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Stephen C. Jett Argues for Multiple and Repeated Pre-Columbian Contacts with the Old World in New Article

12/15/2016

44 Comments

 
​Stephen C. Jett, a retired professor of geography, has been an advocate for hyper-diffusionism for most of his life. A quarter century ago, he appeared in the New York Times as part of an article profiling the “America Before Columbus” convention alongside the usual suspects, who, all these decades later, remain advocates of the same claims with the same evidence and the same arguments: J. Huston McCulloch, Carl L. Johannessen, Nancy Yaw Davis, etc. It’s rather astonishing than in 25 years, the ambiguous evidence and inconclusive arguments have changed nary a lick. Anyway, this is a long way around saying that Jett has a new article in the current edition of EdgeScience to promote his new book Ancient Ocean Crossings in which the 78-year-old editor of the diffusionist journal ​Pre-Columbiana claims that science is shackled by what he calls “blinder beliefs” that prevent mainstream historians and archaeologists from accepting the truth about pre-Norse transoceanic cultural diffusion.
​I will admit to being puzzled how a man who worked as a professor of geography could make this astonishing claim to explain why no Old World artifacts have been found in ancient America:
​Actually, archaeologists’ finding any recognizably foreign artifacts would be a needle-in-a-haystack proposition, and discoveries—especially, unofficial ones—of “new” lands would likely normally have been kept deeply secret to preserve political and economic advantage.  
​Conspiracy! Of course, it must be a conspiracy. Now, the claim that Old World artifacts are unlikely to be found argues against the idea that transoceanic contact was of any depth, length, or lasting consequence. But the idea that the discovery of a whole continent could be kept secret for financial advantage is ridiculous. The example of Columbus argues against it, but so, too, does the example of the Vikings. They couldn’t keep it a secret. Adam of Bremen found out about it from blabbermouth Danes: “Vines grow there naturally, producing the best of wines. That unsown fruits grow there in abundance we have ascertained not from fabulous reports but from the trustworthy relations of the Danes” (Gesta Hammaburgensis 4.38, my trans.). The same thing can be found as far back as we care to look. The Carthaginians, upon discovering sub-Saharan Africa, promptly raised a monument to the discovery, carving it in stone and erecting it in the Temple of Baal Hammon. Even the evidence for supposedly “secret” discoveries is nothing of the sort. Both Pseudo-Aristotle (De mirabilis auscultationibus 84) and Diodorus Siculus (Library of History 5.19-20) report that the Carthaginians tried to keep secret the discovery of fruitful islands off the coast of Africa (possibly the Azores or Canaries, if not completely fictitious), yet somehow these two authors managed to get hold of the secret information.
 
But leaving this aside, Jett builds his case on what he feels is a logical argument by trying to establish whether ancient people had the means to cross the ocean, a motive to do so, and left evidence that they seized the opportunity to do so. He offers no specific evidence for means and motives except to say that Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon Tiki and Tim Severin’s experimental ships demonstrated that ancient boats could cross the ocean, though of course this does not mean that they did. To that end, he offers as motive the pursuit of “high-value, low-bulk products such as precious metals and stones, ivory and valuable shells, psychoactive drugs, aromatics, luxury textiles, and so on,” as well as religious proselytizing. And yet, Jett also claims that these intrepid merchants “had not brought along much to offer to the local Amerinds in return.”
 
The evidence in favor of contact is underwhelming and frequently challenged: cocaine in Egyptian mummies, ancient Old World art that vaguely resembles maize, etc.—classics of the genre. But he adds a few new(er) items, skillfully using elements of actual archaeological findings to inflate the case for constant and sustained contact. To that end, he is happy to recall that archaeologists are increasingly of the opinion that there is evidence for Polynesian contact with South America, especially evidence in the form of chicken bones. To this he adds evidence from parasites and bugs. Specifically, he argues that human intestinal parasites like hookworm, whipworm, and pinworm could only have entered America through transoceanic voyages in historic times because the cold of the Arctic prevented them from traveling on their own. Now, I can’t find any scientific reason for this, given that intestinal parasites tend to travel in human intestines, and therefore wouldn’t be subject to glacial cold. They could well have been carried by Native Americans traveling from Beringia on southward. Far from being suppressed or discounted, I found reference to these microbes in a plethora of texts on New World cultures going back decades. Jett claims that scientists have “partially suppressed” evidence to a tobacco beetle found in King Tut’s tomb, a claim that Gavin Menzies popularized, and which I discussed almost five years ago:
​In 1982, J. R. Steffan reported that he had found a single specimen of Lasioderma serricorne (commonly called the tobacco beetle) in the mummy of Ramses II. More turned up in Egypt (one was found in Tut’s tomb), and in 2000 Eva Panagiotakopulu reported a specimen found on Santorini. However, as it happens, this species is apparently pan-tropical and may have been indigenous to the Mediterranean region in the past. In fact, the discoverer of the beetle on Santorini said as much: the beetle “was part of the pest fauna of the period, and [the Santorini find] points to a Near Eastern rather than New World origin.”
​This is suppression?
 
