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"Supernatural" and Fringe History as Metaphors for American Exceptionalism

11/7/2014

31 Comments

 
In the current issue of Communication Quarterly (vol. 62, no. 5), Joseph M. Valenzano III and Erika Engstrom have an interesting article on the CW’s Supernatural, which they see as a representation of American exceptionalism and Christian fundamentalism. In “Cowboys, Angels, and Demons: American Exceptionalism and the Frontier Myth in the CW’S Supernatural,” the two authors  argue that the series makes use of the tropes of Christian mythology and the cowboy myth to the effect of arguing that modern Americans view the country as the equal to and proxy for God himself. What interests me is how this analysis applies equally well to some of fringe history’s most popular claims, which use similar imagery to the same effect.
Valenzano and Engstrom begin by noting that Supernatural has grown to encompass a particularly Catholic form of Judeo-Christian mythology, and in so doing has recapitulated the traditional Christian view that pagan religions are inferior, their deities malevolent creatures who steal glory from the one true God (cf. 1 Corinthians 10:20; Augustine, City of God 7.33, etc.). But the program goes beyond this traditional view to also cast the angels of heaven as “dicks,” which is to say as scarcely better than demons. Only God himself, absent from heaven, is not an actively malevolent presence.

This latter development ties in with the second part of the authors’ analysis. The authors argue that Supernatural is, at heart, a Western. The Winchester brothers, whose very name recalls the “gun that won the West,” hail from the very heart of America (Lawrence, Kansas, not terribly far from the country’s geographic center in Lebanon), travel the frontier like itinerant cowboys, and dispense rough justice like the heroes of Westerns.

The authors tie these two competing themes together by noting that the brothers, who symbolize America, “were chosen by forces of heaven and hell to play central roles in the Apocalypse as foretold in the Book of Revelation.” Because of this, they represent the myth of American exceptionalism, in which the United States is uniquely endowed by the Judeo-Christian God with a mission to fulfill a divine destiny, stand against evil, and dispense holy justice.

In Supernatural, the brothers take it upon themselves to judge the quick and the dead, to kill demons and angels, and to assert the superiority of American values over those even of the divine. Frequently, they dispatch pagan practitioners to keep America safe for Christians. However, the authors read the brothers’ rejection of the heavenly plan for Apocalypse as another reflection of the contemporary view of American exceptionalism: “Rather than a nation appointed by and subservient to God […] the only true force for good, then, is the Winchesters, and the America they represent.” Imbued with a lineage stretching back to Cain and Abel, the Winchester have become the equals of God, symbolizing an America that its most devout citizens see as coequal with God and itself divine. In this reading, God may be absent from heaven on Supernatural because God is embodied in America and its saviors.

An understanding of America as itself a manifestation of the divine goes a long way toward understanding how fundamentalist Christians can support American values even when they would seem to be in direct contradiction with the professed values of Christianity. (Not that this has ever been a problem for earlier Christian monarchies, which freely ignored the Church as needed.)

What interests me though is the way that this same imagery informs the presentation of a certain strain of fringe history. Let’s begin by stipulating that it doesn’t apply to all fringe history, but rather to the America-centric version that serves to reassert nationalist ideas. The ancient astronaut theory, for example, is decidedly international in flavor, emerging from Russian “research,” canonized by Franco-Russian writers, and promoted by a pair of flamboyant Swiss showmen. It can’t help but take a global view because its “evidence” is primarily found outside America, where ancient high cultures built large stone monuments.

By contrast, the America-centric versions play out very similarly to Supernatural. Take, for example, American gigantology. This variation on Christian creationism offers a close parallel. In Search for the Lost Giants, two blue collar brothers travel America combatting perceived violations of America’s alleged founding Judeo-Christian values: the supposed suppression of Bible giants’ bones by the hated federal government, operated by “elites” who are out of touch with real American values. The search for these “giants” from the Book of Genesis takes place largely here in the United States, explicitly folding America into the Biblical framework and reinforcing the idea that the United States has a central role in the divine plan for humanity. By asserting that blue collar everyday working men are the ultimate judge of Biblical truth, overriding the perceived authority of distant elites, gigantology reinforces a particular strain of evangelical fundamentalism that locates religious authority within the individual and empowers the individual with a spark of the divine. This renders him morally superior to the far-off elites and, essentially, one of God’s agents on earth.

