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Tracking Down the Mahabharata Nuclear Bomb Passage from "Chariots of the Gods"

6/22/2014

17 Comments

 
This isn’t the most dramatic or bizarre bit of ancient astronaut malfeasance ever; in fact, it isn’t entirely Erich von Däniken’s fault. But it is interesting nonetheless as an example of the sort of slipshod scholarship and lack of care that went into the supposedly “revolutionary” works of fringe history. It’s the story of publishers, mostly, and the games they play with their authors and their audiences. The story begins with an odd and unusual passage in Chariots of the Gods, which supposedly presents a nuclear bombing recorded in the Mahabharata.
I give this exactly as Chariots presents it, with the original in-text citation:
It was as if the elements had been unleashed. The sun spun round. Scorched by the incandescent heat of the weapon, the world reeled in fever. Elephants were set on fire by the heat and ran to and fro in a frenzy to seek protection from the terrible violence. The water boiled, the animals died, the enemy was mown down and the raging of the blaze made the trees collapse in rows as in a forest fire. The elephants made a fearful trumpeting and sank dead to the ground over a vast area. Horses and war chariots were burnt up and the scene looked like the aftermath of a conflagration. Thousands of chariots were destroyed, then deep silence descended on the sea. The winds began to blow and the earth grew bright. It was a terrible sight to see. The corpses of the fallen were mutilated by the terrible heat so that they no longer looked like human beings. Never before have we seen such a ghastly weapon and never before have we heard of such a weapon. (C. Roy, Drona Parva 1889.)
When I first wrote about this passage in my eBook Ancient Atom Bombs?, I was under the impression that this passage had been translated into English from a German edition of the Mahabharata, since von Däniken typically uses German translations of ancient texts in his work. For example, his knowledge of Homer and of the Argonautica comes from German translations. I did my due diligence at the time and tried to look up a translation by “C. Roy” but came up empty handed. Only recently did I find out who he was.

So I turned to the standard English translation of the Mahabharata, completed by Kisari Mohan Ganguli between 1883 and 1896 and attempted to find the passage von Däniken was quoting. The Mahabharata contains approximately 1.8 million words, and the lack of a citation made it a bit difficult to find. His mention of the Drona Parva, book 7 of the epic, at least narrowed down the search to a more reasonable 203 chapters. The text in question appears at 7.202:
The very elements seemed to be perturbed. The sun seemed to turn. The universe, scorched with heat, seemed to be in a fever. The elephants and other creatures of the land, scorched by the energy of that weapon, ran in fright, breathing heavily and desirous of protection against that terrible force. The very waters heated, the creatures residing in that element, O Bharata, became exceedingly uneasy and seemed to burn. From all the points of the compass, cardinal and subsidiary, from the firmament and the very earth, showers of sharp and fierce arrows fell and issued with the impetuosity of Garuda or the wind. Struck and burnt by those shafts of Aswatthaman that were all endued with the impetuosity of the thunder, the hostile warriors fell down like trees burnt down by a raging fire. Huge elephants, burnt by that weapon, fell down on the earth all around, uttering fierce cries loud as the rumblings of the clouds. Other huge elephants, scorched by that fire, ran hither and thither, and roared aloud in fear, as if in the midst of a forest conflagration. The steeds, O king, and the cars also, burnt by the energy of that weapon, looked, O sire, like the tops of trees burnt in a forest-fire. […] We had never before, O king, heard of or seen the like of that weapon which Drona's son created in wrath on that occasion. […] Burnt by the energy of Aswatthaman's weapon, the forms of the slain could not be distinguished.
As the ellipses indicate, von Däniken left out large chunks of the passage without indicating the omission, and he seemed to have changed the order of sentences for dramatic effect. In fact, I had to condense the above because the passages are so far apart I can’t quote everything in between.

I assume it surprises no one that most fringe writers who reference the text copy the version appearing in Chariots of the Gods without consultation of the original.