He accepts, too, the work of David H. Kelley and David B. Kelley alleging that the Mexican and Asian calendars are closely related. I discussed this claim just two months ago, and I explained at the time that the Kelleys essentially gave a modern gloss on a faulty claim made by Alexander von Humboldt two centuries ago. While Jett was impressed by David B. Kelley’s efforts to salvage a claim that even the Victorians had debunked in the late 1800s, I explained in detail why his computer-aided comparison used bad inputs to derive faulty outputs. Essentially, he cherry-picked matches from the 100 different Chinese calendars and dozens of variations on the Mexican calendar to find a few similarities, even though no two calendars from the two cultures actually match, or even come close.
 
Based on all of this, Jett makes a false conclusion, namely, that transoceanic contact is the driving force behind “cultural evolution.” He claims that only contact with distant cultures can inspire a culture to innovate. “Isolated societies, on the other hand, deprived of exposure to outside ideas, have tended to remain culturally static, sometimes for thousands of years.”
 
There are many faults with this line of reasoning. Cultures evolve for many reasons, including environmental pressures that force societies to adapt or die. Inspiration from Europe or China isn’t the only way to develop a more complex culture; were that the case, then we have an unsolvable paradox: whence came any original innovation if all is simply copies of copies of copies? But more importantly, even if contact with other cultures were the key element in innovation, Jett discounts the fact that there are plenty of cultures in the Americas to contact one another and spark innovation. There is plenty of evidence, for example, of the long reach of Teotihuacan and Tiwanaku in their respective regions. Mississippian culture had a vast reach across North America. Jett seems to want to treat the Americas as a homogenous backwater waiting for sophisticated Europeans and Chinese to come inspire them to greatness, when the fact is that at its height, Teotihuacan was the world’s sixth largest city, and easily more populous and sophisticated than the capitals of the barbarian kingdoms of early medieval Europe.
 
The point is that Jett wants to exaggerate the evidence for limited pre-Columbian transoceanic contact (Polynesians in South America and Norse in North America) and extrapolate from it a stream of cultural diffusion that the evidence doesn’t support. We know what happened when sustained contact actually did occur, after 1492, when Old World diseases devastated the New World, and New World products flooded European markets. The fact that none of this happened prior to 1492 would seem to be compelling evidence against sustained contact and meaningful trade.
44 Comments
Tom
12/15/2016 11:07:38 am

Even if the idea of a pre Norse crossing to America could be entertained, why would any European choose the most difficult route by sailing directly across the Atlantic instead of island hopping the easier Northern route?
After all, this was the route discovered by the Norse and they are the only people we have evidence of settling on the other side of the pond.
If people had enough knowledge of America to actually trade with its people they would also have had enough knowledge of the ocean to have known of Britain, Iceland etc unless somebody is suggesting America was discovered before Britain?
Also the fishing fleets of the 15th-16th centuries use this route to get to the Grand Banks.

Reply
Racism
12/16/2016 08:49:58 am

All this fucking shit about kooky racism

Let's argue about the Native American and South American Indians
Let's argue about the Aborigines of Australia and the Maoris of New Zealand.

Screw fucking kooky racism and presenting it as genuine racism

If there are any genuine racist issues, let's discuss the real ones..

Reply
Jerry Docherty
12/16/2016 08:51:42 am

Yeah, there are people on this blog who fancy themselves as sceptics only to recite the fucking Nicene Creed and believe in the Resurrection.

Tom is Clint Knapp

Dave Murdoch
12/16/2016 08:53:47 am

Those messages will all be deleted, folks

Need to address Jason Colavito from another website,
Need to inform the outside world that he believes in the Nicene Creed, Jason Colavito won't broadcast that info here,

Mechanical Timmy
12/16/2016 11:12:45 am

LOOK AT ME

I BEAT THE SAME DRUM OVER AND OVER

I DON'T HAVE AN ORIGINAL THOUGHT IN MY HEAD

Sad troll is sad. And after literally years of doing it hasn't learned to homogenize his grammar to the point that he can effectively sockpuppet.

Americanegro
12/18/2016 08:50:09 pm

I did finish the article, but kind of tuned out after coming across the phrase "luxury textiles".

"I feel sure there must be some luxury textiles 2000 miles that way across the ocean. Who's with me?"

Reply
DaveR
12/15/2016 11:17:06 am

It all comes down to evidence. Drawing highly questionable links between architecture, art, and myths does not prove contact prior to Columbus. Evidence was found in Newfoundland proving Vikings had a settlement. More evidence of Vikings have been found on Baffin Island, although I don't believe any settlements have been excavated at this time. Professionals want evidence, fringers want stories.

Reply
E.P. Grondine`
12/15/2016 01:46:50 pm

Hi DR - Jason

I concur with your observation that professionals want evidence, and that fringers want stories. It is too bad that most professional archaeologists can't write can't write good stories. As far as pre-columbian contact goes, this site is of interest:

http://marcopoloinseattle.com/wp/articles-by-gunnar-thompson/

Reply
At Risk link
12/15/2016 11:47:10 am

"...the ambiguous evidence and inconclusive arguments have changed nary a lick."

Here's something new and up-to-date, ascertainable to readers by sharing a very recent email I sent to a new "stonehole friend:

Hi *****. Well, things just got strange after you sent me that Iowa newspaper article about stoneholes and a petroglyph near Sioux Rapids, Iowa. At first, as you know by my previous email, I thought the Norsemen who arrived at Sioux Rapids likely came by way of the Missouri River, up from the Mississippi, but all that has drastically changed since I've studied the maps.