This is hardly new in the United States. Mormonism is essentially this type of America-centric gigantology writ large. The Mormons relocated Biblical events to the United States, placing Eden, for example, in Missouri.

In both cases, the America-first version of history seeks to subsume Native American cultures under Biblical authority by appropriating the works or the very bodies of Native Americans as part of a Biblical story that leads to the fulfillment of America’s divine destiny.

Hyper-diffusionist claims like those of America Unearthed are an interesting variation on the theme. As in the explicitly Christian versions of the theme, these claims involve integrating the United States into an overarching historical narrative that ties the country to its current inhabitants’ ancestral homes. Frequently, this involves claims that the Jews, as forerunners of Christianity, peopled the Americas. However, many diffusionist claims involve non-Christian people and are much more closely aligned to the outdated European idea of racial heritage, whereby pagan ancestors like the Romans or the Celts can still be claimed as forerunners and part of the divine plan because they would eventually give rise to Christian Europe.

In the case of Scott Wolter, his works, ranging from America Unearthed to his books and radio appearances, offer a summation of the whole theme by explicitly arguing that the United States is the sacred repository not just of a divine mission but of the very embodiments of the divine—from the Ark of the Covenant to the genetic heritage of Jesus Christ himself. In his worldview, the peoples of America were literally impregnated with the seed of the divine (when the Knights Templar brought Jesus’ descendants to marry Native Americans) to the extent that the United States becomes holy ground, sanctified by God and imbued the mark of the holy. And like on Supernatural, Wolter travels the country like a modern cowboy and asserts his authority, sanctified by his special relationship to and knowledge of the “divine feminine,” to judge God, Jesus, and the religious and secular elites in order to dispense justice (in his favorite court of law metaphor) and set the world right.

Interestingly, like on Supernatural, Wolter also rejects traditional Christianity in favor of a unique heresy of his own devising, but nevertheless operates within a worldview defined by a naive and literalist interpretation of ancient texts as accurate history.

By the way, simply providing this analysis has unfortunately only served to confirm Wolter’s assertion yesterday on The Morning Grind on AM 950 in Minnesota that his critics seek to attack him rather than his evidence. The show’s host, Matt McNeil, agreed wholeheartedly and asserted point-blank that Wolter’s critics lack Wolter’s detailed “citations” and research to criticize his claims, and so attack the man. (McNeil says that he has never seen more citations than in Wolter’s books, proving he has never read a book.) Wolter argued that critics like me attack him because we “aren’t willing to go there” when—and this is a confusing argument—accepting the Kensington Rune Stone as authentic would cause “the dominos to fall” and force us to accept that the Knights Templar brought magic Jesus genes to America and are ruling the country as Freemasons. (This is not the logical consequence of accepting the Rune Stone’s authenticity but instead of accepting Wolter’s theories, which is not the same thing.)

Wolter, of course, is the cowboy on his high horse, defending the real America against evil in the out of the way places of the American frontier, for God and country—just not the Jesus of the gigantologists, but a New Age divine force.

31 Comments
Byron DeLear
11/7/2014 05:06:16 am

Interesting. American-centric narrative, of course, seems to be mainly generated in America. This obviously doesn't seem to be confined to fringe and alternative history, however. Having just watched Interstellar last night, I was struck by the glaring omission of any discussion, really, of what was happening globally, as the world suffered environmental degradation. The story --- no worries on spoilers --- has NASA planting U.S. flags in some undetermined future without any international collaboration from China, Russia, Europe, etc. It's as if the world outside the U.S. simply didn't exist --- indeed, a pronounced form of exceptionalism. This seemed like a stark choice --- surely, 2010, Star Trek, etc. had long established established a multi-cultural and transnational trope for sci-fi canon with a diverse representation of Earth nationalities working together. With a name like "Interstellar" I was surprised to see nothing "international" working to elevate humanity.

Reply
Walt
11/7/2014 05:34:10 am

You have a useless "the" in the next-to-last paragraph "the Wolter's detailed citations". Don't mean to nitpick but this is a very well-written masterpiece excluding that.

