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The Hermetic History of the Giants in Alfonso X's "General Estoria"

9/18/2018

14 Comments

 
After a great deal of hard work, I completed my translation of the Hermetic history of the Giants given in Alfonso X of Castile’s General Estoria, composed in the late 1200s. This undertaking was more involved than I expected, both because I had to learn a new language—medieval Castilian, also known as Old Spanish—in order to read it, and because Alfonso’s writers used complex grammar, pointless repetition, and ambiguous vocabulary that made it difficult to understand exactly what was being said in some places. A few of the words used can’t be found in dictionaries of Old Spanish and only rarely appear in other medieval documents, making them quite challenging to decipher. As a result, I am a little less certain about the particulars of this translation than I am for most, but the overall meaning is clear.
​I see now why the only previous translation of this passage was a partial translation of a few paragraphs into modern Spanish, and why no one has made an English translation of the text. The only English-language writer to discuss the passage in detail simply dumped the Old Spanish in as quotations and assumed that his readers could read it without help. It probably doesn’t help the translation problem that the General Estoria itself is 7,000 pages long in the latest critical edition from 2009, which is rather intimidating.
 
These translation issues aside, the story told in the General Estoria’s narrative of Hermes and the Giants (2.1.34-39) is fascinating precisely because of how complicated, corrupt, and confusing it is. The main lines of the story are fairly clear, but the details are all jumbled up, for reasons we will discuss shortly. I encourage you to read the whole text, but in summary, the main story is this: There were three men named Hermes, including Trismegistus, the First Hermes, and his son Tat (Thoth), the Second Hermes. This second one lived after the Exodus, in the time of Joshua. Alfonso’s writers never quite manage to distinguish between the two and run them together in this account, relating the story of Hermes I and concluding by saying they had described Hermes II.
 
Anyway, the main narrative concerns Asclepius, a successor to Hermes in Hermetic lore. He has discovered a book written by Hermes, but it is in an ancient writing he cannot read. He asks people all over the world how to read it, but the only one who can is an old Chaldean woman named Goghgobon (or Goghgolon—the text spells it both ways) who claims to be a descendant of the lost race of Giants, from the family of Nimrod, who in this telling built the Tower of Babel, as in Jewish and Islamic lore. She tells Asclepius the story of the Giants, that they were great civilizers who were the first to discover astrology and architecture and the other sciences, that they built great cities, and that they colonized the whole world. She also said that they had seven great sages who were buried under the world’s seven highest mountains. According to her, Hermes lived with them for forty years and gained from them all of the secret knowledge of the world. His book was written in their script, which was derived from the stars, its letters symbolizing various conjunctions of planets and stars in the houses of the zodiac. And that was everything the woman told Asclepius.
 
The Hermetic elements of the story are obvious, and this led Charles F. Fraker to conclude that the text as we have it is a badly edited summary of an Arabic Hermetic text, but one that is so confused as to be difficult to understand: “The auctoritates it is based on are sometimes hard to identify, and what is more, they seem to be badly coordinated; witness the obscurities and plain contradictions that confront us here,” he wrote in Medieval Iberia. Fraker, like me, considered the section describing the alphabet of the Giants to be particularly obscure, perhaps because the Spanish translators did not entirely understand the technical terminology of the Arabic original. He speculated that a work based on that of Abu Ma‘shar’s The Thousands stands behind the text in a rather confused way, and that the frame narrative of Asclepius and the old woman was perhaps modeled on the opening to the Kyranides, which similarly tells of a narrator who meets an old man who translates the writing of the Giants to tell of the mysteries of nature. That book was, in the Middle Ages, attributed to Hermes, despite being the work of a Greek writer of Late Antiquity.
 