I was curious about the nearby Big Sioux River that empties into the Missouri just above where the Little Sioux River leads to Sioux Rapids and these stonehole evidences, and I was astonished to find out that this Big Sioux River goes up, up, up, to its beginning--guess where? To within about ten miles of Wilmot, SD!!! That's where the large white rock with the flat top and a slab cracked out from a stonehole is. I've always suspected that its a marker. Also, the beginning of the Big Sioux River (near 29 & 12, just north of Summit) is only about 30 miles from Louisburg, the location of the Norse Code-stone.

So, these stoneholes in Iowa, with their uniqueness of patterns, and the suspected fish petroglyph, seem to be directly related by waterway connection to the MN and SD evidences. The Big Sioux River makes this connection. This is really exciting to me, and I'm definitely planning to visit Sioux Rapids to check out the various sites, if possible, and snap some photos. Maybe you would like to go, too, in the spring. I'm curious to see whether any encoding may have taken place there, using stonehole rocks. (That could be the case at Runestone Park, too.)

Anyway, thanks a lot for perking my interest up in the Iowa sites. This is exciting to see them connected to the sites to the north, but its especially exciting to imagine that these Norsemen who marked up the MN/SD areas may have gone south to the Missouri River via the Big Sioux River, which begins in the same area where the Whetstone River evidences show up.

Reply
At Risk
12/15/2016 11:49:03 am

Just to sum-up, I think Norsemen well before the time of the KRS came down from Hudson Bay to the Lake Traverse/Big Stone Lake area and kept going south all the way to the Missouri River, via the Big Sioux River.

Reply
DaveR
12/15/2016 01:40:22 pm

The stone holes are interesting, but lacking any other evidence of a Viking origin it's difficult to support the claim these were definitely created by Vikings predating Columbus and the KRS. If these holes were indeed property markers, this would indicate a substantial settlement. No evidence of any Viking settlement has been found in the area, and given the range of these holes one would expect something to be found.

These holes very well could have been created by Scandinavian settlers in the 1800s who were using the property marking techniques from the Old Country.

There are far more plausible arguments for the origins of the stone holes beyond Vikings from the 1300s.

Cousin Eddie
12/15/2016 03:06:23 pm

There are no stone holes in Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Nova Scotia, Baffin Island, anywhere along Hudson Bay, along the Nelson River, or on the shores of Lake Winnepeg - yet there are 1000s in Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, and a few in North Western Iowa. This should be evidence enough that there is no connection to Norse. The only holes in rocks in Scandinavia are along the sea coast and they held metal rings to anchor boats on shore.

Jim
12/15/2016 03:24:28 pm

I have no doubt some of these holes predate the 1898 KRS. There were lots of people around by then. No one ever started a settlement or the undertaking of massive continental explorations so far inland in a newfound land. Show me a substantial coastal port base that could be used for further explorations or it is a completely ridiculous theory.

At Risk link
12/15/2016 06:34:23 pm

There's something else that comes to mind that seems to connect the Whetstone River, SD sites with the Little Sioux River site in NW Iowa, beside the N/S running Big Sioux River that connects the two at each end.

I've studied quite a lot about medieval monks, and one thing stands out in my mind...the notion of having their abodes at least a day's walking distance from cities. They wanted to be fairly near cities but not too near. The Whetstone River may represent just such a distance from an expected future large settlement or city in the vicinity of Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake. Why settle along a remote, small river, otherwise? Perhaps, too, they didn't want to be overly noticed by Native Americans using the larger waterways.

The proposed Norse site in Sioux Rapids, Iowa, also has this odd-seeming distance from larger bodies of water, in this case, the Missouri River...and even the Big Sioux River. There is this same "safe" distance, which could be for the same reason of being away from more used Native American waterways, or, it could also represent the distance monks might want to be situated away from an expected future settlement, or city...in this case, on the Missouri River. So, we have this seeming oddity at both the far-north and the far-south ends of the Big Sioux River.

I must state that I believe there has been enough research done on the various types and eras of stoneholes that the genuineness of Norse stoneholes in rocks should no longer be questioned. The concept of medieval Norse stoneholes deep in America's interior is no longer a fringe idea, but rather instead something to be recognized and no longer questioned--let along ridiculed. (However, I do appreciate the civil tone of the comments.)

In this vein, I've made a pretty good attempt at showing the main differences between both types and eras of various stoneholes, on my website. I show the obvious differences between the aging of medieval and late-1800's stoneholes. Naturally, a more scientific approach needs to be undertaken. Maybe archaeopetrography would help. Wait, did I already do that?

Fawkes
12/15/2016 07:19:11 pm

"The concept of medieval Norse stoneholes deep in America's interior is no longer a fringe idea,"

That is definitely not a mainstream held belief therefore it is fringe.

"Maybe archaeopetrography would help."

That isn't actually a thing, it's made up. Like archeophysics or any other combination of sciences made to sound like something no one could actually ever be trained to do.

Weatherwax
12/15/2016 08:24:22 pm

"I've studied quite a lot about medieval monks, and one thing stands out in my mind...the notion of having their abodes at least a day's walking distance from cities. They wanted to be fairly near cities but not too near."

So again you're using some iffy history you've learned to try to justify something you still haven't found any evidence for. There were monasteries near towns as well as far away from towns, which in this case is meaningless as they would have been way more than a days walk from town almost anywhere in North America. There were large mound builder cities, but they were pretty spread out.

"The concept of medieval Norse stoneholes deep in America's interior is no longer a fringe idea, but rather instead something to be recognized and no longer questioned--let along ridiculed."

