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Were Two Ancient Greek Swords Unearthed in Uruguay in the Early 1800s?

2/4/2016

30 Comments

 
The Farce of Hoax Island
Given how much time I’ve spent talking about the dumb claims made for Oak Island, I thought it might be appropriate to start branding my coverage of it. What do you think of this logo? I’m not sure it if reads as more cynical than funny, but I kind of liked it. (Special thanks to the Library of Congress for the public domain landscape drawing.)
 
The recent dust-up over the alleged “Roman” sword supposedly found off of Oak Island is only the latest in a string of claims for Roman incursions into America made over the last 500 years or so. The oldest is probably Lucio Marineo Siculo, writing in De rebus Hispaniae memorabilibus 19 (1533), who claimed that a Roman coin of Augustus had been unearthed in Panama shortly after Spanish colonization began. “This wonderful thing has ripped the glory from the sailors of our time, who once boasted that they had sailed there before all others,” he wrote, “since the evidence of this coin now makes certain that the Romans once reached the Indies” (my trans.).
Surprisingly, there were relatively few claims for vast Roman incursions into the Americas, largely on account of the fact that the Romans left no texts asserting any knowledge of the Western hemisphere. Nonetheless, the Romans were not without their supporters. I learned from Justin Winsor’s Aboriginal America that Baron Franz Xaver von Zach (1754-1832), the Hungarian astronomer, published an article in his scientific journal Correspondenz claiming that “Roman voyages to America were common in the days of Seneca,” who lived from 4 BCE to 65 CE. Winsor mentions that a certain M. V. Moore wrote an article for the Magazine of American History in 1884, “Romans: Did They Colonize America?” Sadly, this piece doesn’t seem to be readily accessible online, which is quite the shame. According to the Winsor, the evidence Victorian eccentrics used to “prove” Roman incursions was the same that Lucio Marineo Siculo offered in the 1500s: random finds of Roman coins and marking claimed to be Roman inscriptions. Not coincidentally, this is also J. Hutton Pulitzer’s supporting evidence for his claim of Roman colonization of Oak Island.
 
Winsor led me to an interesting note in Brasseur de Bourbourg’s History of the Civilized Nations of Mexico, composed in French, which alleged a Greek intrusion into the Americas that I hadn’t seen before. In fact, I don’t think it’s even mentioned in fringe literature, certainly not in the sources I surveyed today. I give the text as he did, from the Nouvelles annales des voyages for 1832, a collection of articles and reprints about sea voyages and geographic questions. The piece in question is from a Columbian original, in my translation:
Discovery of a Greek Tomb.
 
Abundant evidence leaves no doubt that the New World had been visited by the ancients centuries before Columbus. Without mentioning the temples of Mexico, which were built on the same plan as that of Delphi, here is a new proof of this assertion:
 
“In the village of Dolores, two leagues from Montevideo, a farmer discovered a tombstone with unknown characters. Under this stone, he found a brick vault containing two antique swords, a helmet and a shield quite damaged by rust, and an earthen amphora of great dimension. All this debris was sent to the scholar Father Martines, who managed to read the words in Greek characters on the stone: ‘Viou tou Filipp …… Alexand …… to … macdeo …… basi … epi tes execou …… k …… tri …… oly …… en to … top …… Ptolem ……,’ which is to say, in completing the words, ‘Alexander, the son of Philip, was king of Macedonia, during the 63rd Olympiad, to this place Ptolemy…,’ and the rest is missing.
 
“On the swords’ (sic) handle is engraved a portrait that appears to be that of Alexander, and on the helmet we see a carving representing Achilles dragging Hector’s corpse around the walls of Troy. Must we conclude from this discovery that a contemporary of Aristotle had set foot in Brazil? Is it likely that Ptolemy, the well-known head of the fleet of Alexander, driven by a storm, through what the ancients called the Great Sea, was thrown on the coasts of Brazil, and there marked his passage by this monument, making for a very curious case for archaeologists?” (Universal Gazette of Bogota.)
Brasseur de Bourbourg credited this story with sparking his interest in the prehistory of the Americas, which culminated in his twin legacies of popularizing the Popol Vuh and declaring Mesoamerica the legacy of Atlantis, a direct inspiration for Augustus Le Plongeon and Ignatius Donnelly. Through them, of course, we ended up with ancient astronaut theorists and lost civilization speculators, who draw more or less directly from Donnelly.
 
