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The Two Faces of Columbus: How a Genocidal Tyrant Became an Anti-Discrimination Icon for Italian-Americans

6/13/2020

21 Comments

 
On Thursday, New York governor Andrew Cuomo said that he was not ready to remove a statue of Christopher Columbus from New York City because of what it means to Italian-Americans, specifically the role the figure played in helping to usher Italian-Americans into the America’s social mainstream. His comments, along with the destruction and removal of several Columbus statues across the United States, sparked a discussion about the role of Columbus in American life, but missing from the discussion was an acknowledgement of the role that the flawed symbol of Columbus played in standing against exactly the kind of racism and oppression that the vile real-life figure of Columbus perpetuated. The dual nature of Columbus as evil man and hopeful symbol needs unpacking to fully understand how the same statues can represent completely opposite ideas to different groups with shared antipathy to white supremacy.
Nobody in the United States much cared about Christopher Columbus until Washington Irving wrote his famous 1828 biography, which cast Columbus in a mythic role as the discoverer of America and a champion of science in the face of Catholic darkness. In the eighteenth century, for example, historians and writers referenced him as the first to reach the New World, but his association with the Spanish possessions to the south of the United States kept him at a remove from a narrative Americans preferred to start with English settlers. Irving, however, helped to rehabilitate Columbus as a founding myth for the United States rather than Spanish America, and he depicted Columbus as bravely championing a round globe against belief in the flat earth—something that never happened.
 
Columbus, however, did not immediately become a superstar of history. Between 1828 and 1892, a debate raged over whom to credit as the mythic founder of America’s story. Rival claimants included the lost white race of Mound Builders, the Viking Leif Erikson, the Welsh prince Madoc, and the first English settlers. Hashing out whom to honor took decades, and was complicated by white supremacy.
 
The U.S. government began to promote Columbus celebrations as a way of enforcing the Monroe Doctrine and asserting its connection with and leadership of the Western Hemisphere nations. But many white Americans had difficulty accepting Columbus as a symbol of the United States, particularly as tension rose with dramatic increases in Italian immigration to America in the 1880s.
 
As the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s arrival in the New World approached, these tensions came to a head. The U.S. tried to make Columbus part of America’s claim to Western Hemisphere leadership with the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, better known as the Chicago World’s Fair. But white Americans and their European allies reacted with violence and anger. At the Fair, for example, a group of white supremacists held a conference to promote the Scottish noble Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney as the true discoverer of America and listed in rapt attention to an anti-Italian speech that called for, basically, death to Italians:
But to some of the brightest minds of America the burning question has of late been whether the Latin or Saxon race is to have the supremacy of their country; the intense activity of Roman Catholicism contrasted with the apathy of Protestantism giving philosophers and statesmen pause as to the near results, notwithstanding the power of science and reason. The glorification of Columbus in the discovery centenary of 1892 was an aid towards the threatened Spanish or Latin domination; and Scandinavian energy has been in movement, especially at the Chicago Exhibition of 1893, to counteract the southern tide, by ascribing the discovery of America to Norsemen of the Teuton stock, including, as principal factors, the English and the Dutch. [We], especially of Canada and the United States, have the strongest personal interest in such a gigantic Armageddon contest of blood and belief, if it is to be early fact.
In New Orleans in 1891, white residents lynched eleven Italian-Americans and declared that all Italians could receive extrajudicial punishments at the hands of whites as a matter of course, in a divisive incident that polarized white American opinion. Future New York police commissioner and president Teddy Roosevelt called the murders “rather a good thing” and the New York Times came out in favor of murdering “sneaking and cowardly Sicilians,” while Pres. Benjamin Harrison reacted by declaring the 1892 anniversary of Columbus’s landing a national holiday for the first time, cementing its connection to Italian-Americans. Harrison falsely called Columbus a “pioneer of progress and enlightenment,” but the message he meant to send was that Italian-Americans were human and part of America’s story from the start. Or, at least, that he didn’t want to piss off the Kingdom of Italy during a tense diplomatic period.
 