Your observations really could extend to the current status of our country as a whole, and the dichotomy between red and blue states, even exluding politics since most citizens don't vote. The difference doesn't even need to include religion. The hosts of these TV shows frame themselves as Robin Hoods of intellect. They're robbing from the educated elitists who are stuck on procedure and evidence, and giving to the uneducated masses who already knew the "truth" from folklore, rumors, and hearsay.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
11/7/2014 05:49:56 am

I fixed the typo. Thanks.

Reply
EP
11/7/2014 05:46:59 am

Jason, I strongly approve of your recent engagement with current scholarly literature, but (judging from your summary; I don't have the article in front of me) Engstrom & Valenzano sounds kinda flaky. It sounds like a combination of near-trivial analogies and questionable analysis.

I think that the kind of deistic(?) dualism present in Supernatural (a) is extremely common in contemporary pop culture worldwide (from American Sci-Fi serials to Japanese video games), (b) rather than emerge from Christianity (Catholic or otherwise) is merely adorned with superficial Christian symbolism to make it more relatable/acceptable to its audience. The kind of "plague on both your houses" attitude expressed on behalf of humanity stuck between opposing cosmic forces may well be connected to the cowboy ethos, but it is certainly not Chiristian in any meaningful sense of that label.

All the "History They Don't Want You to Know" shows, on the other hand, have the intrepid researchers struggling valiantly against the forces of the "kingdom of darkness" in a way that exhibits parallels with the spirit of some versions of Protestant or Primitive Christianity.

Reply
JaredMithrandir link
11/7/2014 07:04:43 am

"But the program goes beyond this traditional view to also cast the angels of heaven as “dicks,” which is to say as scarcely better than demons. Only God himself, absent from heaven, is not an actively malevolent presence."

It is precisely this that makes the show Anti-Christina to true Evangelicals. And why I think it appeals to the practicing Wiccans I know who love it.

Pagans are quite okay with viewing their own gods as evil to a certain extend. That's pretty much how ancient Greek Play-Writes saw the god so Olympias.

Reply
Jason Colavito link
11/7/2014 07:10:59 am

Supernatural is a horror story, so it is a Christian nightmare: Everything in the Bible and Christian lore is literally true, yet it lacks any hope or inherent goodness. What could be worse for a Christian than to be right about everything only to find out that it doesn't matter at all?

Reply
JaredMithrandir link
11/7/2014 09:17:47 am

It can not have The Bible be "Literally true" but also lack "Hope and goodness", those things a literal part of the Bible as much as anything said about History or Cosomology.

And actually it's Catholic Angleology is quite against what The Bible depicts. There was no distant past War in Heaven, that even is purely future.

It is also my opinion that good Christians should consider 'American Exceptionalisim" to be inherently Blasphemous. Giving to America what The Bile promises only to Israel.

EP
11/7/2014 10:11:01 am

The above is one of those comments that are much more enjoyable if you are pretending that all the typos are intentional :)

Only Me
11/7/2014 10:35:32 am

>>>There was no distant past War in Heaven, that even is purely future.<<<

First, I think you meant "fiction". Second, here's the part you consider "fiction":

Revelation Chapter 12

7 And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels,

8 And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven.

9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.

For someone who claims he believes the Bible to be the infallible, inerrant literal word of God, how can you say the war in Heaven is "pure fiction"? It is, after all, *in* the Bible.

EP
11/7/2014 10:47:47 am

As much as I hate to take JaredMithrandir's side, I think he meant that the events described in Revelations haven't happened yet, but will in the future.

The past tense is used to describe the author's vision, which preceded the composition of Revelations.

Only Me
11/7/2014 11:26:16 am

I concede that point. However, I think I got my verses mixed by mistake.

There are many who believe Satan and his third of the angels were cast down long ago. For example, Revelation 12:4 can be interpreted as the original uprising against God. Hence, fallen angels/demons plaguing mankind.

Revelation 12:7-9 is another war taking place during the End Times.

