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Study: Flat Earthers Believe Because of YouTube Conspiracy Videos

2/20/2019

33 Comments

 
​Due to prior commitments this week, some of my blog posts are going to be a bit on the short side. Today I want to discuss a recent presentation discussing the results of interviews with Flat Earth believers at two conferences in 2017 and 2018. Speaking Sunday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting, researchers who spoke with more thirty attendees placed the blame squarely on YouTube for creating a community of Flat Earth believers and providing the means for Flat Earth leaders to propagandize a credulous audience. An article in the Guardian summarized their findings:
Of the 30, all but one said they had not considered the Earth to be flat two years ago but changed their minds after watching videos promoting conspiracy theories on YouTube. “The only person who didn’t say this was there with his daughter and his son-in-law and they had seen it on YouTube and told him about it,” said Asheley Landrum, who led the research at Texas Tech University.
 
The interviews revealed that most had been watching videos about other conspiracies, with alternative takes on 9/11, the Sandy Hook school shooting and whether Nasa really went to the moon, when YouTube offered up Flat Earth videos for them to watch next.
 
Some said they watched the videos only in order to debunk them but soon found themselves won over by the material.
​I would be interested to see the degree to which believers in other conspiracy theories and fringe history themes also found reinforcement of their ideas through YouTube videos. Frankly, these videos don’t receive half the attention and rebuttal that they deserve, though it is difficult to even begin to do so since they multiply faster than bacteria and audience flit from one to the next indiscriminately.
 
The findings, while not exactly conclusive due to the small sample size, are highly suggestive and reinforce earlier conclusions from other studies that YouTube is a major vector in delivering conspiracy content and creating believers in extremist material. The Flat Earth is hardly the only example of this. Reports last year that viewers can be seduced into ultra-right-wing politics through YouTube’s algorithms serving up increasingly extreme rightist videos to viewers of conservative content, ultimately leading to white nationalist and Nazi content, led the video service to curb its conspiracy content recently, with mixed results.
 
Landrum, a psychologist who specializes in science communication, takes a surprisingly upbeat view of YouTube and told her audience that the company was doing nothing wrong but might consider tweaks to its algorithm. This is a shockingly blasé attitude toward a major corporation that has knowingly created algorithms that prioritize extremist content in pursuit of increased viewership and therefore advertising revenue. Many people express concern that YouTube shouldn’t “censor” anti-science videos, and that argument is fair to an extent.
 
But YouTube is not required to promote videos its users post, and it is arguably unethical to promote harmful content. And let’s not pretend that the “Recommend Videos” section of YouTube is some magic list that appears out of nowhere. Those videos aren’t selected because they are good or noble or moral; they are selected to get you to watch more and to watch more ads. To do so, the algorithm selects more extreme content to appeal to viewers’ basest instincts. This is a choice, and it can be unchosen. YouTube has done some good by attempting to limit the worst of conspiracy videos from appearing on the recommendation list. But we can’t naively pretend that media companies’ choices don’t affect the people who consume their content. Even if we assume YouTube’s algorithms only accidentally created a propaganda machine for right wing extremists and science deniers, it is still a moral obligation to dismantle that pipeline with the same fervor with which they viciously eliminate every boob and butt cheek in service of puritanical moral purity.

Speaking of puritanical purification, earlier this month Google ordered Ancient Origins to remove hundreds of images of ancient art and historical artifacts for violating its blanket prohibition on images depicting nudity, violence, or human waste on any page participating in the Google Ad Sense program. The utter ridiculousness of the suppression of images of famous paintings and statues, as well as historical images of mummies and archaeological digs, was entirely the result of the effort by Google to avoid even a hint of upset from those easily offended by the human body. However, the result was the opposite of what Google intended, since it just made conservatives angry and crying out about censorship. The conservative Times of London and the radical right-wing Breitbart both ran articles this week decrying what they and Ancient Origins called the censorship of Ancient Origins, a site that has carried right-wing interpretations of history in its mix of fringe claims and recycled content. As much as I would like to take pleasure in Ancient Origins losing a major revenue stream and being de-listed from Google News, where its stories have frequently appeared, it is upsetting that this positive outcome is the result not of recognizing that Ancient Origins is third-rate fringe crap but rather because of the blind application of puritanical rules about boobs.
 