The similarities in the two accounts don’t stop with the frame story. Both the “book of Hermes” in the Giants’ tongue and the stelae of the Giants are divided into twenty-four sections characterized by a description of the “virtue” (aspects) of each division. For the book, those divisions are stellar, while for the Kyranides, they are the twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet. Fraker goes so far as to argue that the frame story in the General Estoria is in fact an adaptation of the Kyranides, and as evidence he cites the Old French edition of the Kyranides, in which the translator writes that, “il vint a la notice du noble roy Alfons d Espaigne lequel le fit translater de grec en latin”—that “it came to the notice of the noble King Alfonso of Spain, who made a translation from Greek into Latin.” This would probably have been Alfonso VIII of Castile, seven or eight decades before Alfonso X, who was famous for commissioning Latin translations, but it proves that the Kyranides was available to Alfonso in the Castilian royal library.
 
I have no reason to doubt any of this, and the similarities speak for themselves. But there is a problematic aspect to it. Alfonso X’s redactors didn’t finish their work, and the story of the Giants as given is a mess. Goghgobon says she is the niece of Nimrod, which means that she lived after the Flood, and the redactors of the text appear to assume that the Hermes referenced in it is Tat, for they end by saying that this account finishes the story of Tat. But this can’t be the case because Goghobon explicitly identifies Hermes as Enoch, the antediluvian prophet. Similarly, the claim that the Giants invented astrology, architecture, etc. doesn’t make sense if it occurred after the Flood since, in the Abrahamic faiths, Noah’s kids had the rudiments of civilization from their pre-Flood relatives.
 
Therefore, while the frame story might well be a Hermetic interpretation of the Kyranides, the discussion of the accomplishments of the Giants just doesn’t belong. Fraker noted how positive it was, approvingly describing the Giants as civilizing heroes. This doesn’t fit with Biblical accounts, with Greco-Roman stories of the Giants and Titans, or with extra-Biblical stories of the rampaging, bloodthirsty cannibal giants. The narrative, however, is similar to, though more positive than, the one given in the Book of Jubilees (4:21-22), where Enoch spends 42 years with the angels of God and learns from them all of the secrets of nature and preaches to the Watchers, the fallen angels. In other apocryphal texts, like the Book of Giants, this time is spent with the Giants, who are also the offspring of the sons of Seth and the daughters of Cain, in keeping with later interpretations that replaced the angels and giants with human actors. It is closer still to some Jewish texts of the medieval period, such as Pseudo-Josephus Gorionides’ Josippon (2.18), which similarly spoke of a tower, antediluvian writings, and the pre-Flood peoples inscribing their wisdom and inventing the arts and sciences. This text is notable for being much less negative toward the Giants than other texts. The closest text I have seen is the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a century older than the General Estoria but telling the story of the antediluvians in remarkably similar terms. It’s particularly notable that this text preserves stories that are otherwise found in the Book of Enoch and the Book of Giants, both unknown in the West. It’s worth asking whether the underlying source text for the General Estoria account might have been an Enochian book of some sort in Arabic translation.
 
This isn’t necessarily the case, of course, since the text that stands behind the later Jewish accounts is Genesis 4:17-22, which describes the descendants of Cain as the inventors of the arts and sciences, and they are the same people who were defiled by the Sons of God and gave rise to the Giants, and as the Akhbar al-zaman testifies, if only by implication, there was a belief in the Islamic world that the kings of the great kingdoms before the Flood were giants, that they invented the arts and sciences: “The first to reign in Egypt before the Flood was Naqrāūs.  […] He collected the science that the angel Darābīl had taught to Adam, and by these means he kept under his yoke the giants, his companions; these are the princes who built monuments, erected high towers, and executed the wonderful works; who produced talismans, exploited the mines, and tamed the kings of the earth all around them.” That’s basically verbatim what the General Estoria reports, and what makes this fascinating is that we know that Alfonso used the Histories of Egypt by al-Wasifi (a.k.a. Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah, known in Spanish as Alguaziph), to whom al-Maqrizi attributes the Akhbar al-zaman’s content. In general, Alfonso only cites the lost second half of al-Wasifi’s book, which we know primarily by comparing the General Estoria to the fragments in al-Maqrizi and the parallel text of Murtada ibn al-Afif. At any rate, the story of Naqrāūs appears to be a revision of the narrative of Hermes Trismegistus, who in Christian sources was the first king of Egypt. The author has substituted a new character, apparently because by his time Hermes had been relocated to a later period.
 