But that isn’t what’s interesting here. What’s interesting is what I discovered about this “C. Roy” fellow that von Däniken credited with the translation. I won’t belabor the point. The name is given somewhat wrong. I could not find him because his name actually was Pratap Chandra Roy. He was the publisher of the Ganguli translation, and his name appeared on the cover page of most volumes of the first printing of the work because Ganguli felt no one would believe one man could translate the whole work, and he feared dying before its completion. This caused great confusion in the 1890s, with some older authorities falsely giving Roy as the translator. The situation was cleared up in editions published after 1896, so von Däniken ought to have been able to find out who the real translator was when he wrote in the 1960s.

But since he did not bother to quote accurately, this was obviously of no concern.

Von Däniken’s condensed quotation came from an 1889 English edition of the text, which either von Däniken or his editor translated into German for the first edition of Chariots of the Gods. The English translator of Chariots, Michael Heron, did not bother to seek out original documents in translating the book for British (and later American) readers; instead, he simply and literally translated the German translation of the English translation of the Sanskrit original back into English. One can’t really blame him too much; it’s not like von Däniken made it easy to find where he had taken the text from. All the same, neither the translator, nor the editor, nor the publisher did even a cursory check of von Däniken’s source. It reminds me of Peter Kolosimo’s Not of the This World, the Italian ancient astronaut volume translated in such haste that even obvious English language texts like quotations from H. P. Lovecraft’s short stories were translated back into English from their Italian translations.
17 Comments
666
6/22/2014 07:57:19 am

This sort of thing is commonplace

Reply
An Over-Educated Grunt
6/23/2014 02:58:39 am

Yeah, one of the most frustrating things of the past couple weeks has been your apparent belief that I'm a Biblical literalist of any fashion. I'm not (and bear with me, Jason, I promise there's an on-topic section coming), because you wind up with silliness like this. Chances are if there's a real even underlying the description above, it's a battle between two perfectly believable terrestrial powers and the tale just grew in the telling. Perhaps some local warlord figured out how to launch burning debris at his opponent's elephants, and the resulting rout was sufficient that the tale got handed down. The problem is that the original story gets buried under these layers of embellishment until it's completely impossible to tell what's real and what's not, other than "arrows exist and so do elephants." Euhemerus was on the right track by proposing mundane explanations for legendary events; where he was wrong is suggesting specific explanations, especially without even the slightest shred of evidence to back them.

The one thing you can say with absolute certainty, though, is if there were a nuclear strike in India in a period that leaves us enough oral history from which to later build an epic, there would be physical evidence, like the formation of Trinitite, cratering, higher levels of ambient radiation, archaeological evidence of a fire of that scale - so without those things, that explanation can be ruled out, out of hand.

Last thing, this highlights one of the real problems with a lot of debate on any subject prior to the modern period: translation and transcription errors. Translating Sanskrit to English to German to English, you're bound to have some errors slip in; words have slightly different meanings, shades get lost, and next thing you know, to use the most notorious example, Moses has horns.

Bottom line: If your account becomes so fantastical that you can't truly glean more from it than "something happened," and you then mangle it through four translations, it most certainly does not count as "extraordinary proof." At least Kolosimo was entertaining. Just the review was a little mind-bending.

Reply
Snarky
6/24/2014 02:24:35 pm

It appears to me that 666 = KIF has several motives:

1. He will make a rude comment about any posting that makes even a vague reference to Christianity.

2. He has no respect for any specialist in Judeo Christianity.

3. No matter what your position is on religion he assumes you are a fundamentalist and therefore an idiot.

It is a waste of time to reply to posts by this troll.

666
6/24/2014 10:06:06 pm

Life on Planet Earth is not a pre-requisite to go down on one's knees to Christianity.

That good old Jesus Anointing Oil, it goes right back to the dawn of civilisation and the Cylinder Seals.

666
6/23/2014 03:25:59 am

The devious way that authors omit the complete quotations of paragraphs, omitting crucial passages that put things out of context to further deceit. Giving false or even non-existent references to give fake credibility.

This is commonplace.


