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The 1911 Controversy Over Whether a "White" Atlantis Civilized Black Africans

9/14/2017

43 Comments

 
​Today I thought I would share some historical material about a controversy that blew up over Atlantis in 1911. Regular readers will remember that a New York newspaper published a hoax in 1912 claiming that Heinrich Schliemann’s descendant had uncovered a trail of clues leading to Atlantis. One reason that the hoax seemed superficially convincing is that the previous year the New York Times had published a serious article announcing that another German, Leo Frobenius, had indeed discovered Atlantis, in Africa. 
​I hadn’t heard of this weird sidelight into Atlantis history, but it is noteworthy as a case when a claimant made an Atlantis claim so racist that even the generally racist Europeans and Americans of 1911 thought that it was too racist to be true. And the irony is that Frobenius thought he was being less​ racist than his fellow scholars.
 
On January 30, 1911, the Times published a cable, received the day before, describing Frobenius’s claims. These claims, like most related to Atlantis, take liberties with Plato to fit facts to prejudices: 
He places Atlantis, which he declares was not an island, in the northwestern section of Africa, in territory lying close to the equator.
 
The explorer bases his assertions principally on the discovery of an ancient bronze, the head of a man. It is a work of high artistic merit, he says, and dates back to the period ages before the day of Solon, when tradition peopled the legendary continent with a mighty nation which only the Athenians could conquer.
 
The bronze bears the insignia of Poseidon, the Greek equivalent of Neptune, and this fact is thought by the discoverer to bear out the tradition of an invasion of Atlantis by Athenians. Besides this Poseidon was by legend connected with the founding of the state.
Picture
Bronze head of "Poseidon" obtained by Leo Frobenius.
​Contacted by the Times, a Columbia professor dismissed the hype as overblown. 
“If Leo Frobenius says he has discovered Atlantis,” said Prof. James Rignall Wheeler, Professor of Greek Archaeology and Art at Columbia University, “I suppose that he believes that he has. But it would seem difficult to prove anything one way or other about his find. The finding of Atlantis has become a common occupation, and they look everywhere for it, the Azores Islands being the latest favorite. You cannot, however, give a scientific opinion on the meager data contained in a press dispatch.”
​This was explosive stuff, and it caused a sensation, just not the good kind. There was already a queasy unpleasantness about the story because Frobenius, an ethnologist, had ventured into Africa in 1904 on an expedition designed to prove the racial inferiority of Black Africans. While in Africa, he developed his theory that Atlantis had been in Africa because he was unable to reconcile his racist belief in African inferiority against the fact that he found elements associated with his vision of civilization in a land he had expected to be wild and savage. At first, Frobenius was seen as an advocate of African civilization, and to this day many African countries revere him as a scholar who respected the dignity of African people and treated them with honor and respect.
 
But while he was not the racist terror of his many contemporaries who openly abused and humiliated African peoples, he didn’t think Black people were responsible for those elements of civilization they possessed. In his book The Voice of Africa, translated into English in 1913, he blasted “their crude fetishism, their brutal and often cannibal customs, their vulgar and repulsive idols and their squalid homes.” He argued that the Africans were the inheritors of the faded remnants of a lost civilization, that of Atlantis, which occupied southern Africa in the remote past. This civilization, he further said, was white, and it was only through imitating whites that Black Africans rose above base savagery.
 
By 1900s standards, this was considered progressive, mostly because, unlike, say Leopold II of Belgium, Frobenius didn’t advocate for the outright genocide of Black people. But when Frobenius traveled to Africa in 1910-1912 and announced in 1911 that he had found Atlantis… well, it didn’t go well.
 
As European and American scholars digested Frobenius’s claims, they quickly realized that the bronze bust of Poseidon was no such thing. C. H. Read, the President of the Society of Antiquaries, took to the Burlington Magazine to explain that the bronze head of “Poseidon” was actually a piece of regular old African art, albeit one of the most perfect:
As a piece of modelling it reveals an artistic sense and a technical capacity that certainly is unexpected in the heart of West Africa, and a more competent critic than Dr. Frobenius might be forgiven if he were for the moment led astray into wild speculations. It is hardly necessary, however, for us to look beyond its own country for the production of this head, though from what side, or at what date, the inspiration came which made it possible in Yorubaland, is another and a wider question.
Picture
Terra cotta sculpture with tribal markings in the British Museum.
​It turned out that the British Museum already held another bust of the same individual, this one with lines representing tribal markings. Since one cannot admit that Africans made one but not the other, and one is clearly African in its markings, the case seemed fairly closed.
 