In both cases, though, Alphabet, the parent of Google and YouTube, is simply following the money. It pays to appease the extremists, since those who aren’t on the extreme aren’t loud enough to cause problems and will simply accept whatever the company does anyway. Occasionally, someone gets upset, but, for the most part, content creators either conform or go bust. ​“There is no negotiating with Google,” Joanna Gillan wrote. And that is not really a good thing.
33 Comments
Brian
2/20/2019 10:24:34 am

"...it is still a moral obligation to dismantle that pipeline with the same fervor with which they viciously eliminate every boob and butt cheek in service of puritanical moral purity."

It certainly deserves more fervor. But in western society, fear of sex will always trump fear of the erosion of science or democracy. As journalist Nick Davies said in a talk last year at the Nuffield Department of Population Health, entitled "Truth in the Media," the internet has turned out to be a lot like the invention of nuclear weapons: oh, aren't we clever to have done that, but maybe we shouldn't have.

Which, of course, I saw on YouTube. Boy, do we need help.

Reply
Joe Scales
2/20/2019 12:05:44 pm

Classic bait and switch going on here. You take an issue embraced by certain far-left ignoramuses and turn it into yet another "far-right" screed. Kudos to you man. Well done.

Reply
Rational Man
2/20/2019 12:07:57 pm

Good job the Founding Fathers were sceptics who believed in the rights of man, that's what I say.

Reply
An Anonymous Nerd
2/20/2019 07:54:27 pm

Lots to unpack here in just a couple of lines.

Most-importantly, it's difficult to interpret Mr. Colavito's article the way you seem to be. He's very clearly citing the Flat Earth videos and the Conservative Fringe videos as different examples of similar phenomena. There's even a transitional sentence to make that easy to see. The quote he presents from the original article cites other conspiracy fantasies, one of which specifically is Right but the other two enjoy a politically diverse (and sadly large) audience.

Also I have yet to notice a connection between the Left and the Flat Earth fantasy. The Flat Earth videos, Reddit posts, and stuff that I've seen have mostly lacked obvious political content (unless one counts theie conspiratorial nature as being political by itself). The few that have been distinctly political have been Conservative, as judged by their incorporating other Conservative fantasies (Glen Beck/Alex Jones type stuff). But mostly, at least based on what I've seen and read, it doesn't really seem to be a political idea.

Finally we come to your characterization of this post as a '"far-right" screed.' Once again this characterization is difficult to support on Mr. Colavito's words themselves. He's pretty clearly bemoaning stupidity and conspiratorial fantasizing in general. While he has highlighted the undeniable connection between the Fringe and the Right in other articles, as have I in certain replies, this really doesn't seem to be a good example of that.

And even those articles, it'd be a stretch, to put it mildly, to call Mr. Colavito's well-researched and well-reasoned articles "screeds" of any stripe whatsoever.

-An Anonymous Nerd

Reply
Joe Scales
2/21/2019 11:27:20 am

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkQhK8O9Jik

expat link
2/20/2019 12:08:04 pm

To Google's credit, it did yank two of Kerry Cassidy's interminable vids promoting the daft idea that all modern tragedies are false flag exercises designed to make drastic official action acceptable.

Kerry protested that YouTube has obviously been infiltrated by the Illuminati.

http://dorkmission.blogspot.com/2018/05/kerry-cassidya-second-strike.html

Reply
Kent
2/20/2019 03:00:39 pm

KAL is correct. Youtube simply gives you more of what have asked for in the past.

"Of the 30, all but one said they had not considered the Earth to be flat two years ago but changed their minds after watching videos promoting conspiracy theories on YouTube."

I find it hard to believe that anyone has ever said "I was watching videos promoting conspiracy theories on YouTube."

The case against the Sandy Hook shootings is pretty convincing and it's clear that a plane did not strike the Pentagon but not everything is a "false flag operation"--sometimes bad stuff does actually happen.

This article needs an editor's gentle hand but it's still fascinating!

Reply
An Anonymous Nerd
2/20/2019 08:13:40 pm

[The case against the Sandy Hook shootings is pretty convincing]

No it's not.

Conservatives hate Snopes, I know, but I don't care....They have actual citations, quotes, and the like.

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/sandy-hook-exposed/

People's lives can be ruined by these types of conspiracy fantasies. Not fake-ruined as in "slightly more difficult to get appointed to the United States Supreme Court." But real-ruined. When victims are harassed by people who think they're "crisis actors" and so forth.