But apparently some similar and perhaps older source, likely an Islamic text with a Hermetic / Enochian background, stands behind this most unusual Spanish account of the Hermetic history of the Giants.
 
14 Comments
E.P. Grondine
9/18/2018 09:16:10 am

Great work, and fascinating (for me at least).

Bottom line, you have an X mt DNA people from the Black Sea, who emigrate out with "advanced" technology.

What I think you are dealing with is European and Arabic folk memories of them, conflated with explanations of hieroglyphic texts. Materials 13,000 years old conflated with materials 2,000 years old.

The impact of X mt DNA in the Americas, from the Moorehead Phase of Canadian Maritime Archaic on, is interesting in itself. I am used to dealing with ancient memories of them in this hemisphere.

Reply
A Buddhist
9/18/2018 09:38:44 am

Why assume that these folk memories are based upon real events?

Reply
E.P. Grondine
9/18/2018 12:31:01 pm

That is no assumption.

AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/18/2018 01:58:32 pm

Dude, you're made out of assumptions. You eat and breathe and poop (especially) assumptions. Your Indian name is "Assumes With Zebras".

Have to side with A Buddhuist on this one. Easy example: There are large populations who believe in a Flood, e.g. American Fundamentalists, yet have no folk memories of a Flood. The idea that a local flood in the Black Sea area gave rise to a tale of a worldwide deluge is to paraphrase Bill O'Reilly, Luuuuuudacris.

"There's evidence that there was a flood here, so this must be the source of the Noah's ark legend."

Shine say “Captain, the shit you talkin’ might have once been true,
But this is one time yo motherfuckin’ talk ain’t gon do.”
Shine run and jumped over in the ocean,
With his black ass doing a back flip in motion.
After that, all these rich broads run and jumped up on the top.
One broad hollered, “Shine — stop! All this good stuff I’ll give if you make it possible for me to live.”
Shine said, “Biiiitch — I like your shape and I like your plan,
But you should have been offering me your stuff when we was on dry land.
If I was in Mississippi and I’d asked you for a trim,
You’d a had my black ass hangin’ from the highest limb.”
Here come another broad out hollerin’, “Shine, Shine, Shine, I’m the captain’s wife.
Why won’t you help me to save my life?
I’ve been through the cotton fields,
And I’ve waded through the mills,
And I’m a soul sister, baby, and we from the same blood.”
(Shine) you can talk so sweet, and you can sing so fine,
But you shouldn’t have brought your high-yellow ass across that color line.
Now, I’m the one you called that boiler-room flunky, now keep your ass on this ship and go on with these honkys.”
When the news got around the world that the great Titanic had hit this big iceberg,
Shine was in Chicago on Cottage Grove and Sixty-Third, down on his knees, “Every nickel I shoot and a dime I hope to pairs,
I left 2,000 rich motherfuckers swinging on they ass.”
Everybody wondered why Shine didn’t drown.
He had a cork stuck up in his butt and he couldn’t go down.

Machala
9/18/2018 11:43:06 am

Jason,
I commend you on both your diligent scholarship, and your dogged persistence in unraveling a linguistic knot that many others would have thrown their hands up and walked away from.

The more that you dig into these arcane texts and fragments, I gather that you are realizing that while there are many imitations and parallelizations, not all Hermes nor Giants were created/invented equally.

I am in the process of reading your complete translation but wanted to take this time to congratulate you. Keep up the good work and like Quixote, keep fighting the good fight.

Reply
orang
9/18/2018 11:51:18 am

I wondered how tall this Goghgobon was. This triggered a memory of Vonnegut's Kilgore Trout, who wrote a story about a guy who wondered how tall Jesus was, so he invented a time machine which allowed him to visit Jesus on the cross. He got a ladder and went up it to measure Jesus. Jesus was 5' 2" long. That's all he learned and came back to the present.