Nevertheless, while Americans were convinced that Frobenius was a racist fantasist, Germans were much more taken by his theories and consumed his many books about Africa and Atlantis. Frobenius persisted in an academic career into the Nazi era, retaining a prominent position because the Nazis thought he had done such a great job proving Black people to be racially inferior.
 
While I have not transcribed his entire multi-volume 1913 book, I did put together a selection of early reports from 1911 about Frobenius’s claims for your reading enjoyment.
43 Comments
TONY S.
9/14/2017 10:10:29 am

This is fascinating stuff, Jason. Great post. I appreciate all the hard work and time that you obviously put into the research that you share with us.

With friends like Leopold II of Belgium coming to your defense, it's probably a fair assumption that your reputation is sealed as a racist.

Reply
Henry
9/14/2017 10:18:33 am

Copy/paste. Copy/paste. Nothing original.

Reply
TONY S.
9/14/2017 10:26:56 am

Funny, that's exactly what I think every time I see one of your posts, Henry.

Reply
E.P. Grondine
9/14/2017 10:37:31 am

What exactly do you mean by "original"?
Some made up fantasy created to con people?

Reply
BigNick
9/14/2017 10:58:47 am

If you don't like this blog, then maybe you should stop reading it. Just a suggestion.

Reply
Shane Sullivan
9/14/2017 12:55:04 pm

You might as well ask him to stop being a quaint fad toy designed by a Danish woodcutter.

PNO TECH
9/15/2017 12:18:52 am

As you are so dismissive of Jason's work, perhaps you could deign to share yours so we may marvel at its perfection?

Reply
Only Me
9/14/2017 11:25:03 am

And once again, Plato turned in his grave.

Atlantis, the only place on earth that can fill any role assigned to it by the fringe...except being a real place, waiting to be found.

Reply
TONY S.
9/14/2017 01:18:48 pm

It's amazing how many different locations all over the world the fringe has tried to place it in, whether or not they have the slightest relation to Plato.

Reply
pferk
9/14/2017 11:47:58 am

The yoruba art pieces caused a huge re-assessment of African art and capabilitiess hen they were first studied.
Can you pleas give the name of the British Commissioner who disputed the ownership as mentioned.

Thanks for all this new info on West African 'exploration.'

Reply
David Bradbury
9/14/2017 03:39:59 pm

The Commissioner is named in Jason's "selection of early reports" as linked in the last sentence of the above article. He is given the designation "F.S.A." (Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries) and other reports indicate that he was also an "F.R.G.S." (Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society)

Reply
Doc Rock
9/14/2017 12:10:11 pm

Frobenius's early work roughly coincided with the before, during, and after of the Herero Genocide (kind of a warm-up to the Holocaust) by Germany in what is now Namibia. Even the most "objective" German scholars of the time were up to their collective neck in scientific racialism and would have seized upon anything that could be used to justify their colonial policy in Africa even if it was considered silly even by the low standards of the time..

Reply
T. Franke link
9/20/2017 10:08:55 am

@Doc Rock:

This is plainly wrong. The Herero Genocide was done on the command of a local German commander (von Trotha), and when the news spread to Germany, the public, government, emperor, and parliament were upset and commanded to stop the measures immediately.

Maybe your view is due to propganda from World War I where the enemies of Germany tried to depict Germans as cruel and silly?

Reply
Americanegro
9/21/2017 12:16:44 pm

That's an interesting bit of historical revisionism. You can't blame Herodotus for this one.

From Der Kampf, an official publication of the German General Staff (in Germany):

"This bold enterprise shows up in the most brilliant light the ruthless energy of the German command in pursuing their beaten enemy. No pains, no sacrifices were spared in eliminating the last remnants of enemy resistance. Like a wounded beast the enemy was tracked down from one water-hole to the next, until finally he became the victim of his own environment. The arid Omaheke [desert] was to complete what the German army had begun: the extermination of the Herero nation."

They were probably just being silly.

But the German government had a heart. Upon the arrival of new orders at the end of 1904, prisoners were herded into concentration camps, where they were given to private companies as slave labourers or exploited as human guinea pigs in medical experiments and pre-printed death certificates indicating "death by exhaustion following privation" were issued.

With the closure of concentration camps, all surviving Herero were distributed as labourers for settlers in the German colony. From that time on, all Herero over the age of seven were forced to wear a metal disc with their labour registration number, and banned from owning land or cattle.