[and it's clear that a plane did not strike the Pentagon]

*sighs*

https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a5659/debunking-911-myths-pentagon/

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/911-pentagon-attack

Once again: Citations, quotes, explanations.

Spreading bunk is easy. All you have to do is assert it. Debunking is hard.

-An Anonymous Nerd

Kent
2/20/2019 09:13:20 pm

First, and with due respect, Snopes.com is itself not a reliable source. It's literally "a guy on the internet."

In the case of plane crashes on dry land, it's standard practice to assemble the parts of the plane in one place and photograph them. This didn't happen in the case of the Pentagon.

How is it possible to harass "Sandy Hook victims" if they're............dead?

I find your challenges fascinating!

An Anonymous Nerd
2/20/2019 11:18:15 pm

[First, and with due respect, Snopes.com is itself not a reliable source. It's literally "a guy on the internet."]

As noted: Sources, citations, quotes. They have it. Bunk-spouters don't. I also don't think it's ever been one person -- started I believe with a couple and now it's a team.

[In the case of plane crashes on dry land, it's standard practice to assemble the parts of the plane in one place and photograph them. This didn't happen in the case of the Pentagon.]

Once again: Sources, citations, quotes. Most questions I'm aware of are addressed in various debunking videos and articles.

[How is it possible to harass "Sandy Hook victims" if they're............dead?]

There is more than one way to be a victim than being dead. Injured or bereaved also qualifies. And, besides, it was plain that I wasn't only talking about Sandy Hook.

It takes seconds to spout bunk, longer to debunk it. It then of course takes seconds to spout bunk about debunkers. Your statement about Snopes, and similar statements about Snopes made by Mr. Scales and others -- the Conservative and Fringe memes about Snopes and other sources that strive for accuracy are well worn.

Another example would be this site itself -- lots of thought, research, and analysis goes into it, dismissed by bunk-spouters with a few quick memes.

Another example would be the various debunkings of flat earth fantasies that I've seen. Lots of thought, research, and analysis. This is what we'd expect to see, this is what we see, this is why round earth fits better. Bunk-spouters reply with some one-liners and, as far as you're all concerned, that is that.

*shrugs*

-An Anonymous Nerd

Kent
2/20/2019 11:34:47 pm

As the kids at the kiddie table would say, shaking my head.

Pictures of the "plane" that "hit' the Pentagon please? No? Okay, moving on.

Hard to be bereaved if no one was killed.

You keep saying "cite cite cite" and I'm more than willing to wait for you to do that. Your negational style of debate is fascinating!

An Anonymous Nerd
2/21/2019 07:11:43 am

[You keep saying "cite cite cite" and I'm more than willing to wait for you to do that.]

The articles I've linked to have plenty of citations. That's why I used them. Whether one likes Popular Mechanics or Snopes or not one also has to deal with the sources they cite.

Sadly I can't stop you from spouting bunk all I can do is cite places that have done the actual work to understand stuff.

-An Anonymous Nerd

Kal
2/20/2019 02:14:34 pm

Google and YouTube are related since their merger around 2011. The algorithms in question do not directly "cause" the promotion of conspiracy theories, but contrary to that, if you "search for them" you will "find more of them tomorrow". The ads cater to your searches.

For instance, if I now searched for Ancient Aliens on Google and went to my channel on YouTube, the bots would remember I searched for "ancient aliens" so every new "trending" video would be related in some way to that. So it's the other way around.

Most of the time, nobody is checking these videos. The censorship would have to be flagged in some way, by a human. They have bots for that.

I suppose you could conversely look for "correct science" and "astronomy" and also get accurate videos, or crackpots claiming to be experts.

Reply
Kal
2/20/2019 02:16:58 pm

"Flat Earth" is lame. All you have to do is 'sail around the pond" to another country on another continent to tell it's clearly curved, round that is.

Also in a high alitude flight you can see the curvature of the horizon.

Someone needs to put these dunces on a ship and sail them to England and back or something.

Reply
Alan
2/20/2019 02:50:21 pm

I don't exist. Many Flat Earthers contend that Australia is a fake continent put about by the conspiracy to confuse the credulous. They even produce an elaborate scenario where the British did not colonise Australia, but merely drowned all the convicts destined for Australia before returning secretly to Britain.

They more or less have to do this because while they can just construct a vaguely rational-seeming northern hemisphere, their southern hemisphere is quite simply insane. The flat southern hemisphere is vastly largely than the flat northern hemisphere and east-west distances in the southern hemisphere are huge while north-south distances remain the same.