You aren't even close to establishing that. You have no evidence beyond your own wishful thinking, as has been pointed out many times, but again you're completely impervious to everything that's been pointed out to you.

DaveR
12/16/2016 08:05:06 am

At Risk,
Making spurious links between Old World behaviors and stone holes in America is not evidence. You need to provide proof of habitation. Garbage pits, building foundations, artifacts, funeral arrangements and such things must be found, excavated, and studied. Until then you're simply spinning a fanciful story.

Weatherwax
12/15/2016 01:30:30 pm

You still have to address the lack of definite artifacts for such an expedition, especially if you think there were a number of expeditions. No bodies, no buttons, no weapons, or any of the other small bric a brac that people would need to bring and inevitably lose. Not to mention no DNA mixture with the Native Americans.

Stone piles and carvings that could have been made at any time are not going to be sufficient.

Reply
Titus pullo
12/15/2016 05:03:06 pm

Norse did make long land expeditions at least i cannit find any evidence of such in Europe or Russia. They kept close to water.

Titus pullo
12/15/2016 05:12:47 pm

Sorry i meant to type the norse didnt make long land marches or raids as far as i know

V
12/16/2016 01:02:24 am

Titus pullo is correct. The Scandinavian peoples were COASTAL people. Even in Rus', they weren't supposed to have spread more than about 500-600 miles inland in the ENTIRE TIME they were an independent nation. It makes very little sense at all for them to have marched more than a 1,000 miles inland, or even explored inland via freshwater routes, without having spread significantly more obviously up and down the coastal areas that more closely resembled everything they were used to. When you make the claim that they traveled to Minnesota from the coast--leaving no evidence whatever of their passage, which even Lewis and Clark didn't manage--you are making a claim of an extraordinary shift in cultural patterns, and you require extraordinary proof of that claim. A handful of holes in the ground and a runestone of dubious provenance just aren't extraordinary proof. Find the bodies. Find the grave goods. Find the trade goods. Find the trash. THEN we'll talk.

An Over-Educated Grunt
12/16/2016 11:22:36 am

To be fair to Gunn, they most certainly did cross longer stretches of land than 500 miles, where there were two factors: river networks, and reasons to go. The Amber Road to Constantinople involved similarly complex portages to a Hudson's Bay approach, but at the end of it they knew there was a city so great its Norse name just means the big city, because nothing else would rate that description. There is no reason for them to go inland in North America like that.

V
12/16/2016 08:03:25 pm

Grunt, that's part of why I added "without having spread significantly more obviously up and down the coastal areas that more closely resembled everything they were used to." I can't say that I knew of the Amber Road, to be honest, so thank you for informing me of that,but I knew it wouldn't surprise me to find out they did longer treks.

Mike Morgan
12/16/2016 12:58:30 pm

After his wasting countless hours posting millions and millions of words over the last 4 years on Jason's, Wolter's, and Andy's blogs, as well as his own web site, letters and emails to publications, and making a pest of himself with letters and emails to various governmental officials, academics, and professionals, in his own words, this is the TOTAL of all the evidence/proof that Bob Voyles, aka Gunn Sinclair/Gunn/At Risk offers for his "Norse, pre-columbian, stone-hole making, expeditionary party incursion into the American heartland" advocacy:

"...what we know in our hearts to be true..."
"I know in my heart and mind some of what happened here...."

To try to have an intelligent dialog with him is, and always will be, a fruitless endeavor.

Reply
At Risk link
12/21/2016 10:50:02 am

Mike, I don't feel that I've wasted my time trying to encourage folks in the notion of pre-Columbus Norse activities in the upper Midwest region.

I should like to stress at this point that there was, indeed, a good reason for medieval Norsemen to recognize a significance to this region: the convergence of waterways...waterways that Grunt recognized as being viable Norse highways, deep inland.

Mike, at this spot of land near the Norse Code-stone I found last year, is a convergence of waterways. Not just a regular convergence. No, I'm talking about waterways which began big at saltwater sources (ocean) and then dwindled down far inland...but merging, finally. Count with me, Mike: one waterway from Hudson Bay; one waterway coming from the Great Lakes; one waterway coming from the Mississippi River (via the Minnesota River) from the Gulf of Mexico. Three waterways, once huge, dwindle down here in one specific spot. I contend that this spot was recognized as completing huge waterway circles. Circles were discovered back in medieval times, well before the French arrived.

I'm disappointed that you have such a nasty attitude towards me, Mike (Joe). It seems a bit bizarre and uncalled for here, and I can't help but question the strength of your venom, and from whence it came. I think most of my findings make very good sense, and I'm quite alone (it only seems) in believing the message on the Kensington Runestone is genuine. I have striven to provide interested readers with many pages of useful and important information on my website, and I'm not selling anything.

This is a good time to search your heart, Mike, and try to discover why you stand out here, alone, as being the venomous one attacking me, personally. I don't mind that folks know me as Bob Voyles, Gunn and At Risk. I have completely not wasted my time reaching out to folks. You are the one seemingly incapable of understanding the basis for my heartfelt words. I feel that Grunt gets it about the possibility of navigable waterways reaching far inland--and that Norsemen were capable of travelling inland, yes, all the way down straight south from Greenland, Hudson Bay, down past the Whetstone River evidences, south, south, all the way to the Missouri River.