Now what does this remind me of?



_______________
Frobenius's theory about Atlantis was wrong because EVERY theory is wrong, even the ones that haven't been made up yet.

T. Franke link
9/21/2017 03:30:29 pm

@Americanegro:

Maybe you should consult better sources than Wikipedia? Or at least the German Wikipedia on the topic, which is a bit longer than the mutilated English version?

And I do not find any Google result on such a publication called "Der Kampf". The citation does not exist even on the harshest left-wing pages condeming Germans to be all racists. But the English Wikipedia has it .... omg. As long as I do not see a proper source for this Nazi-like peace form a time where there were no Nazis, I consider it propaganda.

German public was shocked about the events in Africa and the immediate stop of the measures was commanded from Berlin:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord_an_den_Herero_und_Nama#Reaktionen_der_deutschen_.C3.96ffentlichkeit

"Insgesamt stieß das Morden in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit auf massive Kritik.[60] Wenige Tage nach dem Eintreffen der trothaschen Proklamation vom 2. Oktober 1904 in Berlin – der Postweg für amtliche Dokumente aus dem Sandfeld dauerte damals gute sechs Wochen – beschloss die Reichsregierung, dass die Proklamation zurückzunehmen sei."

T. Franke link
9/21/2017 04:36:49 pm

@Americanegro:

I have found the original source of your statement, allegedly from a publication called "Der Kampf", which is (you could bet on it) not true. Some Hitler-association to "Mein Kampf" must have inspired the invention of this phantasy title "Der Kampf" in order to abuse it better for propaganda.

https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_NUVAAQAAMAAJ#page/n5/mode/2up

So, what do we have here? We have a description of the military efforts made by German troops, in detail, from the perspective of military art & technique. Some of the described events are surely bad. Some of them surely justified. The book has no political evaluation as its aim, the focus is only on the fulfilment of difficult military tasks under various difficult circumstances. This explains a lot of this citation. It is not a justification of genocide. It only looks like that if put into "appropriate" (i.e. wrong) context.

It does not change anything concerning the simple fact that the German public was shocked by the genocidal command issued by von Trotha, and that the immediate stop of it was commanded from Berlin.

Germans were no better no worse than other colonial powers, and genocidal acts happened. It is really a big mistake to see Nazi ideology everywhere.

Did you know that less than 50% of all voters voted for Hitler, and that the resistance against Hitler arose (among others) from the German military, including an almost successful assassination of Hitler? History is rarely black and white.

Americanegro
9/21/2017 04:56:13 pm

I think I was very fair. Having looked at the German wikipedia page, I note that I failed to mention the ongoing rape beginning in the 1800's. Von Trotha was in the chain of command, two steps down from the Kaiser. Perhaps he was just being silly.

But as I said, the Germans had a heart: they shifted policy from wholesale slaughter (largely for economic reasons) to concentration camps, slave labor, and involuntary destructive medical experimentation. Let's call that a dress rehearsal, shall we? Or would that be silly?

"Die Kriegsführung Trothas zielte auf die vollständige Vernichtung der Herero ab („Ich glaube, dass die Nation als solche vernichtet werden muß“); sein Vorgehen gilt in der Wissenschaft als erster Völkermord des 20. Jahrhunderts. Trotha wurde darin vom Chef des Generalstabs Alfred Graf von Schlieffen („Der entbrannte Rassenkampf ist nur durch die Vernichtung einer Partei abzuschließen“) und Kaiser Wilhelm II. unterstützt."

Perhaps they were just being silly.

"Germans were no better no worse than other colonial powers, and genocidal acts happened."

"Germans were no better no worse than other colonial powers, EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT genocidal acts happened."

Yes, they happened, like a lightning strike or earthquake or a strong wind just happens. Listen up Skippy, genocide takes a lot of organization and infrastructure and hard work. This wasn't some Colonel Kurtz out there doing his own thing.

Or as you would call it, "being silly".

T. Franke link
9/21/2017 05:23:49 pm

@Americanegro:

Ah, I see. You think that e.g. during British or Belgian or French colonial history NEVER any genocidal acts happened .... I see .... yes .... very clearly now.

Somebody must be very silly, here, as you say.