Columbus Day didn’t become an annual holiday until 1934, but Italian-Americans’ embrace of the holiday already had come to symbolize their effort to be seen as fully American and not as an invasion of foreign olive-skinned “dagos.” In short, Columbus had become a giant middle finger to white supremacists who didn’t see Italians as white.
 
This was a massive reversal—and an accidental one. The real Columbus, of course, was a genocidal tyrant who saw Native peoples as subhuman scum. He wrote Catholic fan fiction about how white Europeans would deliver a world emperor to rule the world. But nineteenth century race theorists had become so obsessed with white supremacy that they only considered Germans, Scandinavians, and inhabitants of the British Isles to be the highest level of white. Consequently, the extremism of their race theories placed people we would today call white—Italians, Spaniards, French, etc.—in the category of “Latin” peoples and second-class whites.
 
Not to belabor the point, but the statues of Columbus that represent oppression to people of color also represent opposition to that same white supremacist oppression for Italian-Americans, all because Anglo-Americans were even more racist then than they are now. The difference is that Anglo-Americans gradually came to see Italian-Americans as full-fledged equal members of society (more or less) and even as white (more or less), while people of color have not yet achieved true equality. Sadly, that’s because Anglo-Americans hoped that adding more provisionally white people to the census count would help them maintain political and social hegemony.
 
Columbus the man was no hero, but “Columbus” the statue and the symbol has two irreconcilable meanings that cannot be easily untangled. The statues need to go because Italians don’t need them and people of color and Native people don’t want them. They serve only as a reminder of a legacy of oppression and a history too closely tied with identifying “whiteness” with full citizenship and equality.
21 Comments
Bob Jase
6/12/2020 07:01:46 pm



Ransom Stoddard: You're not going to use the story, Mr. Scott?

Maxwell Scott: No, sir. This is the West, sir. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend.

Reply
Jim
6/12/2020 08:32:58 pm

Not only that, but Bandaid is now going to make different colored fleshtones for different races,,,,,, I wonder if this will cause any racial tension in the US.
You are so divided now, it wouldn't surprise me.

Reply
Crash55
6/13/2020 01:22:29 pm

So where does it end? I am sure you saw that Albany decided to remove the statue of Gen Schuyler from in front of city hall because he owned slaves. If owning of slaves is the sole reason to remove statues and monuments then I guess we better take down the Washington Monument and pretty much ever statue to anyone who lived before 1800. It was common for the wealthy and landowners to own slaves. My ancestors, who were farmers in what is now Maine, owned slaves sometime in the early 18th century. It was the norm and not the exception.

Take down the statues of Confederates, they were traitors to the nation. For anyone before that time frame we need to look at the entire person and what they contributed to the country and not just one aspect of their lives. Without Columbus the peopling of the America’s have been delayed. For how long no one can say but I doubt it would have been the same.

Reply
Not the Comte de Saint Germain
6/13/2020 03:17:46 pm

"The peopling of the Americas would have been delayed"? Tens of millions of people were living in the Americas in 1491.

Reply
Crash55
6/13/2020 05:42:57 pm

The European invasion of the Americas would have been delayed.

You knew exactly what I meant.

Kent
6/13/2020 08:48:50 pm

A very good point! Similarly, genocidal tyranny is just one in a long list of things white folks didn't invent.

Merton Pusk
6/13/2020 09:39:13 pm

White people may not have invented it, but this doesn't absolve them from refining its implementation on a sustained global scale.

Crash55
6/14/2020 08:52:04 am

Genocidal tyranny was well perfected long before Columbus. The only thing Europeans did was to expand it world wide. Though the Mongols covered a lot of ground with it themselves centuries before

Pablo Calahorra Gonzalez
6/15/2020 05:03:47 am

There is no reliable data about the amerindian population in 1492, just estimations, some of them giving just 14 millions for all the continent: a far cry from your tens of millions...