Black Elk had the understanding that life is a circle, Mike. This includes stoneholes and waterways, and eyes to see.

An Over-Educated Grunt
12/21/2016 01:08:30 pm

Whoa there, Gunn. I said it was possible. They're certainly no worse than the Don Portage. But likely or even plausible? Not convinced.

At Risk
12/22/2016 08:53:02 pm

This is the part I like hearing from you, Grunt, even though you're not convinced...that the trips deep into America's interior would be possible, given the similar circumstances of European travel into Russia by medieval Norsemen. I also like seeing this graduation of terms, from possible, to plausible, to likely, etc.

I understand this includes a beginning of impossible, implausible, unlikely, etc. But, the scale does move upwards in levels of credibility, finally, to likely. This is where I fit in, as I think it likely that Norsemen made these far inland waterway journeys hundreds of years before the French. There were no logjams preventing Scandinavians from moving inland along the rivers (highways) of the time. Norsemen were masters of the seas and also inland waterways.

Vinland was an observable point to move on from, as seen by the message of the Kensington Runestone. Meadows Cove was a ship refurbishing station. I think it likely that Norsemen also came down from Hudson Bay around this time, but even earlier.

The placement of the Norse Code-stone I found last year signifies where the river reaching farthest north into the MN River watershed discharges. I believe it is likely that medieval surveyors took note of this river, in stone, as did later 1800's railroad crews who marked the same spot.

My speculations about decoding an actual Norse Code-stone are just that, but at least my claims are backed up by a full explanation, and by the modern technology of a deep-penetrating ferrous metal detector. People are welcome to assign varying degrees of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with my findings, which I've shown in a power-point presentation.

I understand that something I find extremely likely will be opposed by other views, down the scale to nearly impossible. But not to impossible, as Grunt, you pointed out. Thanks again, because we don't need or want these unwarranted logjams on the medieval-era river-highways up here.

At Risk
12/28/2016 09:36:27 pm

Grunt: "...but at the end of it they knew there was a city so great its Norse name just means the big city, because nothing else would rate that description. There is no reason for them to go inland in North America like that."

I was just thinking, there may have been a good reason for the southward-moving Norsemen to have kept moving south...all the way to the Missouri River. And, this may have involved a big city--in fact, America's biggest city at the time: take us to your leader!

Who would that have been, and from where? How about downstream several hundred miles farther, past the SD Whetstone River evidences (and Code-stone), to the Iowa evidences (on the Little Sioux River), and then on to where the Missouri empties into the Mighty Mississippi? Here, we have Cahokia, a city of 40,000 at its peak, which might be thought of as being in exactly the same time-frame as my proposed Norse waterway expeditions down that way.

It would be nearly impossible for the Norsemen to NOT have heard from their Native American escorts about this grand city, six square miles in size, just down a few rivers--the Big Sioux to the Missouri and then on to modern-day St. Louis, only several miles from Cahokia.

So, I'm speculating that the Norse did have a reason to go on ahead, just as others had in wanting to see Constantinople: They may have wanted to see the great city of Cahokia, just on the other side of some navigable rivers.

And if I may say so, this could help explain what happened to the Mississipians, insomuch as European-borne disease may have encouraged the Native Americans to disperse...the survivors, that is. (Out of the Great City and back into the wilderness.) Yes, I speculate that it is very possible that visiting Norsemen unknowingly wiped out a culture which had flourished for hundreds of years, right up until being visited by pre-Columbus Europeans.

I suspect Norsemen were visiting the SD/MN areas well before the placing of the Kensington Runestone in 1362. In essence, it makes sense that those earlier-recognized waterways would have been explored well before the Chippewa River, the river leading to the Runestone Hill area. Again, this would bring us more in line with the time that the great city of Cahokia began to be abandoned, just after its peak.

Only Me
12/15/2016 02:51:26 pm

Carl Feagans wrote a great article called "The Hallmarks of Pseudoarchaeology" where he took John L. Casti's nine hallmarks of pseudoscience and applied them to fringe ideas.

Number nine is:

Refusal to revise. It is a rare day when a pseudoarchaeologist will revise his or her claim in light of evidence presented by actual archaeology. Often they simply double-down, completely ignoring the evidence. Or, and this is common, they respond to every bit of criticism and every question, but with rhetoric rather than substance. This last one has so many examples, I’ll just leave it to dangle.

This article fits the ninth hallmark rather nicely. For further reading:

http://ahotcupofjoe.net/2016/12/the-hallmarks-of-pseudoarchaeology/

Reply
Brady Yoon
12/15/2016 04:37:51 pm

If a civilization really did make regular voyages to the New World and back, the lack of archaeological evidence supporting its existence could be accounted for if this civilization did not colonize the lands they discovered, but only traded with their inhabitants at various trading posts, many of which could have been natural harbors instead of artificial docks and ports. Such a maritime civilization could have left virtually no trace of its existence, at least on dry land where most archaeology is conducted.



Reply
Titus pullo
12/15/2016 05:10:24 pm

It was for the copper if couse. Bronze age minoans sailed whole fleets across the north altantic into the st lawerence river past the rapids at Montreal into lake ontario, then portaged around niagera falls into lake erie then again into lake michigan and finally sailed to lsle royale in lake superior where then mined or perhaps forced natives to mine a billion tons of copper all without leaving any garbage or the usual detretus of the human condition. Yep the evidence is there if u look 👽

Reply
Only Me
12/15/2016 05:11:46 pm

If regular voyages for trade did occur, there would be evidence of this in two ways:

1) There should be more Old World artifacts being discovered. The lack of such artifacts speaks against this regular trade.