And thank you that you demonstrated that the German Wikipedia has its silly sentences, too. In the introduction, Schlieffen and the Kaiser are depicted as supporters of von Trotha's genocial command, later in the article quite another picture is shown. This is Wikipedia. I love it. It has arguments for everybody! *smile*

T. Franke link
9/21/2017 05:52:51 pm

@Americanegro:

... and concerning your sentence "genocide takes a lot of organization and infrastructure and hard work", let me tell you, that von Trotha's method was simply to drive them into the desert. You do not need much organization for this, believe me.

I dare to say that it was indeed "some Colonel Kurtz out there doing his own thing", as you said it in your words.

Americanegro
9/21/2017 06:36:46 pm

"genocide takes a lot of organization and infrastructure and hard work"

I stand by that. Von Trotha not only drove them into the desert, he actively worked to KEEP them in the desert. Arbeit macht Silly, I guess.

Say what you will about other colonial powers, and I'm sure there's a French genocide out there of which I'm not aware, but the fact remains that Germany had two genocides (at least) in the 20th century. And if you think genocide isn't hard thirsty work involving a lot of organization and infrastructure then there's something wrong with your education. And you dismiss this with the word "silly". Did you do your national service? Do you have a trade?

Auschwitz: silly
Dachau: silly
Bergen-Belsen: silly
Sudwest: silly

Most colonial powers were smart enough not to kill the GD MF'in' LABORERS.

T. Franke link
9/21/2017 06:54:57 pm

@Americanegro:

Let us leave it at that, now.

Americanegro
9/21/2017 08:27:57 pm

If you want to retire as Genocide Champion that's your business, Herr Oberstuermfuehrer Silly. As Basil Fawlty famously said "Don't mention the war!"

T. Franke link
9/22/2017 05:58:27 am

@Americanegro:

You already called me a "Jew-killer" just because I am German and was talking about Plato's Atlantis. Remember? It is difficult even for you to surpass this ludicrous insult *smile* You reveal your intellectual nakedness time and again.

Americanegro
9/22/2017 11:19:08 am

More revisionist history. I never called you a Jew-killer. But I am troubled by how easily you gloss over death-by-concentration-camp in the case of the Herero as if that's somehow different from the previous approach of shooting them and corralling them in the desert.

T. Franke link
9/22/2017 01:16:13 pm

@Americanegro:

Evidence for your jewkiller comment on me:


http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/astrology-cycles-of-time-and-chronology-among-pagan-greeks-and-christians

Americanegro
7/19/2017 05:14:28 pm

"It is not important whether cuneiform still existed at Plato's times." Again, ass.

"But please consider that in Plato's time only Egyptian records were known, not cuneiform tablets." Again, ass.

Make up your mind, Heinrich. Either the Danzig Corridor or the Sudetenland. And how about bringing your website into the 1990s?

"You declare almost all ancient texts to be works of pure phantasy."

Sounds like the sort of lie a Jewkiller would tell. I never said such a thing but I will proudly wear whatever colored badge your oberhauptgovernment dictates.

Let's all get reacquainted with Mr. Franke, shall we?

http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/lost-continent-of-atlantis-makes-triumphant-media-tour

Americanegro
9/22/2017 03:48:47 pm

Yes, I checked that before I responded and did say it. But "called me a 'Jew killer'" sounds like the sort of lie a Holocaust denier would tell. Did I just call you a Holocaust denier (you certainly seem comfortable with the Herero genocide)?

sounds like the sort of lie a Gypsy would tell. Did I just call you a Gypsy?

sounds like the sort of lie Joseph McCarthy would tell. Did I just call you Joseph McCarthy?

Revise history as you see fit, but maybe don't do it here. Or am I just being "silly"? As Basil Fawlty famously said "Don't mention the war! Or being silly!"

Joe Scales
9/23/2017 09:29:06 pm

Farty Towels

Scott Hamilton
9/14/2017 01:25:28 pm

I just finished reading The Lost White Tribe by Michael Robinson, which is about the whole history of how scientists were trying to prove that Africa was originally populated and/or civilized by white people. Interesting stuff, and Frobenius sounds like he was playing with a late parallel to the Hamitic theory everyone else was using.

Reply
Kal
9/14/2017 01:51:45 pm

What these century old racist stories seem to forget is thew vast culture of Egypt, which is in Africa, and was not formed by white people. Ironically the Eglyptian civilization was far advanced of their 'savage' germanic (white) counterparts in the old Europe of the time of the Pharoahs. Does anyone have an account of what 2,000 BC white people were doing during the time of the pyramids? Or are we to assume that the cradle of civilization was not in upper Africa, (Mesopotamea) which it just might be? Atlantis was thousands of years later, and Plato wrote about it a thousand years after that.