Brasseur de Bourbourg, however, wasn’t able to determine whether the story was true, and it certainly bears the hallmarks of the same kind of tall tale told in the past, from the “discovery” of a tomb by a farmer to the crumbling weapons and the attribution to Antiquity. Substitute in giant bones for the sword, and you’d have any number of similar claims, none of which panned out. If there were any truth to the story, it would more likely be Spanish or Portuguese weapons and armor (which are a better match for the imagery described, being much more common in Renaissance-era armaments) and an ambiguous inscription (or even natural grooves) misread through wishful thinking.
 
It’s a shame the J. Hutton Pulitzer, advocate of the Oak Island sword, isn’t a better researcher, or he’d have found these Old World “swords” before I did.
30 Comments
Bob Jase
2/4/2016 02:17:17 pm

Actually the Romans used a land route to the Americas that started at Lake Avernus, took a left turn at Mel's Hole and ended at Oak Island.

Reply
Jonathan Feinstein
2/4/2016 02:43:05 pm

I knew I should have taken that left turn at Albuquerque.

Reply
Pacal
2/4/2016 02:47:14 pm

Anyone who argues that Roman voyages to the New World were "common" or happened at all, must contend with the following from the Roman writer Strabo, (Lived c. 63 B.C.E. - 24 C.E.):

"8. We may learn both from the evidence of our senses and from experience that the inhabited world is an island; for wherever it has been possible for man to reach the limits of the earth, sea has been found, and this sea we call "Oceanus." And wherever we have not been able to learn by the evidence of our sense, there reason points the way. For example, as to the eastern (Indian) side of the inhabited earth, and the western (Iberian and Maurusian) side, one may sail wholly around them and continue the voyage for a considerable distance along the northern and southern regions; and as for the rest of the distance around the inhabited earth which has not been visited by us up to the present time (because of the fact that the navigators who sailed in opposite directions towards each other never met), it is not of very great extent, if we reckon from the parallel distances that have been traversed by us. It is unlikely that the Atlantic Ocean is divided into two seas, thus being separated by isthmuses so narrow and that prevent the circumnavigation; it is more likely that it is one confluent and continuous sea. For those who undertook circumnavigation, and turned back without having achieved their purpose, say that the they were made to turn back, not because of any continent that stood in their way and hindered their further advance, inasmuch as the sea still continued open as before, but because of their destitution and loneliness." (The Geography of Strabo, Book 1, Ch.1, s. 8, at LacusCurtius http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/1A*.html)

The passage not only says that such voyages although attempted have not found anything but asserts that there is continent between Europe and Asia sailing west. Further it asserts that those who sailed West, (Sadly Strabo gives virtually no details.), failed to find anything and had to turn back for lack of supplies to go any further.

Those who believe in diffusionistic stories about Greek and Roman seafarers studiously avoid this passage.

Reply
titus pullo
2/4/2016 03:04:13 pm

Wow I have never read that passage or even knew it existed before. Damning evidence..Romans did not know of America. I honestly doubt anyone got "blown" off course and reached the new world from the East until the Norse via Iceland/Greenland

Reply
Pacal
2/4/2016 03:12:09 pm

Damn I meant to say "...but asserts there is no continent between Europe and Asia sailing west." not "... but asserts there is continent between Europe and Asia sailing west."

Reply
Josh
2/9/2016 07:13:32 am

It's really interesting to consider that period in history from an academic's point-of-view, like Pliny or this guy Strabo... I suppose similar comparisons can still be made today, but to read Strabo wondering what's on the other side of the world... It just makes me think of what it must have been like back then, having enough knowledge to understand much of how the natural world works, yet still unaware of our planet's entirety.