Reply
Bob Jase
9/18/2018 02:04:47 pm

"Goghgobon says she is the niece of Nimrod, which means that she lived after the Flood"

Yet somehow Christians who believe the biblical flood happened to destroy all such creatures have no problem with also believing that somehow it also didn't.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/18/2018 03:55:54 pm

"Goghgobon says she is the niece of Nimrod, which means that she lived after the Flood"

Which means that it's all imaginary like "The Flood" itself and yes, Atlantis. You are on the right track.

Noah's family (don't get me started on Adam and Steve) already had incest issues, but who was there to repopulate the world? Noah's family.

Remember that Judaism was founded by someone who was down with filicide (just like God himself, for Christians), Christianity was founded by someone who was magic, and Islam was founded by someone whose hobbies were murder and sex with grade-schoolers.

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/18/2018 06:13:56 pm

It can't can be said often enough: The entire Old Testament itself claims to be based on someone who thought God told him to kill his child.

What would we call such a person in these troubled days of modern times?

Christianity is based on someone who is magic. David Blaine should do a "David Blaine Crucifies HImself" TV show.

Islam was founded by a murderer who liked sex with grade-schoolers. "Oh yeah, that Qaaba thing? That's ours now. Got a problem with that?"

Denise
9/19/2018 11:02:21 am

Jason,

Sorry this is so late, I had a friend look over the text you were having issues with. Don't know if this helps, but this is what he came up with:

Et quere esto del auarga dezir que non a cosa que al fuert sea fuert nin se le defienda
AND HE WISHES TO SAY THIS ABOUT GETTING THINGS DONE THAT IN SOME SITUATIONS EVEN THOUGH A STRONG (man) MAY BE STRONG YET HE MAY NOT DEFEND HIMSELF.
Problem words or phrase here is " NON A COSA QUE
"Pero a las uezes uençe el flaco al fuerte.
BUT IN SOME SITUATIONS (even) A SKINNY (man) CONQUERS A STRONG (man)
Mas esto contesce. o por sabeduria. o por uentura
BUT THIS MAY HAPPEN, EITHER BY WISDOM OR BY LUCK.
Et fazien a todas las otras generationes de los omnes aquellos Gigantes dond yo uengo: que se les omillassen.
AND DOING (what, unknown) TO ALL THE OTHER GENERATIONS OF ALL THE OTHER GIANTS WHERE I COME. THAT THEY MAY BE PUT TO SHAME.
Et andauan cada uno destos grant tierra pora auer el sennorio & las fortalezas de los logares.
AND THEY WALK EACH ONE OF THESE A GREAT LAND (distance?) SO AS TO SEE THE LORDSHIP AND THE FORTRESSES OF THE (GARRISONED) PLACES.

Word LUGAR, here spelled LOGARES, in modern Spanish means PLACE, but in centuries past, it has the implication of places where there is military force ready to do the King's will. We have the word LIEUTENANT in English which means PLACE HOLDER, but the PLACE is better translated GARRISON.
Et ganauan lo todo. ca non fallauan quien se les emparassem. tan grant era la su fuerça.
AND THEY WIN EVERYTHING (??) THOSE WHO OPPOSE THEM DO NOT (CAUSE) THEM TO FAIL, SO GREAT IS THEIR FORCE/STRENGTH.

No clue what the word CA here means. May be critical to meaning.; Maybe CA is the conjunction QUE in modern Spanish.

Reply
Hal
9/19/2018 10:47:13 pm

So, here Jason admits he learns to translate extinct languages in a couple nights. He’s a fraud.

Reply
Bezalel
9/19/2018 11:02:55 pm

Jealousy is so ugly Hal
Read a book for Lucifer's sake

Reply
AmericanCool"Disco"Dan
9/20/2018 02:01:28 pm

It's not extinct it's just another version of the tongue of the Enemy to the South. Analogous to Chaucer's English. He's not claiming a superpower, just that he had to work as hard as a Mexican rather than take it easy like the people who hire Mexicans.

For my fans in Rio Linda: I'm saying Mexicans are hard working. Don't get started.

Reply
Denise
9/20/2018 08:57:38 am

Jason,

How does the Picatrix fit into all of this?

Reply

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