Reply
Mr. Pyramid
9/14/2017 05:02:34 pm

In Frobenius' day, it was commonly assumed that Egypt had been civilized during prehistory by an invading wave of people from Mesopotamia. Thus, it was a Middle Eastern society, not an African one.

Scholars in those days went to great lengths to define "African" as narrowly as possible, to deny that "pure" Africans could ever create a sophisticated society. Even the Nubians in what is now Sudan, who ruled Egypt for a while, were regarded as not truly "Negro", even if its people were more "Negroid" than those of Egypt.

At the same time, of course, European and American societies were defining Africanness in their own time as broadly as possible, so as to keep anyone with the slightest bit of African ancestry in an inferior position.

The illogic of scientific racism beggars belief.

Reply
Bob Jase
9/14/2017 02:38:49 pm

“their crude fetishism, their brutal and often cannibal customs, their vulgar and repulsive idols and their squalid homes.”

Apparently Frobinius had never been in the slum area of any contemporary European or American city.

Reply
An Over-Educated Grunt
9/14/2017 08:16:42 pm

Are we certain that his report did not originate in the Red Hook district of New York City, or in certain quarters of Innsmouth and Dunwich, whence such curious events were reported not long after Frobenius issued his despatches?

Reply
TONY S.
9/14/2017 10:55:11 pm

I was thinking certain areas of Vermont, which had seen unusual amounts of rain and flooding around that time period...

BigNick
9/15/2017 12:03:09 am

I read that line and immediately though of the neighborhood in Baltimore where I grew up.

Riley V
9/15/2017 02:23:31 am

Thank you so much for your translations and transcriptions. This is the reason I keep returning. Your reviews of the pseudo-history programs are fun, yet I enjoy posts like today's better.

Reply
Kal
9/15/2017 07:14:02 pm

Or the salt flats near the reclamation plants at the edge of Alviso, or the Haite/Ashbury district in San Francisco, or the Jungle in the creeks central to San Jose, Calif, or East LA.

Reply
Americanegro
9/16/2017 11:47:55 am

How come no one told me it was Fantasize About Bad Neighborhoods Day?

Reply
BigNick
9/20/2017 10:10:52 am

We sent you a memo. You must have been too busy with the dowigers to read it

T. Franke link
9/20/2017 10:02:42 am

Sorry, the basic assumption of this article is plainly wrong, as far as I have understood the approach of Frobenius.

For Frobenius, race has nothing to do with skin colour, and ethnic concepts are first and foremost of cultural nature, not of racial nature, for him.

It is known that Frobenius sat together with the former German emperor Wilhelm II in his exile in the Netherlands, and they together condemned the racism of National Socialism as primitive and silly.

Frobenius really thought that the Africans themselves made cultural achievements, not only by imitating a white Atlantis. It is simply wrong that Frobenius "invented" Atlantis in order to take away the cultural achievements from Africans.

But maybe, this was how his ideas were received in America? Maybe American racists abused Frobenius for their purposes in order to justify their racism? I do not know.

I confess that I am not very deep into these things since his Atlantis hypothesis is wrong in any case, so I never spent too much time on it. But seeing Frobenius as a primitive racist who believes that Africans can only imitate but not create ... this is surely wrong.

Reply
stephen stewart
10/31/2017 07:59:06 pm

It's very sad what's happened to my people. If we were never colonized the world could be so magnificent if not for the greed of a few. Hopefully nature will continue to take care of the problem.

Reply
Carlos L.
4/13/2018 03:35:14 pm

Most scholars say that if their was an Atlantis, which most think there was. The peoples of Central Americas are the surviving ancestors of Atlantis, this is due to cultural similarities to many culture around the world that built temple pyramids. They also studied that the central Americans ancient language was the only language that had words like Atlantis in them.

Reply
Bob Jase
4/13/2018 04:24:27 pm

No, most scholars do not think there was an Atlantis.

No, the peoples of the Americas are descendents of waves of migrants from east Asia via Beringia.

No, there was no single ancient American language except maybe for that first wave about 14,000 years ago becausse they were all related.

Moron.

Reply
Lyn
10/21/2018 07:23:01 pm

hmmm, I wonder if the theme of Wilbur Smith's novel, The Sunbird, was influenced by the idea of an African Atlantis.

Reply

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