2) New World inhabitants would have been exposed to diseases from the Old World long before sustained contact after Columbus. Such diseases would not have had as severe an impact at a later date, as enough time would have passed for native peoples to develop immunities.

The idea Old World cultures were actively involved in the New World just isn't supported by the available evidence.

Reply
scott link
12/16/2016 12:07:39 am

Not to mention you would also have the trade goods brought back to the " Old World" also. Not to mention that the traders would have brought back exotic ( at least to the Europeans) goods which would have probably gone for high prices. The people whom those goods were sold to would have been the royalty,nobility and wealthy merchant classes, and once again noted.

Graham
12/16/2016 12:09:02 am

You also forgot that in all likely-hood aside from transmitted diseases, there would be clear genetic evidence of population mixing between the old and new worlds that we just don't see.

V
12/16/2016 12:33:27 am

And let us not forget #3: There would be recognizable New World goods in the Old World.

You know, as there are for trade routes between China and Europe and various African cultures and Europe.

In short, Brady Yoon only proves that he doesn't actually understand what "trade" means.

Weatherwax
12/15/2016 05:08:38 pm

You would still find the trade goods in the archaeological record. And DNA influence in the native population.

The DeSoto expedition through the American south is well represented by the trade beads and copper bells the Spanish brought to trade.

Reply
John Meffen link
12/15/2016 07:08:25 pm

Sorry Jason, I follow this blog, but I also read the comments, I am from Scotland, I do not believe any of these nutters actually believe in the things they spout, I think they say them because they are now on THAT gravy train.

Reply
Bob Jase
12/16/2016 04:38:22 pm

If furriners didn't explore the US how come I found a Canadian penny buried in my back yard?

Reply
Kal
12/16/2016 10:49:58 pm

Since there is no way to confirm who made the holes, they're probably colonial, and if by a lake, something to do with tying boats. If it is near agriculture, they might be the remains of miller's parts, property markers, post holes for some sort of long gone fence, etc.

Or there is a likelier scenario, fakes for whatever reason, dug by the discoverer to make money.

Reply
Kal
12/18/2016 12:19:53 am

Passed by here again and thought, why can't they be native American holes for posts, put there to erect a fur covered teepee or some other structure? It certainly doesn't have to be some secret and unlikely Viking thing, because that's silly. It's more likely they are either pre colonial post holes, or post colonial ones.

Reply
Joseph Wilson
12/18/2016 06:15:52 pm

The hookworm parasite being "non-Beringian" in origin is not controversial. It must have come from a mid-latitude vector, and not a northern one, just as Jett says. The life cycle of the parasite requires tropical soil to procreate, and it doesn't live indefinitely in a host taking meandering circumpolar up through the north and back down to the equator again. That is, unless you think the Paleoamericans had some History channel type of vehicles. :D

Polynesian origin of American hookworm is quite plausible...


http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/499553

Reply
Joseph Wilson
12/18/2016 08:50:53 pm

Here is the abstract from the 2006 C.A. piece linked in my comment above:

"Paleoparasitological findings and paleoclimate modelling simulations indicate that early peoples migrating via the Clovis first route across Beringia into North America could not have traversed the required distance in time to provide a reasonable explanation for the presence of the hookworm in the preColumbian Americas. The introduction of the hookworm into the Americas by a land migration at around 13,000 years BP could have happened only under extraordinary circumstances and even then would have required displacement rates that appear to have no parallel in the archaeology of the continent. This implies that while the Clovis people may have been the first migrants to the Americas, they were almost certainly not the only such migrants."

Reply
Kean Scott Monahan link
12/27/2016 06:38:01 pm

David H. Kelley was no simpleton, Jason, tho smeared as a fringe archaeologist. The University of Calgary Professor of Emeritus of Archaeology, who broke the Maya Code, speaks of Ogham writing while on a 1989 tour of southeastern Colorado, rich in Celtic Ogham and iconic glyphs, SCRIPT 89, also the OK Panhandle, where he declared at the foot of the Anubis Cave/s, "I think there are several reasonably clear Oghams translatable as Celtic..." A maverick, perhaps, but that is what bubbles under, within diffusionists, who have begun to overturn dogmatic authoritarianism by folks like you, to reveal genuine evidence in spades, contracting your regressive mindsets. Remember Page-Ladson, published in Science May 2016!

Reply
Almad
10/27/2017 11:33:27 pm

Tell us the evidence showing the earliest migrants to America where anything other than Amerindian.