American Aztec
6/15/2020 02:07:51 pm

There are many estimates of the pre-contact Amerindian population of the America. 14 million is near the low end of the range of these estimates. The most recent published estimate based on research published last year in Quaternary Science Reviews is around 60 million.

Doc Rock
6/13/2020 01:48:23 pm

The French had an easier time of it since less of a case could be made for their allegedly being touched by the "tarbrush " than Spanish or Italians. Or more specifically Sicilians and southern Italians. Earlier French writers had no small influence on the rise of scientific racialism and some of the Frenchies were at the forefront of it by the mid to late 19th century.

Reply
T. Franke link
6/13/2020 08:09:15 pm

I wait for environmentalists who topple down statues of Native Americans with the argument that they as the first humans in America disturbed the human-free paradise for anmials and plants. /irony-off

Reply
Kent
6/13/2020 10:19:13 pm

That's the Georgia Guidestones and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six.

Reply
T. Franke link
6/14/2020 08:11:30 am

Ah, yes, or Dan Brown's "Inferno".

Pablo Calahorra Gonzalez
6/15/2020 05:33:43 am

And just for the record, to call Cristobal Colon as a "genocidal tyrant" is a gratuite slur against a historical figure that should be viewed in his context and not using the acual "political correctness".Frankly, I´d like to know what kind of genocidal practises did he carry out against amerindian populations and how a person whose powers were describied and limited by a contract signed by him with the Spanish Crown ab initio (the "Capitulaciones de Santa Fe") can be considered "a tyrant". Frankly given the fact that he spent time in jail after his third travel, and had to endure numerous rebellions as well as acts of indiscipline of their travel companions, he seemed to be a funny kind of tyrant. Definitevely, he is not in the class of Atila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, Ivan the Terrible or other mass killers.
Finally, back in 1985 there was only a figure which defined Cristolbal Colon as a genocidal tyrant: His name was Fidel Castro, not my idea of a just, democratic ruler...

Reply
Joe Scales
6/15/2020 01:02:23 pm

Should you go back and erase history you don't favor, one might believe it eliminates the possibility of going back to it. That's how they'd like to fight conservatism, I suppose. Problem is, you have to be tyrannical to do so; a means which likely bears close resemblance to any eventual end of such shortsighted endeavor.

Reply
Jim
6/15/2020 03:38:17 pm

" That's how they'd like to fight conservatism, I suppose."

Who are these "they", and how are they erasing history to fight conservatism ?

Seems to me that those who claim to be conservatives are the ones attempting to change recent history, or are you not paying attention.

Pablo Cruise
6/15/2020 10:36:21 pm

Columbus was whitewashed by writings over the last two centuries. Reading documents of the time (circa-1500) provides a different picture of him. Joe Kent thinks that looking beyond the more recent whitewashing to documents from the actual period in question is erasing history. Joe Kent has things backwards, again.....

Miguel del Mariposa
6/15/2020 02:45:40 pm

Columbus was viewed as a genocidal tyrant even by many of his contemporaries. That is why he was removed from office and never restored to it by the crown.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/books.spain

Reply
T. Franke link
6/16/2020 03:53:45 am

If Wikipedia is correct, then Columbus was removed exactly because he was cruel.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Accusations_of_tyranny_and_brutality

That means, the Spanish Crown acted with good intentions.

Also for other cases, the Spanish Crown seemed to have acted in good intentions, but the officials in the New World played it out badly, e.g.:

"However, Queen Isabella I of Castile forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown"."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda

I wonder whether this had a system. I remind also of:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomé_de_las_Casas

Reply
Trev
2/8/2022 02:07:51 pm

There is a different take on Columbus and his mission in a book entitled "The Secret Destiny of America" by Manly P. Hall. The existence of America was already known about and Columbus' journey of 'discovery' was staged at the appropriate time in history by TPTB.

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