Like I said before, similar comparisons will probably be made 1000 years from now, perhaps about the far reaches of our solar system or even things we still don't know about our oceans and deep earth...

And of course there will probably still be that guy in the future who spams everyone's neural entertainment device, trying to convince them that back in the 2000s, George Bush sent an evangelical colony ship full of explorers to Alpha Centauri or whatever. His name will be Button S. Foolitzer. ;)

Reply
Mark Martin link
3/24/2023 10:59:32 pm

An extract preserved in Proclus, taken from a work now lost, which is quoted by Boeckh in his commentary on Plato, mentions islands in the exterior sea, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and says it was known that in one of these islands "the inhabitants preserved from their ancestors a remembrance of Atlantis, all extremely large island, which for a long time held dominion over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean."

Reply
Joe Scales
2/4/2016 02:58:54 pm

I like the logo, but you know what you should throw in there just for the heck of it... how 'bout a hook on that letter X?

Reply
Bobby B.
2/4/2016 09:29:56 pm

I agree the x needs to have a hook. Also the o should be an 8 pointed star.

Reply
titus pullo
2/4/2016 03:07:33 pm

Back to Hoax Island. I missed the season finale and for some reason can't watch it on H Channel on the web as it doesn't recognize my Diret TV log in. I assume they found 10X was a natural cave but set up something for next season.

One thing is for sure, that diver who "made it down" has some you know what. I can't imagine diving through a 40 inch diameter tube 200 feet under water in a shaft.

Guy sure doesn't have an anxiety problem.

Reply
Jonathan Feinstein
2/4/2016 03:38:05 pm

As I recall, the diver came back up and not only said it seemed like a natural formation but that he did not find the two upright beams of wood. He did find a rock that was likely to have been mistaken for a box and a six foot (or more) length of metal drill pipe.

This seemed to shock Dan Blankenship and disappoint the Laginas. The younger brother (Marty?) felt vindicated in his skepticism, but the older (Rick?) felt the only way to find out for certain would be to drain the hole and go down and look at it dry, so that seems to be the plan for next year (Whether they can drain the hole will, no doubt, be the big issue of the season). They'll probably also go back to the swamp and various other sites.

FTR, The Oak Island Compendium guys made a good case today that an actual treasure (if it existed) was found in 1795, but that the finders wisely tried to keep it to themselves..

Reply
Jackie Najalack
2/7/2016 06:49:14 pm

Before professions of expertise why guess the brothers' names?

Joe Scales link
2/5/2016 01:50:48 pm

"I assume they found 10X was a natural cave but set up something for next season."

Not too hard to guess, really; especially considering the 10X dig site was chosen by Dan Blankenship's dowsing rods.

The comedy relief was brought forth in the form of three sisters who claimed to be descendants of Daniel McInnis, one of the three alleged youths who discovered the supposed treasure activity back in 1795 and first explored the scene. The old lies were perpetuated by the show, which went on to say that after the three boys did the initial digging, they bought property on the island to further explore. If you go by Richard Jolte's more detailed public records research in regard to this hoax, McInnis was actually in his 30's at the time of the alleged discovery and he, along with one other of the alleged "boys" already owned property on the island (http://www.criticalenquiry.org/oakisland/index.shtml). Still, that doesn't stop Prometheus Entertainment from further distorting the truth.

But anyway, getting back to the comedy... the three sisters claimed that the three "boys" actually found three treasure chests and kept the loot secret for all these years. All that was left of the McInnis share was a small gold cross passed on to male descendants of the family, that they produced for the guys in the war room. Of course this is all new legend, totally unreliable and lacking in historical context from the get go. But along with this, and another 21' tall cavern uncovered by drilling near the original money pit site, and there you have the set-up for more intrigue. Although of course, if this new cavern isn't naturally occurring as well, there's the strong likelihood that it's simply leftover tunneling from previous digging operations.

Now for the comedy... the guys state that the three sisters were like something "out of Shakespeare". What could that be? The three witches from Macbeth? Way to go guys.