Reply

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    • Magicians of the Gods Review
    • The Curse of the Pharaohs
    • The Antediluvian Pyramid Myth
    • Whitewashing American Prehistory
    • James Dean's Cursed Porsche
  • The Library
    • Ancient Mysteries >
      • Ancient Texts >
        • Mesopotamian Texts >
          • Atrahasis Epic
          • Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Kutha Creation Legend
          • Babylonian Creation Myth
          • Descent of Ishtar
          • Berossus
          • Comparison of Antediluvian Histories
        • Egyptian Texts >
          • The Shipwrecked Sailor
          • Dream Stela of Thutmose IV
          • The Papyrus of Ani
          • Classical Accounts of the Pyramids
          • Inventory Stela
          • Manetho
          • Eratosthenes' King List
          • The Story of Setna
          • Leon of Pella
          • Diodorus on Egyptian History
          • On Isis and Osiris
          • Famine Stela
          • Old Egyptian Chronicle
          • The Book of Sothis
          • Horapollo
          • Al-Maqrizi's King List
        • Teshub and the Dragon
        • Hermetica >
          • The Three Hermeses
          • Kore Kosmou
          • Corpus Hermeticum
          • The Asclepius
          • The Emerald Tablet
          • Hermetic Fragments
          • Prologue to the Kyranides
          • The Secret of Creation
          • Ancient Alphabets Explained
          • Prologue to Ibn Umayl's Silvery Water
          • Book of the 24 Philosophers
          • Aurora of the Philosophers
        • Hesiod's Theogony
        • Periplus of Hanno
        • Ctesias' Indica
        • Sanchuniathon
        • Sima Qian
        • Syncellus's Enoch Fragments
        • The Book of Enoch
        • Slavonic Enoch
        • Sepher Yetzirah
        • Tacitus' Germania
        • De Dea Syria
        • Aelian's Various Histories
        • Julius Africanus' Chronography
        • Eusebius' Chronicle
        • Chinese Accounts of Rome
        • Ancient Chinese Automaton
        • The Orphic Argonautica
        • Fragments of Panodorus
        • Annianus on the Watchers
        • The Watchers and Antediluvian Wisdom
      • Medieval Texts >
        • Medieval Legends of Ancient Egypt >
          • Medieval Pyramid Lore
          • John Malalas on Ancient Egypt
          • Fragments of Abenephius
          • Akhbar al-zaman
          • Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah
          • Murtada ibn al-‘Afif
          • Al-Maqrizi on the Pyramids
          • Al-Suyuti on the Pyramids
        • The Hunt for Noah's Ark
        • Isidore of Seville
        • Book of Liang: Fusang
        • Agobard on Magonia
        • Book of Thousands
        • Voyage of Saint Brendan
        • Power of Art and of Nature
        • Travels of Sir John Mandeville
        • Yazidi Revelation and Black Book
        • Al-Biruni on the Great Flood
        • Voyage of the Zeno Brothers
        • The Kensington Runestone (Hoax)
        • Islamic Discovery of America
        • The Aztec Creation Myth
      • Lost Civilizations >
        • Atlantis >
          • Plato's Atlantis Dialogues >
            • Timaeus
            • Critias
          • Fragments on Atlantis
          • Panchaea: The Other Atlantis
          • Eumalos on Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Gómara on Atlantis
          • Sardinia and Atlantis
          • Santorini and Atlantis
          • The Mound Builders and Atlantis
          • Donnelly's Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Morocco
          • Atlantis and the Sea Peoples
          • W. Scott-Elliot >
            • The Story of Atlantis
            • The Lost Lemuria
          • The Lost Atlantis
          • Atlantis in Africa
          • How I Found Atlantis (Hoax)
          • Termier on Atlantis
          • The Critias and Minoan Crete
          • Rebuttal to Termier
          • Further Responses to Termier
          • Flinders Petrie on Atlantis
        • Lost Cities >
          • Miscellaneous Lost Cities
          • The Seven Cities
          • The Lost City of Paititi
          • Manuscript 512
          • The Idolatrous City of Iximaya (Hoax)
          • The 1885 Moberly Lost City Hoax
          • The Elephants of Paredon (Hoax)
        • OOPARTs
        • Oronteus Finaeus Antarctica Map
        • Caucasians in Panama
        • Jefferson's Excavation
        • Fictitious Discoveries in America
        • Against Diffusionism
        • Tunnels Under Peru
        • The Parahyba Inscription (Hoax)
        • Mound Builders
        • Gunung Padang
        • Tales of Enchanted Islands
        • The 1907 Ancient World Map Hoax
        • The 1909 Grand Canyon Hoax
        • The Interglacial Period
        • Solving Oak Island
      • Religious Conspiracies >
        • Pantera, Father of Jesus?
        • Toledot Yeshu
        • Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay on Cathars
        • Testimony of Jean de Châlons
        • Rosslyn Chapel and the 'Prentice's Pillar
        • The Many Wives of Jesus
        • Templar Infiltration of Labor
        • Louis Martin & the Holy Bloodline
        • The Life of St. Issa (Hoax)
        • On the Person of Jesus Christ
      • Giants in the Earth >
        • Fossil Origins of Myths >
          • Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephants
          • Fossil Elephants
          • Fossil Bones of Teutobochus
          • Fossil Mammoths and Giants
          • Giants' Bones Dug Out of the Earth
          • Fossils and the Supernatural
          • Fossils, Myth, and Pseudo-History
          • Man During the Stone Age
          • Fossil Bones and Giants
          • American Elephant Myths
          • The Mammoth and the Flood
          • Fossils and Myth
          • Fossil Origin of the Cyclops
          • Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man
        • Fragments on Giants
        • Manichaean Book of Giants
        • Geoffrey on British Giants
        • Alfonso X's Hermetic History of Giants
        • Boccaccio and the Fossil 'Giant'
        • Book of Howth
        • Purchas His Pilgrimage
        • Edmond Temple's 1827 Giant Investigation
        • The Giants of Sardinia
        • Giants and the Sons of God
        • The Magnetism of Evil
        • Tertiary Giants
        • Smithsonian Giant Reports
        • Early American Giants
        • The Giant of Coahuila
        • Jewish Encyclopedia on Giants
        • Index of Giants
        • Newspaper Accounts of Giants
        • Lanier's A Book of Giants
      • Science and History >
        • Halley on Noah's Comet
        • The Newport Tower
        • Iron: The Stone from Heaven
        • Ararat and the Ark
        • Pyramid Facts and Fancies
        • Argonauts before Homer
        • The Deluge
        • Crown Prince Rudolf on the Pyramids
        • Old Mythology in New Apparel
        • Blavatsky on Dinosaurs
        • Teddy Roosevelt on Bigfoot
        • Devil Worship in France
        • Maspero's Review of Akhbar al-zaman
        • The Holy Grail as Lucifer's Crown Jewel
        • The Mutinous Sea
        • The Rock Wall of Rockwall
        • Fabulous Zoology
        • The Origins of Talos
        • Mexican Mythology
        • Chinese Pyramids
        • Maqrizi's Names of the Pharaohs
      • Extreme History >
        • Roman Empire Hoax
        • American Antiquities
        • American Cataclysms
        • England, the Remnant of Judah
        • Historical Chronology of the Mexicans
        • Maspero on the Predynastic Sphinx
        • Vestiges of the Mayas
        • Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
        • Origins of the Egyptian People
        • The Secret Doctrine >
          • Volume 1: Cosmogenesis
          • Volume 2: Anthropogenesis
        • Phoenicians in America
        • The Electric Ark
        • Traces of European Influence
        • Prince Henry Sinclair
        • Pyramid Prophecies
        • Templars of Ancient Mexico
        • Chronology and the "Riddle of the Sphinx"
        • The Faith of Ancient Egypt
        • Spirit of the Hour in Archaeology
        • Book of the Damned
        • Great Pyramid As Noah's Ark
        • Richard Shaver's Proofs
    • Alien Encounters >
      • US Government Ancient Astronaut Files >
        • Fortean Society and Columbus
        • Inquiry into Shaver and Palmer
        • The Skyfort Document
        • Whirling Wheels
        • Denver Ancient Astronaut Lecture
        • Soviet Search for Lemuria
        • Visitors from Outer Space
        • Unidentified Flying Objects (Abstract)
        • "Flying Saucers"? They're a Myth
        • UFO Hypothesis Survival Questions
        • Air Force Academy UFO Textbook
        • The Condon Report on Ancient Astronauts
        • Atlantis Discovery Telegrams
        • Ancient Astronaut Society Telegram
        • Noah's Ark Cables
        • The Von Daniken Letter
        • CIA Psychic Probe of Ancient Mars
        • Scott Wolter Lawsuit
        • UFOs in Ancient China
        • CIA Report on Noah's Ark
        • CIA Noah's Ark Memos
        • Congressional Ancient Aliens Testimony
        • Ancient Astronaut and Nibiru Email
        • Congressional Ancient Mars Hearing
        • House UFO Hearing
      • Ancient Extraterrestrials >
        • Premodern UFO Sightings
        • The Moon Hoax
        • Inhabitants of Other Planets
        • Blavatsky on Ancient Astronauts
        • The Stanzas of Dzyan (Hoax)
        • Aerolites and Religion
        • What Is Theosophy?
        • Plane of Ether
        • The Adepts from Venus
      • A Message from Mars
      • Saucer Mystery Solved?
      • Orville Wright on UFOs
      • Interdimensional Flying Saucers
      • Flying Saucers Are Real
      • Report on UFOs
    • The Supernatural >
      • The Devils of Loudun
      • Sublime and Beautiful
      • Voltaire on Vampires
      • Demonology and Witchcraft
      • Thaumaturgia
      • Bulgarian Vampires
      • Religion and Evolution
      • Transylvanian Superstitions
      • Defining a Zombie
      • Dread of the Supernatural
      • Vampires
      • Werewolves and Vampires and Ghouls
      • Science and Fairy Stories
      • The Cursed Car
    • Classic Fiction >
      • Lucian's True History
      • Some Words with a Mummy
      • The Coming Race
      • King Solomon's Mines
      • An Inhabitant of Carcosa
      • The Xipéhuz
      • Lot No. 249
      • The Novel of the Black Seal
      • The Island of Doctor Moreau
      • Pharaoh's Curse
      • Edison's Conquest of Mars
      • The Lost Continent
      • Count Magnus
      • The Mysterious Stranger
      • The Wendigo
      • Sredni Vashtar
      • The Lost World
      • The Red One
      • H. P. Lovecraft >
        • Dagon
        • The Call of Cthulhu
        • History of the Necronomicon
        • At the Mountains of Madness
        • Lovecraft's Library in 1932
      • The Skeptical Poltergeist
      • The Corpse on the Grating
      • The Second Satellite
      • Queen of the Black Coast
      • A Martian Odyssey
    • Classic Genre Movies
    • Miscellaneous Documents >
      • The Balloon-Hoax
      • A Problem in Greek Ethics
      • The Migration of Symbols
      • The Gospel of Intensity
      • De Profundis
      • The Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolf
      • The Bathtub Hoax
      • Crown Prince Rudolf's Letters
      • Position of Viking Women
      • Employment of Homosexuals
      • James Dean's Scrapbook
      • James Dean's Love Letters
      • The Amazing James Dean Hoax!
    • Free Classic Pseudohistory eBooks
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