about Atlantis. Allegedly, Plato "spake weirdly and dreamfully" of Atlantis. Well, this is not my reading. "Atlantis, and it contained four great kingdoms, with principalities and palaces innumerable." No word about this in Plato's text. It is a sign how far away these theories already were from the original.

The idea that white immigrants became bronzed is interesting. In fact, the immigrants coming over the Behring strait were white. (Or yellow, to stay in the traditional colour scheme.) And thus, he does not deny that the Mound builders were indeed the Indians, or better: Their ancestors. Which is not so wrong, even quite right. How did racists judge this idea in the 19th century? They were not happy with it, I can imagine. From a 19th century point of view, this idea is quite anti-racist.

Reply
Kent
4/7/2021 11:31:01 pm

"In fact, the immigrants coming over the Behring strait were white. (Or yellow, to stay in the traditional colour scheme.)"

It would be interesting to see you document that.

"Red" has been part of the colour scheme (not going to argue with you about when we shifted from a "traditional" to a "modern" colour scheme) for quite some time and many 19th century photos of American Indians arguably depict "red" people.

You're describing a situation wherein 18th century whites viewed their contemporary Indians as a "fallen angel" version of a "better" white progenitor. How that is "quite anti-racist" is puzzling to this reader.

Not for the first time I refer you to Minister Farrakhan's NOI teachings about the Mad Scientist Yakub and the origin of the white race.

Reply
T. Franke link
4/8/2021 02:46:37 pm

Kent, immigrants from Asia were Asian. For the traditionalist colour scheme they were "yellow".

When coming over the Behring Straits they had few sun only, so they were surely not bronzed but pale.

Once they entered more southern parts of America, they became "red" over time.

Skin colours change over many generations, when living constantly in a sunny or not sunny area.

Kent
4/9/2021 10:15:13 am

Dude, you sound not "not quite racist". You sound super racist. And ill-informed. Racism is fixable, the other thing though...

Indians are Asians. Are Indians "yellow"?

Turks are Asians. Are Turks "yellow"?

Ainu are Asians. Are Ainu "yellow"?

"When coming over the Behring Straits they had few sun only, so they were surely not bronzed but pale."

Strong the silly is with this one. They got pale over the course of (being generous here) a year???

"When coming over the Behring Straits they had few sun only, so they were surely not bronzed but pale."

Like the Negroes in Sweden! Gotcha. What part of "landbridge" makes you think they didn't cross during a time of 20 hour a day sunshine? "Let's wait until it's dark, and then we'll go migrating."

"Skin colours change over many generations, when living constantly in a sunny or not sunny area."

That's what someone who is not a High Dewsh Racist would call Lamarckianism. Dude, you sound like a super racist who doesn't understand basic stuff.



T. Franke link
4/10/2021 03:31:59 pm

Kent, I only emulated the traditional racist colour scheme in order to show its absurdity. You do the same. That makes two of us.

When they came over the Behring straits, this was not a journey of a group from southern Asia, just traveling within one year over the Behring straits directly to Mexico. It took generations. Many generations. "Negroes", as you call them, in Sweden will definitively become pale and white if you only wait long enough. I have no idea how long it will take, thousands of years? I am not an expert in these matters. I repeat: Skin colours change over many generations, when living constantly in a sunny or not sunny area.

You have a problem with science and reality, Kent? Ever had a look what skin colour the Inuit in Alaska and Canada have? "Bronzed" and "red"? I don't think so.

Kent
4/11/2021 10:36:40 am

Jeez, I can feel the anger coming out of your letters. You say you're not an expert, yet you predict the future, like a racist. Hmmm.

Your argument was that Asians crossing the Bering (spelling) landbridge (not strait) were made pale by lack of sunlight, so one year was indeed a generous estimate.

Yet now you want to talk about thousands of years. Pick one.

Sorry, but you're just racisting all over the shop.

T. Franke link
4/12/2021 08:38:22 am

I just learned the following:

Inuit have darker skin. Why this? I found two answers: One is that they did not live long enough in the north to develop a light skin, only 7,000 years. The other is, that the Inuit cover their need of vitamin D by fish, and therefore their skin did not need to get lighter to get more vitamin D.

So, if blacks in Sweden start to consume fish as regular as the Inuit, then they probably will not become pale and white over time (over a very long time).

https://scienceline.org/2007/06/ask-dricoll-inuiteskimos/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_skin#Polar_regions,_vitamin_D,_and_diet

Kent
4/13/2021 08:17:43 pm

To help people following your racist Lamarckian Katzenjammer, here are some notes:

1. The original migrants/invaders across the Bering Strait were light skinned.

2. When they went south, they became dark-skinned because of being bronzed by the sun.

3. The Inuit, who apparently migrated North from the south where they had become bronzed (remember they started out light-skinned), did not become light-skinned (again) because they have only been there for 7,000 years and eat fish. I think you'll find that the Inuit eat more mammals than fish.

Rock Knocker
4/6/2021 07:50:36 pm

As usual an insightful dissection of “modern” “pop” culture pandering and the proliferation of fake news. Really little different from Hearst’s yellow journalism from over a century ago, it saddens me to think about it...

Reply
Clete
4/7/2021 10:10:00 am

I know of the pharaohs curse, basically it is "Leave my Mummy Alone."

Reply
The Rooster
4/8/2021 01:09:07 am

All that?

Way better than H.P.^^

Thanks so much!

❤️

Reply
Redactor
4/15/2021 06:50:59 pm

I think the real smoking gun for Homer knowing about the Mycenean age is that Pylos is an important place for him, and already by the time of Thucydides people vaguely remember it but it's in ruins. It's one of those things like where in Herodotus there's stuff that's proven to be true from the Behistun inscription and you can't in good faith anymore claim that it's fiction.

I'd also point out that yeah, they didn't have "archeologists" in the modern sense of the word 2500 years ago, but Thucydides mentions graves being dug up on Delos and how it was observed that they were dressed like Carians. People back then were not idiots or aliens, they were quite capable of thinking about these things the same way we do now.

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