'Aroint thee, witch!'

Reply
Mark link
2/4/2016 04:01:29 pm

I found that Magazine of American History article on HathiTrust:

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89058304460?urlappend=%3Bseq=137

Reply
David Bradbury
2/4/2016 04:04:38 pm

The "Magazine of American History" article starts at:
https://archive.org/stream/magazineamerica04stevgoog#page/n132/mode/2up

with part 2 at:
https://archive.org/stream/magazineamerica04stevgoog#page/n382/mode/2up

Reply
Jason Colavito link
2/4/2016 09:43:42 pm

Thanks to you and Mark for finding the article! It amazes me how you guys can find even the most obscure texts! If only this article had better arguments. What crap!

Reply
Only Me
2/4/2016 10:41:53 pm

I agree. I couldn't even read all of that bloviating nonsense, but I got the gist of it. Romans came to the Americas because river names. And all river names, regardless of native dialect, contain some form of root words created by an ancient proto-language.

David Bradbury
2/5/2016 08:52:20 am

It was a common mistake among scholars before about the 1920s- although names of topographical features, particularly rivers, are frequently of very ancient origin, unless you compare early forms of a name it's difficult to know how far corrupted they may have become over centuries and millennia.

Clete
2/4/2016 06:08:30 pm

Hoax island? Isn't that Graham Hancock's home?

Reply
Mike Morgan
2/4/2016 06:32:51 pm

I'm not surprised by all the finds of OOP coins in the Americas associated with the various per-Colombian peoples - they needed them for getting drinks and snacks from vending machines.

Reply
titus pullo
2/5/2016 08:48:49 am

Here's a question, did the Romans ever engage in voyages of discovery? Did any emperor send men to the "far reaches of the earth" to find wealth or treasure or economic opportunities or just to see what is out there? I've done some summary searches on the web and can't find anything to indicate the Romans ever put much stock in "exploration." If they discovered America wouldn't they have written about it?

Reply
Time Machine
2/5/2016 09:34:01 am

http://www.express.co.uk/news/history/628827/ANCIENT-ROMANS-America-eerie-discovery-change-history

Reply
Mike Jones
2/5/2016 10:03:56 am

I stopped reading at "Lead historian Jovan Hutton Pulitzer ..."

Jonathan Feinstein
2/5/2016 11:19:50 am

Maybe he's not claiming to have written a history of lead. He does seem to have talent for turning gold into lead after all...

Time Machine
2/5/2016 09:39:44 am

Newspapers cannot tell the difference between shit and sugar

http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/historians-claim-america-discovered-romans-7059452

Reply
KING AND PRIEST LOL
2/5/2016 10:39:08 am

Much like yourself, but hey, those who hold outdated Victorian notions rarely gauge their own hypocrisy. Then, you say "YOU BELIEVE IN BIBLE STORIES BAAAAAAAAHHHH, GRAND ORIENT DETHRONED KING AND PRIEST BLAH BLAH BLAH"

Jonathan Feinstein
2/5/2016 11:18:13 am

That's not a newspaper. It's just a tabloid.

Mark link
2/5/2016 11:46:27 am

I think they sent some land voyages to sub-Saharan Africa, but don't quote me on that.

Reply
Coridan
2/18/2016 08:49:09 am

I like how the claim (same for Vikings in Minnesota) is that they "colonized" these places. They could get so much more traction if they'd shoot a little lower and just say the Romans visited/traded with them at least once. I don't think that's the case either, but you can make a much better argument for that than for colonization.

Reply
Curt Bouterse
11/12/2019 01:32:49 pm

Growing up in the 1940s we had a 1929 World Book Encyclopedia which I read cover to cover. In the volume "Troy to Zwingli," the article on Uruguay had a passage which haunted me even after I became an archeologist because I found no further mention. Until your page, that is.
The section, entitled Greek Antiquities, began, "Uruguay is the only American land possessing incontestable proof of its discovery by Europeans in ancient days." You can read the rest yourself with the help of Google.
Thanks for the resolution.

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