And while north is always the same direction in the flat northern hemisphere, south is always a different direction in the flat southern hemisphere. Among other things that should mean that observers who are far apart in the southern hemisphere should see different stars because they are looking in different directions. Sadly for them the southern stars appear the same (allowing for time zones) to observers in say, Cape Town and Sydney.

As I don't exist, it follows that I was not here. This comment did not take place.

Reply
Terry Melanson link
2/20/2019 03:57:35 pm

It all amounts to pointing fingers. If academia spend so much time combing though this stuff they surely can devote more time educating and debunking every claim, one by one. How about the American Association for the Advancement of Science for starters? They've failed miserably.

Point by point takedowns on specific claims as they arise - tit for tat - instead of "studies" lamenting there's a problem. Those, in turn, can easily be pushed to top results.

An honest and thorough debunking is more persuasive than people realize. Contests could even be offered for the general public to get involved; grants even. Some might decide to go back to school because they like it so much. Grants for that as well.

Reply
Alan
2/20/2019 04:17:14 pm

Unfortunately that is not true. Point-by-point debunkings have been produced but they are ignored. Flat Earthers simply rewrite the laws of physics to explain 'illusions' like ships disappearing below the horizon or accuse debunkers of lying.

These are people prepared to believe that when you fly to Australia you re actually flown to Canada and shown fake kangaroos to persuade you that you are in the southern hemisphere.

The situation is not helped by people like Neil Degrasse Tyson who insist that medieval Europe believed in the flat Earth which rather vitiates their debunking efforts.

Reply
Terry Melanson
2/20/2019 04:38:06 pm

Invite the top nutcases to a debate. Let them prepare as long as they like. Tape it during a live audience and broadcast it over and over again until everyone sees how deluded and pathetic they are.

Let me guess they won't debate? Well shame them into it, or do whatever it takes - money; lots of it - until someone who's respected in their cult finally agrees.

Terry Melanson
2/20/2019 04:26:42 pm

And another thing: a proactive response toward the fake moon landing conspiracies should be pursued. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has indeed taken pics of the Apollo landings but they are not clear enough and NASA won't be believed by them anyway.

I propose Elon Musk settle it. He could send up a probe to orbit the moon with a single purpose: high-res pics and video of all the remnants from the Apollo landings. Stream it live on the net.

Reply
Doc Rock
2/20/2019 05:08:21 pm

Point by point debunking will not convince the component of the population that is dead set on believing even the most outlandish claims. It can really even have the effect of instilling a persecution complex. The more evidence you provide the more convinced they are that it is just a well organized conspiracy. If someone like Jim Jones can persuade 900 Americans to move to a jungle hellhole and then commit mass suicide is it any wonder that even the most crackpot fringe theories can attract sizable followings in a nation of 330 million people?

Reply
Terry Melanson
2/20/2019 05:22:20 pm

Complaining does nothing either. Censorship is worse.

Jason's site is not a lost cause. I don't feel he's wasting his time. In fact, he's contributed immensely and the archives of this site will continue to persuade even long after he's dead.

Rational Man
2/20/2019 07:33:55 pm

[Skepticism does] not affect the collective dreamers. Any critical contribution is immediately rejected because every demystifying statement closes at least one of the possible extensions of the game, thus threatening its very purpose which is to continue indefinitely” Veronique Campion-Vincent (Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, April 2018)

Doc Rock
2/20/2019 08:09:12 pm

I'm not saying that debunking efforts can't be worthwhile. But when you are dealing with the "base" supporters of most fringe theories dealing with them can reach a point of diminishing return. An academic with a heavy teaching load, research agenda, and a lot of professional service obligations probably has better things to do than argue with people who think that the world is flat or that Templars were humping the interior of North America in the 1300s.