EP
11/7/2014 11:45:35 am

Let's not put reasonable and accurate claims in JaredMithrandir's mouth now... ;)

Dave Lewis
11/7/2014 01:16:35 pm

Don't forget about Psalm 82 where the high god gets pissed off at the "sons of the most high" because they defend the unjust and ignore the downtrodden. He condemns these gods to die like mortals.

Only Me
11/7/2014 01:37:09 pm

@Dave Lewis

Thanks, Dave.

@EP

I'm trying to remain objective. Considering most of Jared's past comments, it's hard not to take what he says with a lot of salt.

EP
11/7/2014 01:39:41 pm

Salt can help keep you from vomiting when you're nauseous, you know :)

JaredMithrandir link
11/8/2014 08:06:35 am

That was not a Typo, the Context of Revelation 12 makes it certainly post Ascension and in fact around the same time Israel flees to the Wilderness. And Isaiah 14 places it when Babylon falls.

I've provided a link to my detailed study on the subject.

EP
11/8/2014 09:34:59 am

You're saying it like there is only one. LOL

Only Me
11/8/2014 12:40:20 pm

So, you didn't pay attention to the comments between EP and myself. I've already acknowledged the future tense of events described in Revelation 12:7-9.

My point is that there was a conflict in the past. That is described not only in Revelation 12:4, but also Ezekiel 28:14-16 (symbolically), Jude 1:6 and 2 Peter 2:4. Since Satan has direct access to heaven, to act as accuser of God's people (Job 1:6-12), the conflict still continues. All events described in Revelation 12:1-5 have already happened.

The fact Supernatural uses the above as inspiration for its "dick" angels and absent God is nothing new. The Prophecy movies starring Christopher Walken, SyFy's Dominion and Legion (2010) use similar versions of the same theme.

EP
11/8/2014 01:13:50 pm

I'm the dick angel of this blog! :D

Only Me
11/8/2014 01:37:37 pm

@EP

Oh, you! ;)

EP
11/8/2014 02:31:38 pm

You know you love it ;)

JaredMithrandir link
11/9/2014 01:38:41 pm

The Prophecy from Ezekiel is also yet future. I dela wiht it in my Blog as well

Jude and Peter are not referring to Satan but to the Angels of Genesis 6. No War involved there.

Only Me
11/9/2014 02:18:50 pm

Then we're done. It's obvious you come here to drum up traffic to your blogs, and that is not the purpose of *this* one.

EP
11/9/2014 02:40:11 pm

I still want to see JaredMithrandir explain how evolutionary theory is more homophobic than the Bible...

JaredMithrandir link
11/10/2014 04:41:13 am

It's firmly laid out on my blog

EP
11/10/2014 04:53:59 am

I know, but no one reads your blog.

Shane Sullivan
11/7/2014 01:22:19 pm

"Wolter argued that critics like me attack him because we “aren’t willing to go there” when—and this is a confusing argument—accepting the Kensington Rune Stone as authentic would cause “the dominos to fall” and force us to accept that the Knights Templar brought magic Jesus genes to America and are ruling the country as Freemasons."

Since the new season of America Unearthed begins tomorrow, I'd like to put this prediction on the record: This will be the last season. Some time in the next few episodes, Scott Wolter, having hit one too many procedural roadblocks on his Jesus-Templar-cookie quest, will tear off his shirt, shouting into the camera, "I AM the truth!" followed by his finest Howard Dean shriek. Viewers will be scared off, ratings will plummet, the show will be canceled shortly thereafter.

Reply
Dave Lewis
11/7/2014 01:34:14 pm

The Teaching Company's course Apocalypse Now, Apocalypse Then by Arthur H. Williamson argues that apocalypticism was a major theme in the early years of the United States.

Reply
EP
11/7/2014 01:49:10 pm

This is generally accepted and uncontroversial, actually. Many of the most prominent early American social movements grew out of apocalypticism or messianism of one sort of another.

Reply
Dave Lewis
11/7/2014 04:07:34 pm

It was interesting to me since my public school education never mentioned anything about religion in the formation of the country except that people came here seeking religious freedom.

EP
11/7/2014 04:27:36 pm

One time there was a forest fire and the government of Connecticut thought the End Times had arrived. True story.




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