Reply
666
6/23/2014 03:27:22 am

Oh and by the way, I won't mention that Eusebius did similar things in other parts of his works, not just in relation to Josephus

An Over-Educated Grunt
6/23/2014 03:49:02 am

Then don't mention it.

Frankly, I'm tired of arguing about Josephus, because I don't care strongly enough either way about it, I feel that all of the evidence for or against the authenticity of the Testament is circumstantial, and I don't think either of us is going to convince the other. I don't feel the contrary arguments are strong enough to say with any certainty there was no mention of a historical Jesus, regardless of religion; you feel there's enough evidence to rule it out, or at least render it suspect. So having summed all that up, can we just put the damn thing aside? Frankly, our positions on most things are a lot closer than you think, and I'm tired of arguing in circles on it.

666
6/23/2014 03:59:58 am

The topic under discussion does not discount any author, ancient or modern
It is not unique to EvD

Greg Fewer
6/22/2014 11:24:01 am

I wonder if von Daniken's interpretation of this passage in the Mahabharata underlies (at least in part) the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party-Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh government's alteration of Indian school textbooks in 1999? According to Wendy Doniger (2014: 51), this government 'deleted passages dealing with the caste system and beef-eating in India, and added arguments that ancient India had both airplanes and the nuclear bomb'.

Reference
Doniger, Wendy (2014) 'India: censorship by the Batra Brigade', in The New York Review of Books, LXI (8), 8-21 May 2014, pp. 51-3; also available online at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/may/08/india-censorship-batra-brigade/?insrc=whc.

Reply
666
6/23/2014 12:10:19 am

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli

The politics behind the translation is not at issue, but offhand practices by authors

Reply
Greg Fewer
6/23/2014 02:21:06 am

I agree that the politics (if any) behind the translation, other than (perhaps) the intent of the translator, is not an issue but the politics around the use or misuse of a defective translation (in any context) is important. Once an erroneous work or translation comes into existence in can mislead both the well- (and not-so-well-) intentioned for many years afterwards.

BP
6/23/2014 03:31:20 am

Translations are always problematic.
Even if one is looking to complete a scholarly translation of a text, the scholar's own world view (culture, language, religion (or lack thereof), etc.) is going to influence the translation. So a 19th Century translation is going to differ from a 20th Century translation, even if the translator is from the same culture, etc. Add to that translations of translations and the problem is magnified. You also have the politically motivated as Greg Fewer pointed out.
Now add to that someone trying to prove a fringe point and things really get messy. In von Daniken's defense, I have seen scholarly books with poorly put together source citations. I still haven't figured out one book, a biography of Sir Richard F. Burton, that had a fiction work in the bibliography though it was never cited in the text.

Reply
.
6/27/2014 04:58:32 pm

Constantine the Great, in addition to having a gold coated
steel chain strategically uniting Europe to Asia in the city he
renamed and turned into the Roman Capitol, also knew the
brew recipe for Greek Fire. I'm assuming a volcano or a meteor
strike if nearby fills the sky with fire, debris and smoke, which
could be thought to be a wizard's super~weapon if the source
of the confusion is unknown at the time. old accounts can be
highly exaggerated and subjective, hence our guessing game.

Reply
Martin Stower
7/20/2016 01:16:50 pm

The story of these motivated misquotations of the Mahabharata could be taken back to the Desmond Leslie section of Flying Saucers Have Landed (1953).

Reply
Martin Stower
7/20/2016 07:41:53 pm

It appears to have been Leslie who turned “Cakra” (in the original P. Chandra Roy publication) into “Cukra”, as found in Pauwels and Bergier, Le matin des magiciens.

Reply
tim tempest link
2/20/2018 04:15:29 am

Anyone knows there are more versions than just the archaic Ganguli translation.There are better descriptions elsewhere re the pottery breaking tunring white,soldiers washing in the river etc

Reply
Michael D. Fortner link
1/28/2024 05:19:39 pm

Chances are that this is like many myths, real events that were made into a tale of people and gods battling. The event could have been the impact of an asteroid that "thundered" and sent out fire, the meteors from the impact. And set ablaze all the surrounding forrest, etc.

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