Rational Man
2/20/2019 08:36:37 pm

The myth that all scholars are "rational"
No such thing exists
Scholars believe in anything and everything irrational
Depending on their personalities
Education is not always cognate with common sense

Deodand
2/20/2019 08:09:28 pm

The problems with Google/YouTube 'algorithms' is not just confined to the promotions of political extremes (Either Right or Left, YouTube is currently forcing the pro-Marijuana channels to switch to being only viewable by people over 18+ or face deletion after having completed a similar purge of the Smoking Fetish channels.) It also affects children's viewing habits as this TEDx talk (Rather ironically hosted on YouTube) shows. The speaker also points to the wider issue of automated databasing without human curation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9EKV2nSU8w

Reply
William Fitzgerald
2/21/2019 05:23:46 am

I recently read an article about the Youtube "star" phenomenon. Essentially, the claim is that Youtube personalities are mostly merely mediocre talent, otherwise they would have moved on and become actual celebrities; a few have, but the point is that most are simply mediocre otherwise the true talent would rise out of this medium. Of course there are huge celebrities out there are are even less than mediocre talent, but have somehow made it big. (And some Youtubers simply enjoy the medium with little ambition of becoming actual celebrities, but these people don't tend to become Youtube "stars")

Part of the problem with Youtube is it is part of peak content. There is so much entertainment and information out there that people cannot absorb it all and so people tend to get selective and focus on things they have an interest in. Long gone are the days when home entertainment consisted of a few broadcast and radio channels, limited number of magazines, newspapers, and books (all costing money and therefore limiting); outside the home maybe movies and sports. Now, we have hundreds of cable channels, streaming services, podcasts, books you can listen to and read, with magazines, news, and other online entertainment mostly free and almost infinitely abundant.

In some ways this is good: you can access what you like easily and abundantly. In other ways this is bad: dying of traditional news sources and creating bubbles that people restrict themselves to. When it's abundantly easy to consume a particular interest, you tend to ignore others for lack of capacity or more harmfully because you don't like alternative narratives and you don't have to listen.

Of course there are other issues, mainly education. Many people lack the skills or in some cases intelligence to critical think. Instead, they have a taste for the fringe and are unable to think skeptically about it. So, they find themselves in a fringe bubble with very little they have to pay attention to that can pop it.

Regardless, Youtube can be fun and entertaining, but likewise it can also can be as bad as certain cable channels.

As an aside, every time I see flat earth I am reminded of the book: The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman. A terrible idea and it makes be even more mad. This is a problem I've noticed with some journalists who decide to write a book on a topic they really don't have much expertise on. But, because they are good writers and can suss a story out of people they are able to weave together a competent sounding narrative, which ends up being half-baked. I digress.

BTW, Jason when are you going to start a Youtube channel. You can animate it so we wouldn't actually have to see you.

Reply
Poodleshooter
2/21/2019 02:11:20 pm

I yearn to return to the days of Chautauquas and pessaries. And homemade soap. Homemade soup is another good thing.

Reply
Kirby Puckett
2/22/2019 04:24:04 pm

I like to eat homemade soup while watching youtube videos about making soap.

Harvard or Yale?

A C
2/22/2019 03:51:26 am

There's plenty of celebrities with mediocre talent, the difference is that in the mass media to be a mediocre celebrity you need nepotism or a marketing team that cares more about marketing then product quality while on youtube you have to work your way up with hard work.

Its just that hard work does not mean quality work, just the kind of work youtube favours with its ever shifting algo-rhythm. The only way to increase your chances of getting a viral video is to make as many videos as possible and since quality videos are slower to make you're incentivized to make as many shitty videos as possible.

The really big youtube stars make content that isn't suited for television so I don't see how they'd 'hit in big' if they were too talented to be kept on youtube. No one buys make up tutorials at the record store, the best a talented makeup artist could do would be to work behind the scenes for a pop or movie star not become one.

The only youtube star to make it big outside of youtube I know of would be best selling author Hank Green whose non-youtube fame is in a completely opposed field and he's not that big on youtube and best selling authors aren't actual celebrities.

Reply
William Fitzgerald
2/22/2019 05:42:07 am

Justin Bieber.

A C
2/22/2019 04:01:25 am

Flat earth is big on line because there's no geographical constraints on attracting attention to the ideas and building a community around them. The appeal is that you can be part of a group with secret knowledge, if there wasn't a community to back the members up they'd all feel stupid after a while but the support of fellow travelers is enough to discount any opposing opinion which necessarily comes from outsiders.

Youtube only has more of an effect than blogs or forums because its a shared platform where you can just sit back and watch/listen.

Reply
Kate Gladstone link
2/24/2019 09:34:34 am

Could you please cover the YouTube conspiracy theory called “the Mandela Effect”? Or have you done so, and I missed it?

Reply
spanish dictionary link
2/27/2019 11:31:58 pm

Alphabet is simply following the money

Reply

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